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Welcome, all of you, to

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this afternoon's
PSU Friends

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of History lecture by
Professor Hidetaka Hirota,

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of
the University

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of California at Berkeley.

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The title is quote,

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"Slavery worse than existed

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in the sunny South,"

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close quote,
the problem of

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Japanese labor in
Progressive America.

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I'm John Stevens, president of

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the Friends of History.

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Friends of History has
sponsored

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over 30 lectures
like this one

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since its
reorganization in 2012.

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And I mentioned
Professor Ken Ruoff,

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who's going to be speaking

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and introducing
in just a minute,

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played a key role in

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that revitalization of
Friends of History.

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Friends of History is an

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organization that
is committed to

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promoting excellence
and the teaching

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and study of history

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through the support
of the Department of

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History here at PSU.

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We are dedicated
to enhancing

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public awareness of

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both the importance of

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history as an
academic discipline and

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the Department
of History as

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a rich community resource.

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In addition to sponsoring

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lectures like this one,

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we also sponsor
faculty colloquia and

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provide support for

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faculty and
student research.

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We're able to do these
lectures only through

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the support of
community members

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such as yourselves.

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If you're not a member,

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we encourage you to join.

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You can do so by going to

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the PSU history
department website,

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clicking on Friends
of History at

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the top and clicking
join the FOH.

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We hope that
all of you will

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join Friends of History.

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With that, I'll
turn things

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over to Professor Ott.

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JOHN OTT: Thank you, John.

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And on behalf of

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the Department of History

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at Portland State
University,

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welcome to this
evening's webinar.

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Portland State, as
many of you know,

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is a large, diverse,

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and vibrant
urban university

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in the heart of
downtown Portland.

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And we are
fortunate to have

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an equally vibrant
history department,

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which is home to
about 20 faculty

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and over 250
majors and minors,

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as well as an outstanding

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master's degree program.

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We hope you'll take a
moment and look us up

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online at pdx.edu/history

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Our very

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talented and creative
departmental

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staff member
Andrea Janda

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coordinated
publicity and managed

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the transmission
of this event in

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conjunction with
the Dean's office

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of the College
of Liberal Arts

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and Sciences at PSU.

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Andrea and

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the Dean's office
staff have made it

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possible to
share this talk

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with a large
virtual audience.

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This talk is also
co-sponsored by

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the Center for Japanese
Studies, of which

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my colleague Ken Ruoff is the director.

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I would like to
thank Ken and

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his assistant
for publicizing

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this event to their
community as well.

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Our speaker tonight,
as mentioned,

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is Professor Hidetaka
Hirota

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of the University of
California, Berkeley.

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His talk is going to last

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approximately 40 to 45

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minutes and will be followed

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by a moderated
question-and-answer session

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lasting about
15 to 20 minutes,

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depending on our time.

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If you have a question
for our speaker,

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please post it in the
Q and A area of Zoom.

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You can find the Q
and A section by

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scrolling your cursor to

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the bottom of the screen.

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There you can pose your
own questions, or you

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can upvote or like

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the questions
asked by others.

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Our session moderator, who I

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guess this will be
me in this case,

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will then relay
these questions

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to Professor Hirota, who

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will try to get to
as many questions

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as we can in the
time that we have.

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Thank you again for

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spending your
evening with us.

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I am now pleased to
introduce my colleague,

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Professor Ken Ruoff, who will

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introduce our
speaker tonight.

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KEN RUOFF: Thank you John.

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It's with great
pleasure that I

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introduce Professor
Hirota.

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As a result of
this lecture,

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I had a chance to take up

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his monograph,
"Expelling the Poor."

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It's a wonderful
work of history.

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It's about the
edifying but important

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to understand
history of nativism.

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And specifically
how nativism

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was translated into
public policy.

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First at the
level of states,

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particularly in
New York State

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and Massachusetts,

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and then modeled on
state legislation,

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how the federal government

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then eventually enacted

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legislation against
immigrants are

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regulating immigrants and

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it's written beautifully.

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It's very accessible
to non-specialists

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even as it's a

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fantastic pioneering
work of history.

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So I really urge

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people who have
an interest in

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this area of American
history to take it up.

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Of course, today
he's going to

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talk about something
different,

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the problem of
Japanese labor

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in the Progressive era.

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And we very much look
forward to his talk.

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Thank you for being with

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us today, Professor
Hirota.

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HIDETAKA HIROTA: Thank you.

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Can everyone hear me?

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Yes.

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Alright, thanks.
Thank you,

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Professor Ken Ruoff

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for the kind introduction.

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I'd like to thank the
Department of History

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and Friends of History

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at Portland
State University

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for inviting me to
give a talk today.

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And I'd like to

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especially thank
Professor John Ott

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and Mr. John Stevens

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for having me
here and making

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the arrangements.

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And my thank you

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also goes to Ms.
Andrea Janda for

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administrative
assistance that made

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this whole event possible.

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And I don't
think he's here,

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but I also want to thank

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my friend in the
History Department,

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for first recommending me

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me as this year's speaker.

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And of course, I want
to thank everyone

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for joining me
this evening.

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It's a real honor
to be here.

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I'm a social and
legal historian

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of US immigration.

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And I'm especially
interested

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in the history of
American nativism,

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xenophobia and
immigration law

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and policy. My work
so far

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has been focused
on the origins and

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early developments of
immigration control

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in the United States,

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like how immigrants
were excluded,

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if that is how they
were prohibited

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from landing and
entering the nation.

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And how those already in

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the West were expelled,
the pointed out rod.

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And today I'd
like to introduce

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my current book project,

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which is titled

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The American Dilemma,
foreign conduct,

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labor, and the Making of

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American, US
immigration policy.

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And I'd like to focus
on some aspects

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of the back dots
are related to

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Japanese labor
immigration at

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the turn of the 20th
century in particular.

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Let me just turn
on my slides now.

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So let me first give you

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an overview of
this project.

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So this book examines

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what I call the
American Dilemma.

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The fundamental tension
in American history

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between natives
and against

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foreigners on
the one hand,

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and on demand
for their labor.

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On the other
hand, that is,

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nations can practical

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reliance on foreign labor.

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So one of the most
consistent lines

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of argument against
immigrants in America,

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it was a critique
of immune flavor.

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As many of you here
have heard of Zeno.

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Similar blinds
of argument.

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Nativists criticize

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foreign workers
for allegedly

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lowering of maximum
wage standards

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and threatening Americans
and employment.

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And racism and
ethnic prejudice,

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of course, aggravated
those views.

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But at the same time,
industrial, commercial,

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and economic
development of the US

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created a strong demand
for immigrant labor,

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which made immigration
restriction

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on Paul unpopular policy.

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This big traces how this
tension evolved over

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the importation of

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foreign contract
workers from Asia,

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Canada, Europe,
and Mexico.

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Between the 1880s
and the 1920s.

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Opposition to
immigrant labor

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was voiced early in

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the 19th century,
of course,

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but it became especially

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strong during the
1870s and '80s.

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As conflict between

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labor and capital
intensified.

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Organized labor
directed it's

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strong strategic
against immigrants,

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particular
immigrants called

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contract workers,

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who were imported by
american employers under

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prearranged labor
contract your

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work in the United States.

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So when I slaves
were condemned,

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the importance of
contract workers

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as un-free,

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kind of bound people,

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equivalent to slaves, and

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as threats to Americans
on employment.

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In 18 85, in response

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to pressure from
organized labor,

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the federal
government passed

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the so-called foreign Act.

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The Act penalize
individuals or companies

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for importing

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contract workers
under contract.

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And then the Act
also quickly

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became known as the
Alien conduct labor law.

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The law was amended
in following years to

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exclude and deep board
contract workers.

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So my project is basically

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examines the process
of labor importation,

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the discourse on
conduct labor,

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and the implementation of

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the alien Quantic
labor law.

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And by doing so,
my projects shows

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how the alien contract
labor law played

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a decisive role in
the evolution of

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the American Dilemma and

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also the emergence
of the national,

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aka, national
immigration regime

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in the United States.

274
00:10:11,530 --> 00:10:14,270
And Japanese immigration

275
00:10:14,270 --> 00:10:15,665
or occupies an
interesting,

276
00:10:15,665 --> 00:10:18,229
important place
in this project.

277
00:10:18,229 --> 00:10:20,720
Increasing numbers
of Japanese

278
00:10:20,720 --> 00:10:22,384
migrated to North America,

279
00:10:22,384 --> 00:10:25,670
often by Hawaii at the
turn of 20th century.

280
00:10:25,670 --> 00:10:27,649
And immigration
in this period

281
00:10:27,649 --> 00:10:29,795
was still overwhelmingly
European.

282
00:10:29,795 --> 00:10:31,895
But the Japanese
immigration,

283
00:10:31,895 --> 00:10:35,225
particular attention
from the US Bureau

284
00:10:35,225 --> 00:10:36,889
or immigration because of

285
00:10:36,889 --> 00:10:39,200
large number of
Japanese who were

286
00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:40,594
thought to come to America

287
00:10:40,594 --> 00:10:42,244
as contract workers.

288
00:10:42,244 --> 00:10:44,674
That is excludable people.

289
00:10:44,674 --> 00:10:48,079
E.g. in 1,900, the
Japanese accounted for

290
00:10:48,079 --> 00:10:49,249
less than three per cent

291
00:10:49,249 --> 00:10:50,540
of the total immigrants

292
00:10:50,540 --> 00:10:53,584
who arrived in the
US in that year.

293
00:10:53,584 --> 00:10:55,249
So they're really tiny

294
00:10:55,249 --> 00:10:57,364
minority numerically
speaking.

295
00:10:57,364 --> 00:10:59,870
But then the Japanese
is still accounted for

296
00:10:59,870 --> 00:11:03,905
over 30% of immigrants

297
00:11:03,905 --> 00:11:05,615
who were refused admission

298
00:11:05,615 --> 00:11:07,685
as contract workers,

299
00:11:07,685 --> 00:11:10,250
which made the Japanese
the largest group

300
00:11:10,250 --> 00:11:12,725
excluded under
this category.

301
00:11:12,725 --> 00:11:14,689
So restricting
Japanese immigration,

302
00:11:14,689 --> 00:11:16,490
especially Japanese
labor immigration

303
00:11:16,490 --> 00:11:18,125
was there for one of them,

304
00:11:18,125 --> 00:11:20,750
one of the major
concerns for

305
00:11:20,750 --> 00:11:22,414
the Bureau of immigration

306
00:11:22,414 --> 00:11:25,049
at the turn of
the 20th century.

307
00:11:26,470 --> 00:11:28,639
So in this lecture, I

308
00:11:28,639 --> 00:11:29,989
will focus on three issues

309
00:11:29,989 --> 00:11:33,334
related to Japanese
labor immigration.

310
00:11:33,334 --> 00:11:35,809
So first of all,
how I will explore

311
00:11:35,809 --> 00:11:38,465
how the patterns of
Japanese migration

312
00:11:38,465 --> 00:11:40,399
shaped white
Americans view of

313
00:11:40,399 --> 00:11:43,880
Japanese labor as a
form of slave labor.

314
00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:46,640
And it appears that

315
00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:49,625
my title has caused
some misunderstandings.

316
00:11:49,625 --> 00:11:51,590
And I just want
to clarify that.

317
00:11:51,590 --> 00:11:52,594
I'm not talking.

318
00:11:52,594 --> 00:11:54,035
I'm not saying that

319
00:11:54,035 --> 00:11:56,570
the Japanese were
slaves or they were,

320
00:11:56,570 --> 00:11:58,415
their conditions
were comparable

321
00:11:58,415 --> 00:11:59,690
to those of slaves.

322
00:11:59,690 --> 00:12:03,245
I will focus on
how and why.

323
00:12:03,245 --> 00:12:05,645
Why do Americans
viewed Japanese,

324
00:12:05,645 --> 00:12:09,049
Japanese labor as a
former slave labor

325
00:12:09,049 --> 00:12:11,600
in their view, in
their understanding.

326
00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:14,149
Secondly, I will
discuss how

327
00:12:14,149 --> 00:12:16,999
American and Japanese
labor contractors in

328
00:12:16,999 --> 00:12:19,399
the West evaded

329
00:12:19,399 --> 00:12:21,455
the alien quantity
of labor law,

330
00:12:21,455 --> 00:12:24,019
often in transnational
ways across

331
00:12:24,019 --> 00:12:27,004
the United States and

332
00:12:27,004 --> 00:12:29,645
between the United
States and Japan.

333
00:12:29,645 --> 00:12:32,855
Then finally, I will
explore how such and

334
00:12:32,855 --> 00:12:35,839
such a subversive
practice kinda affected

335
00:12:35,839 --> 00:12:37,295
the development US

336
00:12:37,295 --> 00:12:39,515
immigration policy
in general.

337
00:12:39,515 --> 00:12:41,270
So toward the end
of my lecture,

338
00:12:41,270 --> 00:12:43,010
I will show how
the debate over

339
00:12:43,010 --> 00:12:44,900
Japanese labor
contributor to

340
00:12:44,900 --> 00:12:45,680
the emergence of

341
00:12:45,680 --> 00:12:46,985
international and
national regime

342
00:12:46,985 --> 00:12:50,279
in the US in the
early 20th century.

343
00:12:52,900 --> 00:12:56,975
So let me start our
actual discussion here.

344
00:12:56,975 --> 00:12:59,870
So one of the most
important development,

345
00:12:59,870 --> 00:13:01,489
developments in the US in

346
00:13:01,489 --> 00:13:04,010
the late 19th century
was the development of

347
00:13:04,010 --> 00:13:06,890
federal immigration
policy that restricted

348
00:13:06,890 --> 00:13:08,090
the automation of

349
00:13:08,090 --> 00:13:10,609
foreigners deemed
undesirable.

350
00:13:10,609 --> 00:13:12,379
The federal
government first

351
00:13:12,379 --> 00:13:13,775
introduced a series of

352
00:13:13,775 --> 00:13:15,334
Chinese Exclusion laws

353
00:13:15,334 --> 00:13:18,170
against Chinese
workers, laborers.

354
00:13:18,170 --> 00:13:19,715
But at the same time,

355
00:13:19,715 --> 00:13:21,664
the US government
also developed

356
00:13:21,664 --> 00:13:24,635
general immigration
laws to exclude

357
00:13:24,635 --> 00:13:27,965
a diverse groups of

358
00:13:27,965 --> 00:13:31,849
undesirable foreigners
such as the poor.

359
00:13:31,849 --> 00:13:33,259
Because the poor people

360
00:13:33,259 --> 00:13:35,314
likely to become
public charges,

361
00:13:35,314 --> 00:13:37,519
people with
contagious diseases,

362
00:13:37,519 --> 00:13:40,294
criminals, and then
contract workers.

363
00:13:40,294 --> 00:13:41,689
Just to clarify,

364
00:13:41,689 --> 00:13:42,860
general immigration laws

365
00:13:42,860 --> 00:13:44,945
apply to all foreigners

366
00:13:44,945 --> 00:13:46,670
except the
Chinese who fell

367
00:13:46,670 --> 00:13:50,759
into the purview of
Chinese Exclusion laws.

368
00:13:51,790 --> 00:13:53,960
I'm growing number of

369
00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:55,280
the Japanese migrated to

370
00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:57,949
North America in the
late 19th century

371
00:13:57,949 --> 00:14:00,124
as the Japanese
government's policy for

372
00:14:00,124 --> 00:14:02,810
rapid modernization
with heavy taxation

373
00:14:02,810 --> 00:14:04,849
after the Meiji
Restoration

374
00:14:04,849 --> 00:14:06,530
impoverish the rural

375
00:14:06,530 --> 00:14:08,330
population of the country.

376
00:14:08,330 --> 00:14:10,640
And originally many
Japanese went to Hawaii

377
00:14:10,640 --> 00:14:12,920
to work on sugar
plantations.

378
00:14:12,920 --> 00:14:15,064
But then by the end
of 19th century,

379
00:14:15,064 --> 00:14:17,135
going to North America,

380
00:14:17,135 --> 00:14:20,059
Canada, the United States
through emerged as

381
00:14:20,059 --> 00:14:23,629
the dominant pattern
for the Japanese.

382
00:14:23,629 --> 00:14:25,699
The Japanese
and immigration

383
00:14:25,699 --> 00:14:27,785
quickly became
a problem for

384
00:14:27,785 --> 00:14:30,424
us immigration officials
and White Americans

385
00:14:30,424 --> 00:14:34,380
in the West for
mainly two reasons.

386
00:14:34,870 --> 00:14:37,429
First of all, from

387
00:14:37,429 --> 00:14:39,365
the US officials
perspective,

388
00:14:39,365 --> 00:14:40,670
nearly all

389
00:14:40,670 --> 00:14:43,324
Japanese immigrant
workers were constructs,

390
00:14:43,324 --> 00:14:45,079
workers who should be

391
00:14:45,079 --> 00:14:47,734
prohibited from entering
the United States.

392
00:14:47,734 --> 00:14:49,625
So the US law
determined that

393
00:14:49,625 --> 00:14:52,669
any foreigner
migrating under

394
00:14:52,669 --> 00:14:55,639
contracts or
with the promise

395
00:14:55,639 --> 00:14:59,390
of employment in the US

396
00:14:59,390 --> 00:15:00,995
will be a contract worker

397
00:15:00,995 --> 00:15:03,229
and should be
excluded as such.

398
00:15:03,229 --> 00:15:06,080
For us officials,
nearly all

399
00:15:06,080 --> 00:15:11,000
the Japanese fit into
this a category.

400
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:13,924
Now, to understand
us officials view

401
00:15:13,924 --> 00:15:15,800
of this Japanese workers,

402
00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:16,940
Japanese immigrants,

403
00:15:16,940 --> 00:15:20,060
we must understand
the process of

404
00:15:20,060 --> 00:15:21,619
emigration from Japan and

405
00:15:21,619 --> 00:15:24,515
Japanese laws
over emigration.

406
00:15:24,515 --> 00:15:26,435
In the late 19th century,

407
00:15:26,435 --> 00:15:28,130
most Japanese
migrated with

408
00:15:28,130 --> 00:15:30,035
the Hawaii or North
America through

409
00:15:30,035 --> 00:15:33,650
assistance from private
immigration companies

410
00:15:33,650 --> 00:15:35,479
called immune guy shot.

411
00:15:35,479 --> 00:15:37,980
The immigration
companies or Indian guy,

412
00:15:37,980 --> 00:15:40,909
was responsible
for arranging

413
00:15:40,909 --> 00:15:42,949
its clients
applications for

414
00:15:42,949 --> 00:15:45,500
passports to the
Japanese government and

415
00:15:45,500 --> 00:15:47,059
then their passage to

416
00:15:47,059 --> 00:15:49,009
Hawaii or in
North America.

417
00:15:49,009 --> 00:15:51,589
And just like any

418
00:15:51,589 --> 00:15:54,905
I guess in the cases

419
00:15:54,905 --> 00:15:57,275
of this kind of

420
00:15:57,275 --> 00:15:59,495
immigration companies
in other countries,

421
00:15:59,495 --> 00:16:01,639
early activities

422
00:16:01,639 --> 00:16:04,220
of emigration Japanese
immigration companies

423
00:16:04,220 --> 00:16:07,219
that are included,
included some deceptive,

424
00:16:07,219 --> 00:16:09,095
exploited their practices

425
00:16:09,095 --> 00:16:11,854
against migrants,
emigrants,

426
00:16:11,854 --> 00:16:14,675
such as selling invalid
passwords tickets,

427
00:16:14,675 --> 00:16:17,509
or false promise of

428
00:16:17,509 --> 00:16:20,839
employment in the US,
which never existed.

429
00:16:20,839 --> 00:16:22,850
To regulate the
activities of

430
00:16:22,850 --> 00:16:24,604
emigration companies
and protect

431
00:16:24,604 --> 00:16:26,539
immigrants from
those practices.

432
00:16:26,539 --> 00:16:28,879
The Japanese
government passed

433
00:16:28,879 --> 00:16:32,990
the immigration protection
wall in 18, 96.

434
00:16:32,990 --> 00:16:34,744
The law provided that

435
00:16:34,744 --> 00:16:36,260
emigration companies had

436
00:16:36,260 --> 00:16:37,580
to enter into

437
00:16:37,580 --> 00:16:40,250
a written contract
with the emigrants.

438
00:16:40,250 --> 00:16:41,929
And the company's
mouth sort of

439
00:16:41,929 --> 00:16:44,555
arrange the migrants
transportation

440
00:16:44,555 --> 00:16:46,609
and Brendan back
to Japan in

441
00:16:46,609 --> 00:16:48,970
case of illness
or distress.

442
00:16:48,970 --> 00:16:51,034
Such a contract
was necessary

443
00:16:51,034 --> 00:16:53,269
for American companies to

444
00:16:53,269 --> 00:16:55,805
apply for the
Japanese government

445
00:16:55,805 --> 00:16:58,295
on behalf of
their clients.

446
00:16:58,295 --> 00:16:59,764
Technically,

447
00:16:59,764 --> 00:17:01,640
private individuals
in a priority,

448
00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:03,469
Japanese individuals
could apply for

449
00:17:03,469 --> 00:17:05,479
passports on their own

450
00:17:05,479 --> 00:17:06,875
to the Japanese
government.

451
00:17:06,875 --> 00:17:09,275
But then the
complicated paperwork

452
00:17:09,275 --> 00:17:10,970
practically required

453
00:17:10,970 --> 00:17:13,580
most prospective
Japanese immigrants to

454
00:17:13,580 --> 00:17:16,279
apply for the past

455
00:17:16,279 --> 00:17:18,965
four through
emigration companies.

456
00:17:18,965 --> 00:17:22,175
And this system of
immigration in Japan,

457
00:17:22,175 --> 00:17:24,109
which again
practically required

458
00:17:24,109 --> 00:17:26,075
immigrants within
passports through

459
00:17:26,075 --> 00:17:28,069
emigration companies have

460
00:17:28,069 --> 00:17:30,995
profound implications
for US officials.

461
00:17:30,995 --> 00:17:33,335
Their views over
the Japanese.

462
00:17:33,335 --> 00:17:35,435
In the eyes of
US officials.

463
00:17:35,435 --> 00:17:37,850
All Japanese and
migrating with

464
00:17:37,850 --> 00:17:39,140
the Indian guy got

465
00:17:39,140 --> 00:17:41,810
diarrhea or
contract workers in

466
00:17:41,810 --> 00:17:44,599
a sense that they
were engaged in

467
00:17:44,599 --> 00:17:46,070
certain kinds
of agreements

468
00:17:46,070 --> 00:17:48,410
with third parties.

469
00:17:48,410 --> 00:17:50,164
And US immigration
officials

470
00:17:50,164 --> 00:17:52,204
would find arrangement or

471
00:17:52,204 --> 00:17:54,695
agreement with the
interiors and companies

472
00:17:54,695 --> 00:17:58,175
as virtual proof
of labor contract.

473
00:17:58,175 --> 00:18:01,099
And the state of
Japanese immigrants

474
00:18:01,099 --> 00:18:02,900
was further complicated by

475
00:18:02,900 --> 00:18:05,224
the fact that
many Japanese

476
00:18:05,224 --> 00:18:07,354
came to the United
States from Canada.

477
00:18:07,354 --> 00:18:09,799
And some of them
have indeed

478
00:18:09,799 --> 00:18:11,555
originally gone
through Canada

479
00:18:11,555 --> 00:18:13,130
as contract workers.

480
00:18:13,130 --> 00:18:14,960
Unlike United States,

481
00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:16,579
Canada never have laws

482
00:18:16,579 --> 00:18:17,840
against the
contract workers.

483
00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:19,490
So the Japanese could

484
00:18:19,490 --> 00:18:20,975
legally go through Canada

485
00:18:20,975 --> 00:18:22,535
as contract workers,

486
00:18:22,535 --> 00:18:24,680
as the pre-arranged
agreements

487
00:18:24,680 --> 00:18:27,049
to work for
Canadian employers.

488
00:18:27,049 --> 00:18:31,070
Likewise, after hawaii was

489
00:18:31,070 --> 00:18:32,899
an X with the
United States,

490
00:18:32,899 --> 00:18:34,174
by the United States,

491
00:18:34,174 --> 00:18:35,944
Japanese in Hawaii
increasingly

492
00:18:35,944 --> 00:18:37,490
move to the mainland.

493
00:18:37,490 --> 00:18:38,810
Again, many of those

494
00:18:38,810 --> 00:18:40,264
Japanese from Hawaii were

495
00:18:40,264 --> 00:18:44,434
originally contract
workers who went to,

496
00:18:44,434 --> 00:18:45,905
who went to Hawaii.

497
00:18:45,905 --> 00:18:47,179
As such.

498
00:18:47,179 --> 00:18:49,925
These immigrants
contract with

499
00:18:49,925 --> 00:18:52,580
emigration companies
included provisions for

500
00:18:52,580 --> 00:18:54,830
labor with employers in

501
00:18:54,830 --> 00:18:57,784
Canada or Hawaii and
for us officials.

502
00:18:57,784 --> 00:18:59,449
All of these immigrants,

503
00:18:59,449 --> 00:19:02,359
including those coming
from Canada or Hawaii,

504
00:19:02,359 --> 00:19:04,040
were essentially contract

505
00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:05,420
workers who should be

506
00:19:05,420 --> 00:19:08,675
excluded under the
US immigration law.

507
00:19:08,675 --> 00:19:10,610
So I'm going to
just show you

508
00:19:10,610 --> 00:19:12,259
some other examples of

509
00:19:12,259 --> 00:19:15,215
contracts that the
Japanese had on.

510
00:19:15,215 --> 00:19:17,539
This one is a
contract with

511
00:19:17,539 --> 00:19:19,580
free migrants are used by

512
00:19:19,580 --> 00:19:22,519
the Kobe taco emigrants
from company.

513
00:19:22,519 --> 00:19:28,595
And not everyone here
raised Japanese.

514
00:19:28,595 --> 00:19:33,470
Basically. On this
part, it's, it's,

515
00:19:33,470 --> 00:19:35,630
it's a kind of
template used

516
00:19:35,630 --> 00:19:37,969
by an immigration
company for migrants,

517
00:19:37,969 --> 00:19:39,740
they have their clients.

518
00:19:39,740 --> 00:19:41,750
And this part says

519
00:19:41,750 --> 00:19:44,014
that the immigration
company is

520
00:19:44,014 --> 00:19:46,039
responsible for arranging

521
00:19:46,039 --> 00:19:49,940
the passage to
the destination,

522
00:19:49,940 --> 00:19:52,354
country, destination,
the destination.

523
00:19:52,354 --> 00:19:57,124
And then right here,
if immigrants became,

524
00:19:57,124 --> 00:20:00,845
fell into
destitution, illness,

525
00:20:00,845 --> 00:20:03,739
the company will bring
them back to Japan,

526
00:20:03,739 --> 00:20:06,559
assess their
return to Japan.

527
00:20:06,559 --> 00:20:08,600
So doubt that
the welfare of

528
00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:12,659
the immigrants
will be protected.

529
00:20:12,940 --> 00:20:15,360
Excuse me.

530
00:20:15,580 --> 00:20:18,320
What is going on here?

531
00:20:18,320 --> 00:20:23,429
Right? So the next
one is a contract

532
00:20:23,920 --> 00:20:28,445
among immigrant
Japanese immigrants

533
00:20:28,445 --> 00:20:30,349
and immigration
company and

534
00:20:30,349 --> 00:20:31,999
Honolulu, the
sugar company.

535
00:20:31,999 --> 00:20:34,280
So the three parties were

536
00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:37,294
essentially involved
in this contract.

537
00:20:37,294 --> 00:20:39,679
So right here you see

538
00:20:39,679 --> 00:20:44,240
terms for the
immigration company,

539
00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:46,625
and then on the
right side you see

540
00:20:46,625 --> 00:20:49,429
a labor contract between

541
00:20:49,429 --> 00:20:51,950
the immigrant and
Honolulu Sugar Company.

542
00:20:51,950 --> 00:20:53,554
So this is, again,

543
00:20:53,554 --> 00:20:57,335
this contract was
used by a Japanese,

544
00:20:57,335 --> 00:20:59,809
Japanese immigrants
who went to

545
00:20:59,809 --> 00:21:02,749
Hawaii originally as a
contract worker there.

546
00:21:02,749 --> 00:21:04,774
But then the point is that

547
00:21:04,774 --> 00:21:07,070
those immigrants
eventually

548
00:21:07,070 --> 00:21:08,389
went to the United States.

549
00:21:08,389 --> 00:21:10,819
And then in the eyes
of use officers,

550
00:21:10,819 --> 00:21:11,570
all of them were

551
00:21:11,570 --> 00:21:13,414
essentially
contract workers.

552
00:21:13,414 --> 00:21:15,230
Whether or not
they were in

553
00:21:15,230 --> 00:21:18,930
fact under any
labor contract.

554
00:21:21,810 --> 00:21:24,190
The second problem, though

555
00:21:24,190 --> 00:21:26,994
Japanese immigration
was racial.

556
00:21:26,994 --> 00:21:28,390
As I said earlier,

557
00:21:28,390 --> 00:21:30,400
Americans in the
late 19th century,

558
00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:32,439
despite its
contract workers

559
00:21:32,439 --> 00:21:35,319
imported by employers
as the worst kind,

560
00:21:35,319 --> 00:21:38,304
as the worst kind
of laborers.

561
00:21:38,304 --> 00:21:40,869
Unlike regular
immigrant workers

562
00:21:40,869 --> 00:21:43,615
who voluntarily came
to the United States,

563
00:21:43,615 --> 00:21:47,350
context workers were
bound by the contract.

564
00:21:47,350 --> 00:21:49,810
Therefore, I'm
free people.

565
00:21:49,810 --> 00:21:51,955
From the perspective
of Americans,

566
00:21:51,955 --> 00:21:53,454
the Americans felt
that the d is

567
00:21:53,454 --> 00:21:55,329
unfree workers
were equivalent to

568
00:21:55,329 --> 00:21:57,130
slaves and would work for

569
00:21:57,130 --> 00:21:58,495
starvation wages

570
00:21:58,495 --> 00:22:00,204
and threaten
Americans employment.

571
00:22:00,204 --> 00:22:03,040
Again, Americans,
despite foreign workers,

572
00:22:03,040 --> 00:22:05,144
I can pull her labor.

573
00:22:05,144 --> 00:22:07,639
The hatred of
contract labor

574
00:22:07,639 --> 00:22:10,069
had significant
racial dimensions.

575
00:22:10,069 --> 00:22:12,170
Americans had
already developed

576
00:22:12,170 --> 00:22:14,194
sort of orientalist
stereotypes

577
00:22:14,194 --> 00:22:16,460
that Asians are naturally

578
00:22:16,460 --> 00:22:19,414
those style and
bigger radial labors.

579
00:22:19,414 --> 00:22:21,380
And all the agents

580
00:22:21,380 --> 00:22:24,769
for several workers
comparable,

581
00:22:24,769 --> 00:22:27,064
comparable to two slaves

582
00:22:27,064 --> 00:22:31,139
based on early
Chinese immigration.

583
00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:36,064
In this map,

584
00:22:36,064 --> 00:22:39,200
which appeared in a San
Francisco newspaper

585
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:40,640
in the late 19th century,

586
00:22:40,640 --> 00:22:42,320
it kind of captures

587
00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:44,614
how white Americans

588
00:22:44,614 --> 00:22:46,654
organized labor
in America.

589
00:22:46,654 --> 00:22:50,149
View the world. So America

590
00:22:50,149 --> 00:22:52,849
is characterized
by high wages.

591
00:22:52,849 --> 00:22:56,779
But then the
rest of the row,

592
00:22:56,779 --> 00:22:59,630
essentially most of
the rest of the world,

593
00:22:59,630 --> 00:23:02,854
especially the entire
Asia, Latin America,

594
00:23:02,854 --> 00:23:06,455
South America,
Mexico, Africa.

595
00:23:06,455 --> 00:23:08,450
Those regions were
characterized by

596
00:23:08,450 --> 00:23:14,104
a pauper labor,
meaning death.

597
00:23:14,104 --> 00:23:17,149
Immigrants from
immuno, workers

598
00:23:17,149 --> 00:23:19,970
from these regions
were degraded.

599
00:23:19,970 --> 00:23:22,909
Several workers who would

600
00:23:22,909 --> 00:23:27,209
work for very low wages.

601
00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:30,019
This is kind of
a side story,

602
00:23:30,019 --> 00:23:31,160
but it's kind of
interesting to

603
00:23:31,160 --> 00:23:32,840
see the candidates
character from

604
00:23:32,840 --> 00:23:34,489
either lower wages are

605
00:23:34,489 --> 00:23:36,260
not really sort of what
this actually means.

606
00:23:36,260 --> 00:23:39,184
A lower down
American wages

607
00:23:39,184 --> 00:23:43,040
were European
wages anyway.

608
00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:45,200
But in any case that

609
00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:46,339
the racial stereotype

610
00:23:46,339 --> 00:23:47,660
against Asian workers and

611
00:23:47,660 --> 00:23:49,115
then the perception that

612
00:23:49,115 --> 00:23:50,329
all the Japanese were

613
00:23:50,329 --> 00:23:52,760
contact workers
really went

614
00:23:52,760 --> 00:23:55,714
together nicely for,

615
00:23:55,714 --> 00:23:57,709
for the opponents and

616
00:23:57,709 --> 00:23:59,705
add components of
Japanese immigration.

617
00:23:59,705 --> 00:24:02,449
And this
combination created

618
00:24:02,449 --> 00:24:04,849
anti-Japanese a
racial hysteria

619
00:24:04,849 --> 00:24:06,620
in the American West.

620
00:24:06,620 --> 00:24:10,835
Newspapers on the Pacific
Coast responded to

621
00:24:10,835 --> 00:24:13,189
the arrivals of
Japanese with

622
00:24:13,189 --> 00:24:15,995
a really sensational
headlines and articles.

623
00:24:15,995 --> 00:24:17,720
So San Francisco call on

624
00:24:17,720 --> 00:24:21,140
the same newspaper
as this map,

625
00:24:21,140 --> 00:24:23,449
pointing to the constant

626
00:24:23,449 --> 00:24:25,429
arrival in San Francisco.

627
00:24:25,429 --> 00:24:29,210
The horrors of
Asiatic invaders.

628
00:24:29,210 --> 00:24:31,430
And I'm going to
show you some of

629
00:24:31,430 --> 00:24:36,544
those anti-Japanese
headlines or cartoons.

630
00:24:36,544 --> 00:24:41,494
On the left you
see a newspaper

631
00:24:41,494 --> 00:24:44,780
which up here in the
state of Washington

632
00:24:44,780 --> 00:24:46,310
and a little brown man

633
00:24:46,310 --> 00:24:48,440
coming to America
in great numbers.

634
00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:51,380
Puget Sound in Washington,

635
00:24:51,380 --> 00:24:53,149
being overwhelmed by them,

636
00:24:53,149 --> 00:24:54,679
Japanese
immigration problem

637
00:24:54,679 --> 00:24:56,289
is becoming serious.

638
00:24:56,289 --> 00:25:00,425
Then on the right you
see a cartoon that

639
00:25:00,425 --> 00:25:03,290
kinda describes
the invasion sort

640
00:25:03,290 --> 00:25:05,674
of speak invasion
of Japanese.

641
00:25:05,674 --> 00:25:08,280
And then here,
oh excuse me.

642
00:25:09,340 --> 00:25:11,570
Uncle Sam, I guess,

643
00:25:11,570 --> 00:25:13,414
who represents
white America,

644
00:25:13,414 --> 00:25:18,799
is being pushed out by
this army of Japanese.

645
00:25:18,799 --> 00:25:23,869
So again, the idea is
that Japanese workers,

646
00:25:23,869 --> 00:25:26,510
pauper workers who
would work for

647
00:25:26,510 --> 00:25:28,474
very low wages would

648
00:25:28,474 --> 00:25:32,039
wipe out wide employment.

649
00:25:36,130 --> 00:25:40,474
Here I want you
in examining how

650
00:25:40,474 --> 00:25:42,950
Japanese labor was seen

651
00:25:42,950 --> 00:25:45,454
in the late 19th century,

652
00:25:45,454 --> 00:25:46,549
I want to highlight

653
00:25:46,549 --> 00:25:48,889
the sensuality
of slavery as

654
00:25:48,889 --> 00:25:50,179
a concept in

655
00:25:50,179 --> 00:25:53,000
the development of
anti-Japanese sentiment.

656
00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:54,844
White Americans felt that

657
00:25:54,844 --> 00:25:56,765
just like earlier Chinese,

658
00:25:56,765 --> 00:25:59,225
Japanese contract
workers were unfree,

659
00:25:59,225 --> 00:26:02,210
bound people like
slaves in such,

660
00:26:02,210 --> 00:26:04,309
such a free peoples
of Michigan,

661
00:26:04,309 --> 00:26:07,535
they argued, should
not be permitted.

662
00:26:07,535 --> 00:26:10,160
The association
between slavery

663
00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:11,600
and Japanese
immigration was

664
00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:13,579
actually reinforced
by the fact

665
00:26:13,579 --> 00:26:15,754
that the many of them,
many of the job,

666
00:26:15,754 --> 00:26:18,140
the Japanese migrated from

667
00:26:18,140 --> 00:26:20,839
Hawaii where
many Americans

668
00:26:20,839 --> 00:26:23,689
believed a labor
arrangement

669
00:26:23,689 --> 00:26:25,880
similar to
slavery existed.

670
00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:27,889
Let me just explain
what I mean by this.

671
00:26:27,889 --> 00:26:32,210
So the sugar industry
in Hawaii have long

672
00:26:32,210 --> 00:26:36,590
relied on the labor
of foreign workers,

673
00:26:36,590 --> 00:26:38,600
whether they were
imported from China,

674
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:39,799
Japan, or some European

675
00:26:39,799 --> 00:26:41,330
countries like Portugal.

676
00:26:41,330 --> 00:26:43,309
The physical punishment of

677
00:26:43,309 --> 00:26:44,780
servants and laborers in

678
00:26:44,780 --> 00:26:48,455
Hawaii was prohibited
since the 1850s,

679
00:26:48,455 --> 00:26:50,284
but then abusing whipping

680
00:26:50,284 --> 00:26:52,865
remain unchecked
in practice.

681
00:26:52,865 --> 00:26:54,650
I'm in Athens
keenly observe

682
00:26:54,650 --> 00:26:57,274
the condition of contract
labor in Hawaii.

683
00:26:57,274 --> 00:26:58,699
And then they describe

684
00:26:58,699 --> 00:27:00,529
a labor contract labor in

685
00:27:00,529 --> 00:27:03,230
Hawaii as a form
of slavery.

686
00:27:03,230 --> 00:27:06,544
Newspaper in San
Francisco point to quote,

687
00:27:06,544 --> 00:27:09,949
the existence of
virtual chattel slavery

688
00:27:09,949 --> 00:27:12,259
on sugar plantations
in Hawaii.

689
00:27:12,259 --> 00:27:14,179
Another San
Francisco newspaper

690
00:27:14,179 --> 00:27:16,070
published an
article title,

691
00:27:16,070 --> 00:27:17,659
the slaves of Hawaii,

692
00:27:17,659 --> 00:27:20,225
arguing that
contract labor with

693
00:27:20,225 --> 00:27:24,125
penalty enforcement is
only waste slavery.

694
00:27:24,125 --> 00:27:26,359
Amanda's on the West
Coast argued that

695
00:27:26,359 --> 00:27:28,489
the Japanese working
under this slavery,

696
00:27:28,489 --> 00:27:30,949
so according called
slavery in Hawaii,

697
00:27:30,949 --> 00:27:33,050
would bring the
institution of slavery,

698
00:27:33,050 --> 00:27:34,129
the institution of slavery

699
00:27:34,129 --> 00:27:35,280
to the United States.

700
00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:37,930
One newspaper claim
even claimed that

701
00:27:37,930 --> 00:27:39,939
the Japanese laborers
would introduce

702
00:27:39,939 --> 00:27:43,074
a new form of slavery
in the state.

703
00:27:43,074 --> 00:27:45,910
A state far worse
than existed

704
00:27:45,910 --> 00:27:49,370
in the sunny cells
in slavery days.

705
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:52,270
I wanted to
clarify my point

706
00:27:52,270 --> 00:27:55,195
since this
particular phrase,

707
00:27:55,195 --> 00:27:57,250
which is in the
title of my talk,

708
00:27:57,250 --> 00:27:58,629
seems to have caused

709
00:27:58,629 --> 00:28:02,154
some confusion among
my audience today.

710
00:28:02,154 --> 00:28:04,479
I am not arguing that

711
00:28:04,479 --> 00:28:06,850
the situation of
Japanese at the turn

712
00:28:06,850 --> 00:28:08,950
of the 20th century
and the situation of

713
00:28:08,950 --> 00:28:10,690
black slaves in
the South before

714
00:28:10,690 --> 00:28:12,609
the Civil War
were comparable,

715
00:28:12,609 --> 00:28:15,235
similar in any
way, in any sense.

716
00:28:15,235 --> 00:28:17,490
This is not my phrase.

717
00:28:17,490 --> 00:28:19,820
It's a phrase from
white Americans

718
00:28:19,820 --> 00:28:22,400
who use this term
of slavery to

719
00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:24,980
justify exclusion of
Japanese immigrants and

720
00:28:24,980 --> 00:28:28,565
desirable degraded workers
similar to slaves.

721
00:28:28,565 --> 00:28:30,439
Now, it's worth exploring

722
00:28:30,439 --> 00:28:31,520
further what

723
00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:33,154
the opponent
Japanese immigrants,

724
00:28:33,154 --> 00:28:34,985
immigration tried to say

725
00:28:34,985 --> 00:28:36,815
with this slavery analogy.

726
00:28:36,815 --> 00:28:38,690
For them, for
the, for the,

727
00:28:38,690 --> 00:28:41,044
for the opponents of
Japanese immigration.

728
00:28:41,044 --> 00:28:43,235
Why do opponent of
Japanese immigration,

729
00:28:43,235 --> 00:28:45,380
the conditional
Japanese workers were

730
00:28:45,380 --> 00:28:47,900
actually not
the main issue.

731
00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:51,320
What they were
really concerned.

732
00:28:51,320 --> 00:28:54,065
Most was the possibility

733
00:28:54,065 --> 00:28:56,540
that white workers
themselves will be

734
00:28:56,540 --> 00:29:00,889
reduced to slaves by
American capitalists as

735
00:29:00,889 --> 00:29:03,200
cheap Japanese
labor would lower

736
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:04,610
the American
wage standard is

737
00:29:04,610 --> 00:29:06,649
to next to nothing.

738
00:29:06,649 --> 00:29:09,004
So the next
question then is,

739
00:29:09,004 --> 00:29:11,809
why did white Americans
think this kind of

740
00:29:11,809 --> 00:29:14,300
slavery would be worse

741
00:29:14,300 --> 00:29:17,450
than chattel slavery
in Antebellum South.

742
00:29:17,450 --> 00:29:20,150
According to white
Americans who pursue

743
00:29:20,150 --> 00:29:23,075
this argument, it's
worse because,

744
00:29:23,075 --> 00:29:26,090
it's worse than
slavery precisely

745
00:29:26,090 --> 00:29:27,799
because the slaves this

746
00:29:27,799 --> 00:29:29,885
time will be white people.

747
00:29:29,885 --> 00:29:31,579
They thought that
the capitalists

748
00:29:31,579 --> 00:29:33,080
were making white workers,

749
00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:35,630
slaves or wages,
which will

750
00:29:35,630 --> 00:29:39,514
be sort of gross insult
to white people.

751
00:29:39,514 --> 00:29:41,615
And labor leaders
even said that

752
00:29:41,615 --> 00:29:44,045
capitalist was
called a traitor,

753
00:29:44,045 --> 00:29:47,165
worse than what Jefferson
Davis in 18, 61.

754
00:29:47,165 --> 00:29:49,340
Jefferson Davis who
was the president of

755
00:29:49,340 --> 00:29:52,114
the Confederacy
during the Civil War.

756
00:29:52,114 --> 00:29:54,380
There was going to
intense opposition

757
00:29:54,380 --> 00:29:56,209
to the idea.

758
00:29:56,209 --> 00:29:57,364
Again, not the fact,

759
00:29:57,364 --> 00:30:00,950
the idea that potentially
White Americans

760
00:30:00,950 --> 00:30:03,799
will be enslaved
under capitalism.

761
00:30:03,799 --> 00:30:06,200
Again, why the
Americans called

762
00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:08,480
it themselves
capitalists slaves.

763
00:30:08,480 --> 00:30:10,279
But of course this
does not mean

764
00:30:10,279 --> 00:30:12,334
that they were
in fact slaves.

765
00:30:12,334 --> 00:30:14,360
The point is, that

766
00:30:14,360 --> 00:30:16,774
is the enduring
legacy of slavery,

767
00:30:16,774 --> 00:30:18,005
not as an institution,

768
00:30:18,005 --> 00:30:19,670
but as a concept in

769
00:30:19,670 --> 00:30:22,625
American labor and
immigration discourse.

770
00:30:22,625 --> 00:30:26,119
Why Americans
are manipulated?

771
00:30:26,119 --> 00:30:29,000
The language and
concept of slavery to

772
00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:30,500
pursue the goal of

773
00:30:30,500 --> 00:30:32,960
excluding Japanese
immigrants.

774
00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:35,269
The slavery analogy
is, I would say,

775
00:30:35,269 --> 00:30:37,429
really central to
understanding how

776
00:30:37,429 --> 00:30:38,914
the Japanese exclusion was

777
00:30:38,914 --> 00:30:41,630
advocated in this
time period,

778
00:30:41,630 --> 00:30:43,100
especially in the

779
00:30:43,100 --> 00:30:45,810
post announce
patient America.

780
00:30:46,690 --> 00:30:51,455
Now, I'm at the turn
of 20th century,

781
00:30:51,455 --> 00:30:55,520
immigration officers
in the US west were

782
00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:57,170
increasingly aroused

783
00:30:57,170 --> 00:30:59,569
by growing Japanese
immigration,

784
00:30:59,569 --> 00:31:01,040
which seem to include

785
00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:03,335
a large number of
contract workers.

786
00:31:03,335 --> 00:31:05,030
And under these
circumstances,

787
00:31:05,030 --> 00:31:08,164
this local white residents

788
00:31:08,164 --> 00:31:10,819
pressured immigration
officials to implement

789
00:31:10,819 --> 00:31:13,295
the alien quantity
of labor law and

790
00:31:13,295 --> 00:31:15,349
other applicable
provisions of

791
00:31:15,349 --> 00:31:18,319
immigration laws to
exclude a Japanese.

792
00:31:18,319 --> 00:31:19,805
But this proved to be

793
00:31:19,805 --> 00:31:21,604
a very difficult
thing to do.

794
00:31:21,604 --> 00:31:23,119
Do to attempt to

795
00:31:23,119 --> 00:31:25,865
low evasion by
diverse parties.

796
00:31:25,865 --> 00:31:28,265
Interests in immigration.

797
00:31:28,265 --> 00:31:30,350
Despite opposition
to contract

798
00:31:30,350 --> 00:31:33,320
labor importation by
labor unions in America,

799
00:31:33,320 --> 00:31:36,410
American and Japanese
labor contractors and

800
00:31:36,410 --> 00:31:39,739
business owners
repeatedly broke the law.

801
00:31:39,739 --> 00:31:42,230
They succeeded in
breaking the law and

802
00:31:42,230 --> 00:31:44,930
unlawfully important
Japanese workers

803
00:31:44,930 --> 00:31:48,209
to be provided to
your Mac employees.

804
00:31:48,280 --> 00:31:51,260
Expansion of
immigration companies

805
00:31:51,260 --> 00:31:53,285
in Japan during the 190s

806
00:31:53,285 --> 00:31:55,310
coincided with
the growth of

807
00:31:55,310 --> 00:31:57,050
labor cost
drafting business

808
00:31:57,050 --> 00:31:58,459
in the United States.

809
00:31:58,459 --> 00:32:00,139
Contractors or supply to

810
00:32:00,139 --> 00:32:02,269
Japanese laborers
to railroad

811
00:32:02,269 --> 00:32:04,610
agricultural
mining work in

812
00:32:04,610 --> 00:32:06,169
multiple parts of
the United States,

813
00:32:06,169 --> 00:32:07,640
especially the
American West.

814
00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:09,379
And such contractor is

815
00:32:09,379 --> 00:32:11,389
officially know
oftentimes they

816
00:32:11,389 --> 00:32:14,000
employ workers after they

817
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:16,159
entered the United States.

818
00:32:16,159 --> 00:32:20,539
But oftentimes,
some contractors

819
00:32:20,539 --> 00:32:22,699
recruited workers
directly from

820
00:32:22,699 --> 00:32:24,859
Japan through
emigration company,

821
00:32:24,859 --> 00:32:27,815
especially through
unlawful methods.

822
00:32:27,815 --> 00:32:31,744
So e.g. immigration
company in Japan.

823
00:32:31,744 --> 00:32:36,155
Contacted Japanese run
hotels in Seattle.

824
00:32:36,155 --> 00:32:39,259
Sending those hotel is

825
00:32:39,259 --> 00:32:41,449
a list of Japanese
passengers

826
00:32:41,449 --> 00:32:42,785
bound for the city.

827
00:32:42,785 --> 00:32:44,809
When the Japanese
passengers

828
00:32:44,809 --> 00:32:46,024
arrived in Seattle,

829
00:32:46,024 --> 00:32:48,590
agents of the hotels
waited for them at

830
00:32:48,590 --> 00:32:50,390
the box and recruited

831
00:32:50,390 --> 00:32:52,369
them and brought
them to the hotel.

832
00:32:52,369 --> 00:32:54,620
Hotel keepers made profits

833
00:32:54,620 --> 00:32:56,570
by supplying
those migrants to

834
00:32:56,570 --> 00:32:58,114
local labor contractors

835
00:32:58,114 --> 00:33:01,190
and railroad companies.

836
00:33:01,190 --> 00:33:05,944
So there is
organized attempt to

837
00:33:05,944 --> 00:33:07,879
import Japanese workers

838
00:33:07,879 --> 00:33:11,300
among the labor
contractors,

839
00:33:11,300 --> 00:33:13,025
boarding houses, hotels,

840
00:33:13,025 --> 00:33:15,110
and emigration companies.

841
00:33:15,110 --> 00:33:17,345
Some Japanese
labor contractors

842
00:33:17,345 --> 00:33:18,439
even went to Japan,

843
00:33:18,439 --> 00:33:22,190
recruited recruiting
workers there. So e.g.

844
00:33:22,190 --> 00:33:26,299
how she could sue and
yamaka or the taka

845
00:33:26,299 --> 00:33:28,879
founded the Oriental
Trading Company in

846
00:33:28,879 --> 00:33:31,220
Seattle in the
late 19th century.

847
00:33:31,220 --> 00:33:33,409
And they supply the
Japanese laborer to

848
00:33:33,409 --> 00:33:36,110
the Great Northern
Railway company.

849
00:33:36,110 --> 00:33:38,360
In the final years of

850
00:33:38,360 --> 00:33:40,474
the 19th century,
Yamanaka went,

851
00:33:40,474 --> 00:33:41,899
went back to Japan

852
00:33:41,899 --> 00:33:44,420
and secure the
extra 25,000

853
00:33:44,420 --> 00:33:47,989
Japanese laborers who will

854
00:33:47,989 --> 00:33:49,639
be shipped to the
United States.

855
00:33:49,639 --> 00:33:51,199
But then the
Japanese government

856
00:33:51,199 --> 00:33:52,835
denied applications for

857
00:33:52,835 --> 00:33:55,654
those laborers
passports because

858
00:33:55,654 --> 00:33:59,314
the government feared
that their lab,

859
00:33:59,314 --> 00:34:00,949
they are alive or
dead importation

860
00:34:00,949 --> 00:34:02,930
their immigration
was provoked,

861
00:34:02,930 --> 00:34:04,789
stimulated
anti-Japanese sentiment

862
00:34:04,789 --> 00:34:06,214
in the United States.

863
00:34:06,214 --> 00:34:08,569
So at this point,
yamaka decided

864
00:34:08,569 --> 00:34:13,685
to secure labor
through illegal means.

865
00:34:13,685 --> 00:34:15,560
Earlier before
he, even before

866
00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:18,320
his original immigration
to the US, he,

867
00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:21,079
he was politically
active and then he was

868
00:34:21,079 --> 00:34:23,389
some political
connections with

869
00:34:23,389 --> 00:34:25,654
government in a
public offices,

870
00:34:25,654 --> 00:34:27,110
especially, I guess I

871
00:34:27,110 --> 00:34:29,540
remember Shizuoka
prefecture.

872
00:34:29,540 --> 00:34:31,489
And he used

873
00:34:31,489 --> 00:34:32,945
his political connections

874
00:34:32,945 --> 00:34:34,609
with governmental
officials

875
00:34:34,609 --> 00:34:37,474
to obtain forest
fake passports

876
00:34:37,474 --> 00:34:39,424
issued to his laborers.

877
00:34:39,424 --> 00:34:43,310
So by using those
kind of methods,

878
00:34:43,310 --> 00:34:45,710
the Oriental
Trading Company

879
00:34:45,710 --> 00:34:49,024
supplied
approximately 15,000

880
00:34:49,024 --> 00:34:50,270
Japanese laborers

881
00:34:50,270 --> 00:34:53,764
to the Great
Northern Railway

882
00:34:53,764 --> 00:34:59,210
1899-1908 in a
single decade.

883
00:34:59,210 --> 00:35:02,734
And to evade rigid
landing inspectors

884
00:35:02,734 --> 00:35:03,874
at US ports,

885
00:35:03,874 --> 00:35:05,720
emigration
companies and labor

886
00:35:05,720 --> 00:35:07,760
constructor is often
a ship the Japanese

887
00:35:07,760 --> 00:35:09,559
workers to Victoria and

888
00:35:09,559 --> 00:35:12,484
Vancouver in
British Columbia.

889
00:35:12,484 --> 00:35:15,020
From whence, they headed

890
00:35:15,020 --> 00:35:16,729
for the United
States by boat,

891
00:35:16,729 --> 00:35:20,420
railroad or offered as
early as Chinese dead.

892
00:35:20,420 --> 00:35:23,705
And also at an even
more basic level,

893
00:35:23,705 --> 00:35:25,160
the ailing conduct
lateral load

894
00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:27,919
suffered some
structural flaws.

895
00:35:27,919 --> 00:35:31,279
You know, to, to arrest
contract workers.

896
00:35:31,279 --> 00:35:34,309
The US law required
officials to secure

897
00:35:34,309 --> 00:35:37,670
a tangible evidence
of labor contract,

898
00:35:37,670 --> 00:35:40,564
such as a written document,
written contract.

899
00:35:40,564 --> 00:35:43,130
But it was simply
difficult to

900
00:35:43,130 --> 00:35:45,679
do so because oftentimes

901
00:35:45,679 --> 00:35:48,035
immigrants ahead
or even destroy

902
00:35:48,035 --> 00:35:50,029
those documents
before their arrival

903
00:35:50,029 --> 00:35:51,904
in the United States.

904
00:35:51,904 --> 00:35:56,090
Without those tangible
pieces of evidence on,

905
00:35:56,090 --> 00:35:57,529
US officials could not

906
00:35:57,529 --> 00:36:00,169
exclude Japanese
or immigrant

907
00:36:00,169 --> 00:36:01,805
any immigrants, even Dell,

908
00:36:01,805 --> 00:36:03,935
the officials
were convinced

909
00:36:03,935 --> 00:36:07,399
that they were conduct
worker is actually

910
00:36:07,399 --> 00:36:10,460
labor contractors and
emigration companies

911
00:36:10,460 --> 00:36:13,219
also coached
immigrants how

912
00:36:13,219 --> 00:36:14,929
to answer questions from

913
00:36:14,929 --> 00:36:19,025
inspectors on arrival
in the US port.

914
00:36:19,025 --> 00:36:21,770
So when immigrants
arrived at the US Board,

915
00:36:21,770 --> 00:36:23,525
normally any of
the officers

916
00:36:23,525 --> 00:36:25,864
asks them, Save
As the questions.

917
00:36:25,864 --> 00:36:27,814
Why did you come to
the United States?

918
00:36:27,814 --> 00:36:30,680
Who funded your passage?

919
00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:32,975
Are you in any agreement?

920
00:36:32,975 --> 00:36:35,255
You under any
labor contract

921
00:36:35,255 --> 00:36:36,710
with us employers?

922
00:36:36,710 --> 00:36:38,824
And labor
contractors provide

923
00:36:38,824 --> 00:36:40,009
all the instructions to

924
00:36:40,009 --> 00:36:42,139
the immigrants
held best answer

925
00:36:42,139 --> 00:36:43,369
to those questions.

926
00:36:43,369 --> 00:36:46,010
So doubt the fact
that their contracts,

927
00:36:46,010 --> 00:36:48,570
their status could
be concealed.

928
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,725
Frequently. The absence

929
00:36:51,725 --> 00:36:53,615
of the direct evidence

930
00:36:53,615 --> 00:36:55,519
made law enforcement sort

931
00:36:55,519 --> 00:36:58,399
of impossible with them.

932
00:36:58,399 --> 00:36:59,440
Right.

933
00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:02,640
Who who was an official

934
00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:05,670
in the Federal Bureau
of immigration,

935
00:37:05,670 --> 00:37:08,040
admitted in the
early 20th century,

936
00:37:08,040 --> 00:37:09,600
doubt called the objects

937
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:11,220
and purposes
of the wall of

938
00:37:11,220 --> 00:37:12,644
the United States
regulating

939
00:37:12,644 --> 00:37:15,220
immigration are
largely defeated.

940
00:37:15,220 --> 00:37:16,640
So far as it relates

941
00:37:16,640 --> 00:37:18,530
to immigration from Japan.

942
00:37:18,530 --> 00:37:20,270
The whole
importation scheme

943
00:37:20,270 --> 00:37:21,799
was organized by quote,

944
00:37:21,799 --> 00:37:24,634
a perfect system of
coaching immigrants.

945
00:37:24,634 --> 00:37:27,049
And quote, the
immigration officers

946
00:37:27,049 --> 00:37:28,429
here are practically

947
00:37:28,429 --> 00:37:30,289
powerless to hold back

948
00:37:30,289 --> 00:37:32,299
the influx of
pauper and quantity

949
00:37:32,299 --> 00:37:34,189
of labor from Japan.

950
00:37:34,189 --> 00:37:38,059
Despite the intense racial

951
00:37:38,059 --> 00:37:41,435
and native is pressure
from local residents.

952
00:37:41,435 --> 00:37:43,669
Immigration officials,
for the most part,

953
00:37:43,669 --> 00:37:46,655
failed to implement
the immigration wall

954
00:37:46,655 --> 00:37:50,759
to prevent the emission
of Japanese workers.

955
00:37:53,590 --> 00:37:55,969
The difficulty in

956
00:37:55,969 --> 00:37:57,814
implementing the
restricting.

957
00:37:57,814 --> 00:37:59,719
Restrictive, implementing

958
00:37:59,719 --> 00:38:01,010
a restrictive laws against

959
00:38:01,010 --> 00:38:03,754
the Japanese labor
immigrants had

960
00:38:03,754 --> 00:38:05,540
significant implications

961
00:38:05,540 --> 00:38:07,490
for US immigration policy.

962
00:38:07,490 --> 00:38:09,440
And I'd like to spend
the rest of my talk

963
00:38:09,440 --> 00:38:12,244
here discussing this
particular point.

964
00:38:12,244 --> 00:38:13,910
So put simply,

965
00:38:13,910 --> 00:38:15,964
precisely because
of the technical,

966
00:38:15,964 --> 00:38:18,169
technical difficulty
in implementing

967
00:38:18,169 --> 00:38:19,789
the alien conduct
labor law,

968
00:38:19,789 --> 00:38:21,289
the federal government are

969
00:38:21,289 --> 00:38:23,359
enormously expanded.

970
00:38:23,359 --> 00:38:26,119
Immigration officials
discretionary power in

971
00:38:26,119 --> 00:38:29,495
determining the stability
for foreigners.

972
00:38:29,495 --> 00:38:31,459
In other words, it

973
00:38:31,459 --> 00:38:33,290
mediates official's
power enormously

974
00:38:33,290 --> 00:38:36,245
expanded because
of the difficulty

975
00:38:36,245 --> 00:38:37,580
in implementing
those walls,

976
00:38:37,580 --> 00:38:39,615
including the alien
convict labor law.

977
00:38:39,615 --> 00:38:43,225
So e.g. in 18 1903,

978
00:38:43,225 --> 00:38:45,744
a new Immigration
Act introduced

979
00:38:45,744 --> 00:38:48,460
a vague but sweeping
definition of

980
00:38:48,460 --> 00:38:50,859
contract workers
by prohibiting

981
00:38:50,859 --> 00:38:52,240
the importation of any

982
00:38:52,240 --> 00:38:53,800
foreigners coming
to the US,

983
00:38:53,800 --> 00:38:56,649
quote, in pursuance
of any offer,

984
00:38:56,649 --> 00:39:00,025
slowly station
promise or agreement.

985
00:39:00,025 --> 00:39:03,489
The existence of
tangible evidence was no

986
00:39:03,489 --> 00:39:06,159
longer necessary

987
00:39:06,159 --> 00:39:08,860
part of contract
labor regulation.

988
00:39:08,860 --> 00:39:11,560
So essentially, immigrants
could be excluded

989
00:39:11,560 --> 00:39:13,120
merely because they are

990
00:39:13,120 --> 00:39:15,309
immigration was a
result of inducement,

991
00:39:15,309 --> 00:39:19,099
so station or offer or
promise of employment.

992
00:39:19,710 --> 00:39:23,900
Again, just to reiterate,

993
00:39:23,900 --> 00:39:26,675
when immigration
officers thought

994
00:39:26,675 --> 00:39:28,640
that this
immigrant came to

995
00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:31,850
the US under some
sorts of inducement or

996
00:39:31,850 --> 00:39:33,214
encouragement than

997
00:39:33,214 --> 00:39:35,554
the officers
could exclude,

998
00:39:35,554 --> 00:39:37,999
prohibit the landing
of these immigrants.

999
00:39:37,999 --> 00:39:41,509
At the same time,
the category for

1000
00:39:41,509 --> 00:39:42,769
exemption from

1001
00:39:42,769 --> 00:39:45,079
restriction was
reduced as well.

1002
00:39:45,079 --> 00:39:47,345
The regional
foreign after 18 85

1003
00:39:47,345 --> 00:39:49,835
allows an individual
to assist, quote,

1004
00:39:49,835 --> 00:39:52,340
any member of
his family or

1005
00:39:52,340 --> 00:39:53,719
a relative or personal

1006
00:39:53,719 --> 00:39:55,520
friend to come to the US.

1007
00:39:55,520 --> 00:39:58,429
So sorry, No
family unification

1008
00:39:58,429 --> 00:40:00,815
or friends
unification were.

1009
00:40:00,815 --> 00:40:04,594
These were permitted
to sustain a chain,

1010
00:40:04,594 --> 00:40:05,840
chain migration of future

1011
00:40:05,840 --> 00:40:07,700
residents in the US.

1012
00:40:07,700 --> 00:40:09,440
But then employers
and labor

1013
00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:11,959
contractors abuse
this exemption clause

1014
00:40:11,959 --> 00:40:13,654
to import contract workers

1015
00:40:13,654 --> 00:40:16,460
under the disguise of
family unification.

1016
00:40:16,460 --> 00:40:18,260
In response to
the congress

1017
00:40:18,260 --> 00:40:19,640
decided to abolish it.

1018
00:40:19,640 --> 00:40:22,279
Excluding any person who's

1019
00:40:22,279 --> 00:40:24,530
ticket or passage
is paid for with

1020
00:40:24,530 --> 00:40:27,214
the money of another
or who is assisted by

1021
00:40:27,214 --> 00:40:29,090
others to come in

1022
00:40:29,090 --> 00:40:31,834
the Immigration
Act of 1907.

1023
00:40:31,834 --> 00:40:34,549
Now, given that
many immigrants in

1024
00:40:34,549 --> 00:40:35,869
this time period came

1025
00:40:35,869 --> 00:40:37,414
to the United
States with us,

1026
00:40:37,414 --> 00:40:40,010
with the prospect
of employment or

1027
00:40:40,010 --> 00:40:41,780
some formal
financial systems

1028
00:40:41,780 --> 00:40:43,835
provided by their
family or friends.

1029
00:40:43,835 --> 00:40:45,590
These, these laws made

1030
00:40:45,590 --> 00:40:47,660
virtually all foreigners,

1031
00:40:47,660 --> 00:40:50,944
potentially excludable
contract workers.

1032
00:40:50,944 --> 00:40:54,170
And indeed lawmakers.

1033
00:40:54,170 --> 00:40:54,500
I mean,

1034
00:40:54,500 --> 00:40:56,359
people interested in
immigration issues

1035
00:40:56,359 --> 00:40:59,150
such as lawmakers,
shipping companies.

1036
00:40:59,150 --> 00:41:01,340
They were well
aware fully,

1037
00:41:01,340 --> 00:41:04,460
they were fully aware
of the implications of

1038
00:41:04,460 --> 00:41:05,900
those new roles for

1039
00:41:05,900 --> 00:41:08,630
the power of
immigration officials.

1040
00:41:08,630 --> 00:41:09,860
One of that in one

1041
00:41:09,860 --> 00:41:12,980
of the congressional
hearings

1042
00:41:12,980 --> 00:41:14,630
about Draft Dell in

1043
00:41:14,630 --> 00:41:17,914
the early 19th century,
early 20th century.

1044
00:41:17,914 --> 00:41:19,369
While representative

1045
00:41:19,369 --> 00:41:21,900
from a steamship company,

1046
00:41:21,930 --> 00:41:25,645
criticize those
changes, saying that

1047
00:41:25,645 --> 00:41:28,930
he discussed truth
of immigration.

1048
00:41:28,930 --> 00:41:30,565
When he said that, quote,

1049
00:41:30,565 --> 00:41:32,440
nobody comes here unless

1050
00:41:32,440 --> 00:41:33,489
some promise has been

1051
00:41:33,489 --> 00:41:34,839
made to him or without

1052
00:41:34,839 --> 00:41:36,669
having been
solicited to come.

1053
00:41:36,669 --> 00:41:38,199
The fact was scan,

1054
00:41:38,199 --> 00:41:40,420
every single immigrant
essentially came to

1055
00:41:40,420 --> 00:41:41,860
the United States
with assistance

1056
00:41:41,860 --> 00:41:43,480
from somebody else.

1057
00:41:43,480 --> 00:41:46,404
So this representative
says that

1058
00:41:46,404 --> 00:41:48,190
this change in the law

1059
00:41:48,190 --> 00:41:50,634
called the immigrant
inspector,

1060
00:41:50,634 --> 00:41:54,265
could hold up nearly
every immigrant and

1061
00:41:54,265 --> 00:41:56,710
nearly every
immigrants arriving

1062
00:41:56,710 --> 00:41:58,944
in this country
could be Sendak,

1063
00:41:58,944 --> 00:42:01,675
pointing to the
potentially sweeping power

1064
00:42:01,675 --> 00:42:04,364
of inspectors are
over Freud news.

1065
00:42:04,364 --> 00:42:06,109
It may give some officers

1066
00:42:06,109 --> 00:42:08,585
could potentially
technically exclude,

1067
00:42:08,585 --> 00:42:10,039
prohibit the landing of

1068
00:42:10,039 --> 00:42:13,400
every single immigrant
with this power.

1069
00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:16,189
But the lawmakers or

1070
00:42:16,189 --> 00:42:19,190
the opponents of
immigration on Japanese.

1071
00:42:19,190 --> 00:42:21,005
That was precisely
the point

1072
00:42:21,005 --> 00:42:22,550
given the continuous fail

1073
00:42:22,550 --> 00:42:24,215
is to exclude

1074
00:42:24,215 --> 00:42:26,089
contract workers
and arrest them.

1075
00:42:26,089 --> 00:42:28,685
Porter's this
massive power

1076
00:42:28,685 --> 00:42:31,160
was a necessity,
absolute necessity.

1077
00:42:31,160 --> 00:42:33,379
Why? Inspector
who attended

1078
00:42:33,379 --> 00:42:34,760
the hearing says that

1079
00:42:34,760 --> 00:42:36,320
we have not been able to

1080
00:42:36,320 --> 00:42:38,899
convict employers and
labor contractors.

1081
00:42:38,899 --> 00:42:40,850
If the bell was
more limited

1082
00:42:40,850 --> 00:42:43,610
than proposed, then the,

1083
00:42:43,610 --> 00:42:45,590
the government
lose, would lose

1084
00:42:45,590 --> 00:42:47,960
most cases and catching

1085
00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:50,764
immigrants or arresting
the employers.

1086
00:42:50,764 --> 00:42:52,609
These developments in

1087
00:42:52,609 --> 00:42:55,384
US immigration policy
were saved definitely

1088
00:42:55,384 --> 00:42:57,920
not entirely by
the politics

1089
00:42:57,920 --> 00:42:59,675
of Japanese immigrants
them alone.

1090
00:42:59,675 --> 00:43:02,284
They were saved also
by concerns about,

1091
00:43:02,284 --> 00:43:03,800
about other
immigrant groups

1092
00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:05,510
such as Italians as well.

1093
00:43:05,510 --> 00:43:07,519
But internal
communication within

1094
00:43:07,519 --> 00:43:09,304
the Bureau of immigration

1095
00:43:09,304 --> 00:43:10,820
really suggests that

1096
00:43:10,820 --> 00:43:12,274
the Japanese
labor immigration

1097
00:43:12,274 --> 00:43:13,280
and the difficulty

1098
00:43:13,280 --> 00:43:16,714
in restricting it was
absolutely central.

1099
00:43:16,714 --> 00:43:19,999
Absolutely one of
the chief concerns

1100
00:43:19,999 --> 00:43:21,424
for the Bureau and

1101
00:43:21,424 --> 00:43:23,480
a central factor
that led to

1102
00:43:23,480 --> 00:43:24,995
those legal developments

1103
00:43:24,995 --> 00:43:27,455
in US immigration policy.

1104
00:43:27,455 --> 00:43:30,244
The point that I
want to make here

1105
00:43:30,244 --> 00:43:32,329
is that we shouldn't

1106
00:43:32,329 --> 00:43:33,380
quickly conclude

1107
00:43:33,380 --> 00:43:34,669
that the alien
contract labor law

1108
00:43:34,669 --> 00:43:37,189
was simply kinda
simple failure.

1109
00:43:37,189 --> 00:43:39,620
Simply because it
failed to restrict

1110
00:43:39,620 --> 00:43:42,004
the kinds of immigration
it targeted.

1111
00:43:42,004 --> 00:43:43,909
The very difficulty in

1112
00:43:43,909 --> 00:43:45,905
the law enforcement allow

1113
00:43:45,905 --> 00:43:47,569
immigration officials
TO with Dan

1114
00:43:47,569 --> 00:43:49,070
something even
more important

1115
00:43:49,070 --> 00:43:51,710
than the implementation of

1116
00:43:51,710 --> 00:43:54,139
one provision of
immigration law.

1117
00:43:54,139 --> 00:43:56,959
That is, the enormous
expansion of

1118
00:43:56,959 --> 00:43:58,579
their distributionally
power or

1119
00:43:58,579 --> 00:44:01,160
authority over four years.

1120
00:44:01,160 --> 00:44:03,245
The main street
of discretion,

1121
00:44:03,245 --> 00:44:05,719
discretionary power
became one of

1122
00:44:05,719 --> 00:44:08,464
the defining characteristics
international

1123
00:44:08,464 --> 00:44:10,820
immigration regime
system that

1124
00:44:10,820 --> 00:44:12,949
emerged in the West and

1125
00:44:12,949 --> 00:44:15,065
early 20th century
and that's still

1126
00:44:15,065 --> 00:44:18,334
the feature of today's
immigration system.

1127
00:44:18,334 --> 00:44:20,824
So in this sense that

1128
00:44:20,824 --> 00:44:22,159
the pulse of Japanese

1129
00:44:22,159 --> 00:44:23,960
labor immigration
at the turn of

1130
00:44:23,960 --> 00:44:26,825
20th century made a
really important role

1131
00:44:26,825 --> 00:44:30,590
in the formation of US
immigration policy.

1132
00:44:30,590 --> 00:44:34,385
Let me just quickly
conclude my talk.

1133
00:44:34,385 --> 00:44:36,680
So the debate over

1134
00:44:36,680 --> 00:44:39,139
Japanese labor immigration
at the turn of

1135
00:44:39,139 --> 00:44:40,370
20th century

1136
00:44:40,370 --> 00:44:42,649
illuminates some
important aspects

1137
00:44:42,649 --> 00:44:43,965
of the American dilemma.

1138
00:44:43,965 --> 00:44:47,139
Between intense opposition
to immigration and

1139
00:44:47,139 --> 00:44:49,135
then the demand for

1140
00:44:49,135 --> 00:44:51,655
labor in the American
West, especially.

1141
00:44:51,655 --> 00:44:53,455
Now, this tension is not

1142
00:44:53,455 --> 00:44:55,540
simply about how
effectively or

1143
00:44:55,540 --> 00:44:58,090
ineffectively
Japanese immigration

1144
00:44:58,090 --> 00:44:59,725
was restricted.

1145
00:44:59,725 --> 00:45:00,969
But as I said,

1146
00:45:00,969 --> 00:45:01,990
there's a note
in the final

1147
00:45:01,990 --> 00:45:03,670
section of my talk.

1148
00:45:03,670 --> 00:45:06,070
This tension should
be placed into

1149
00:45:06,070 --> 00:45:08,125
the broader context of

1150
00:45:08,125 --> 00:45:11,184
the development of US
immigration policy.

1151
00:45:11,184 --> 00:45:13,674
In the history of US
immigration policy,

1152
00:45:13,674 --> 00:45:15,759
the Japanese
tend to receive

1153
00:45:15,759 --> 00:45:18,040
rather a simple narrative.

1154
00:45:18,040 --> 00:45:19,900
So most accounts
referred to

1155
00:45:19,900 --> 00:45:21,369
the so-called
gentleman's agreement

1156
00:45:21,369 --> 00:45:24,010
of excuse me.

1157
00:45:24,010 --> 00:45:26,904
I realized I have a
wrong done in here.

1158
00:45:26,904 --> 00:45:30,970
String here. In history

1159
00:45:30,970 --> 00:45:32,950
of US admission policy.

1160
00:45:32,950 --> 00:45:34,914
Japanese.

1161
00:45:34,914 --> 00:45:37,030
Repeat the same
point or intend

1162
00:45:37,030 --> 00:45:40,464
to receive a
simple narrative.

1163
00:45:40,464 --> 00:45:43,329
Most refers to most
accounts referred to

1164
00:45:43,329 --> 00:45:47,469
the so-called gentleman's
agreement of 1907,

1165
00:45:47,469 --> 00:45:50,875
which is a series of
diplomatic corps is

1166
00:45:50,875 --> 00:45:52,390
a course under which

1167
00:45:52,390 --> 00:45:53,694
the Japanese government

1168
00:45:53,694 --> 00:45:55,690
stopped issuing passports.

1169
00:45:55,690 --> 00:45:59,004
So laborers for
immigration to the US.

1170
00:45:59,004 --> 00:46:00,474
So under this agreement,

1171
00:46:00,474 --> 00:46:02,769
essentially US was able to

1172
00:46:02,769 --> 00:46:05,620
stop labor immigration
from Japan

1173
00:46:05,620 --> 00:46:09,514
without introducing
something like

1174
00:46:09,514 --> 00:46:11,479
a Chinese Exclusion wall.

1175
00:46:11,479 --> 00:46:14,240
And then historian jump

1176
00:46:14,240 --> 00:46:17,990
to the Immigration
Act of 1924,

1177
00:46:17,990 --> 00:46:19,430
which was known as

1178
00:46:19,430 --> 00:46:21,799
the Japanese exclusive
nafta in Japan,

1179
00:46:21,799 --> 00:46:24,469
and suspended almost
all immigration

1180
00:46:24,469 --> 00:46:26,944
from Asia,
including Japan.

1181
00:46:26,944 --> 00:46:28,700
But I hope this talk has

1182
00:46:28,700 --> 00:46:31,099
demonstrated that
the debate over

1183
00:46:31,099 --> 00:46:33,935
Japanese immigration
here played

1184
00:46:33,935 --> 00:46:35,960
a crucial role in
the development of

1185
00:46:35,960 --> 00:46:37,069
US immigration law

1186
00:46:37,069 --> 00:46:39,394
beyond those
familiar contexts

1187
00:46:39,394 --> 00:46:40,894
of the gentleman's
agreement

1188
00:46:40,894 --> 00:46:43,865
and Immigration
Act of 1924.

1189
00:46:43,865 --> 00:46:45,800
Thank you for
listening and I

1190
00:46:45,800 --> 00:46:48,389
look forward to
your questions now.

1191
00:46:50,440 --> 00:46:55,145
Thank you very much for
that talk, Professor.

1192
00:46:55,145 --> 00:46:58,010
And will the Q&A is open?

1193
00:46:58,010 --> 00:46:59,869
Some questions have
started to come in,

1194
00:46:59,869 --> 00:47:01,235
but please take a moment

1195
00:47:01,235 --> 00:47:04,385
and either add your own or

1196
00:47:04,385 --> 00:47:06,635
like an existing question

1197
00:47:06,635 --> 00:47:08,960
and you should be able
to see them today,

1198
00:47:08,960 --> 00:47:09,980
but I will go

1199
00:47:09,980 --> 00:47:11,239
ahead and read them
in the event that

1200
00:47:11,239 --> 00:47:14,929
others on the call
can not see them.

1201
00:47:14,929 --> 00:47:16,999
So I will start

1202
00:47:16,999 --> 00:47:18,469
here at the top

1203
00:47:18,469 --> 00:47:20,659
and maybe add one of
my own in a moment.

1204
00:47:20,659 --> 00:47:23,989
From a guest,
David high neck,

1205
00:47:23,989 --> 00:47:25,310
and I'll do my
best to pronounce

1206
00:47:25,310 --> 00:47:26,329
everybody's
names correctly.

1207
00:47:26,329 --> 00:47:28,745
Please forgive
me if I fail.

1208
00:47:28,745 --> 00:47:30,650
David asks, I'm
curious how

1209
00:47:30,650 --> 00:47:32,179
prevailing US policies and

1210
00:47:32,179 --> 00:47:33,964
attitudes compared with

1211
00:47:33,964 --> 00:47:37,739
other nations policies
during this period.

1212
00:47:38,140 --> 00:47:40,459
Thank you. I think
the question is

1213
00:47:40,459 --> 00:47:42,410
about how we can

1214
00:47:42,410 --> 00:47:44,390
compare yours falses with

1215
00:47:44,390 --> 00:47:46,669
those of other countries.

1216
00:47:46,669 --> 00:47:49,879
That neighbor is Canada.

1217
00:47:49,879 --> 00:47:56,195
And Canada was
equally interests in

1218
00:47:56,195 --> 00:48:01,129
restricting Asian
immigration and

1219
00:48:01,129 --> 00:48:03,365
the Japanese
immigration as well.

1220
00:48:03,365 --> 00:48:06,110
Now, the cell interests

1221
00:48:06,110 --> 00:48:06,350
in one of

1222
00:48:06,350 --> 00:48:07,880
the interesting
differences between US

1223
00:48:07,880 --> 00:48:10,955
and Canada in the
case of treatments

1224
00:48:10,955 --> 00:48:16,410
of Asian Japanese
immigration as stout.

1225
00:48:18,070 --> 00:48:24,649
While US was able to
pursue racist goal,

1226
00:48:24,649 --> 00:48:28,280
which I explained
Japanese. To some extent.

1227
00:48:28,280 --> 00:48:31,729
Canada was bound by

1228
00:48:31,729 --> 00:48:36,125
the British
Empire's policy

1229
00:48:36,125 --> 00:48:38,509
that was friendly
with Japan.

1230
00:48:38,509 --> 00:48:39,859
So the people in

1231
00:48:39,859 --> 00:48:42,469
British Columbia
wanted to restrict

1232
00:48:42,469 --> 00:48:47,269
Japanese immigration
really directly.

1233
00:48:47,269 --> 00:48:49,174
But then auto and

1234
00:48:49,174 --> 00:48:52,969
the central
government of Canada.

1235
00:48:52,969 --> 00:48:55,804
Didn't allow
British Columbia

1236
00:48:55,804 --> 00:48:57,800
to pursue this
kind of policy.

1237
00:48:57,800 --> 00:49:01,529
In terms of
Sentiments, yes.

1238
00:49:03,400 --> 00:49:07,355
You're within Canada
share similarly,

1239
00:49:07,355 --> 00:49:11,644
equally intense
anti-Asian sentiment.

1240
00:49:11,644 --> 00:49:17,510
But Canada had a
stricture, I think,

1241
00:49:17,510 --> 00:49:22,159
check as, as
potentially try to,

1242
00:49:22,159 --> 00:49:23,359
try to potentially
introduce

1243
00:49:23,359 --> 00:49:24,664
anti agent policy.

1244
00:49:24,664 --> 00:49:26,089
But at the same time,
of course, there

1245
00:49:26,089 --> 00:49:27,274
are some similarities.

1246
00:49:27,274 --> 00:49:29,344
Gentleman's
agreement, this

1247
00:49:29,344 --> 00:49:32,585
agreement not to agreement

1248
00:49:32,585 --> 00:49:37,519
that persuaded
Japanese not

1249
00:49:37,519 --> 00:49:40,580
to issue passports
to laborers.

1250
00:49:40,580 --> 00:49:43,490
This, this, this, this
kind of agreement

1251
00:49:43,490 --> 00:49:48,004
was signed between Japan
and Canada as well.

1252
00:49:48,004 --> 00:49:49,354
So in this sense,

1253
00:49:49,354 --> 00:49:51,169
US and Japan
them so use in

1254
00:49:51,169 --> 00:49:53,780
Canada follow a
similar path.

1255
00:49:53,780 --> 00:49:56,944
But in the case
of Canada, again,

1256
00:49:56,944 --> 00:49:58,714
the empiric connection

1257
00:49:58,714 --> 00:50:00,109
in parallel framework of

1258
00:50:00,109 --> 00:50:01,760
the British Empire made

1259
00:50:01,760 --> 00:50:04,769
us, made important
deference.

1260
00:50:07,150 --> 00:50:09,814
Thank you for
that question.

1261
00:50:09,814 --> 00:50:12,290
We have a question
also from

1262
00:50:12,290 --> 00:50:15,440
Carson pence and my
Q&A is moving here,

1263
00:50:15,440 --> 00:50:17,270
so bear with me.

1264
00:50:17,270 --> 00:50:19,640
Okay. Carson
rights to talk.

1265
00:50:19,640 --> 00:50:22,040
I thank you for such an
enlightening lecture.

1266
00:50:22,040 --> 00:50:24,950
Seemingly those in the
labor movement opposed

1267
00:50:24,950 --> 00:50:27,200
the Japanese labor
contract system on

1268
00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:30,440
economic and in some
cases moral grounds.

1269
00:50:30,440 --> 00:50:32,539
And of course, many
capitalists favored

1270
00:50:32,539 --> 00:50:34,969
such contracts on
economic grounds.

1271
00:50:34,969 --> 00:50:36,590
In your research, have you

1272
00:50:36,590 --> 00:50:37,970
found any examples of

1273
00:50:37,970 --> 00:50:39,350
some Americans favoring

1274
00:50:39,350 --> 00:50:42,230
the labor contract
system on moral grounds.

1275
00:50:42,230 --> 00:50:43,579
Perhaps similar to how

1276
00:50:43,579 --> 00:50:44,960
many white supremacists

1277
00:50:44,960 --> 00:50:46,429
favored southern
slavery on

1278
00:50:46,429 --> 00:50:49,350
moral grounds in
the 19th century.

1279
00:50:49,570 --> 00:50:52,250
All right, I'm
trying to digest

1280
00:50:52,250 --> 00:50:55,050
our question
here. I'm sorry.

1281
00:50:56,020 --> 00:50:58,289
Yeah.

1282
00:51:02,830 --> 00:51:06,329
That's a great question.

1283
00:51:07,870 --> 00:51:12,919
Labor contracts had
different implications

1284
00:51:12,919 --> 00:51:15,779
for different
groups of people.

1285
00:51:16,900 --> 00:51:22,160
Republicans, especially
after the Civil War.

1286
00:51:22,160 --> 00:51:26,104
Labor contracts
were sacred

1287
00:51:26,104 --> 00:51:28,715
because it's a symbol

1288
00:51:28,715 --> 00:51:32,060
of freedom as
opposed to slavery.

1289
00:51:32,060 --> 00:51:34,099
One of the goals
for Republicans,

1290
00:51:34,099 --> 00:51:37,639
radical Republicans after

1291
00:51:37,639 --> 00:51:39,274
the Civil War was to,

1292
00:51:39,274 --> 00:51:41,209
was to transform

1293
00:51:41,209 --> 00:51:45,035
former slaves into
waste workers.

1294
00:51:45,035 --> 00:51:47,000
So again,

1295
00:51:47,000 --> 00:51:49,670
labor contract was really

1296
00:51:49,670 --> 00:51:51,259
a symbol of freedom.

1297
00:51:51,259 --> 00:51:53,779
Labor slavery
operator without

1298
00:51:53,779 --> 00:51:55,655
this kind of
contract, right?

1299
00:51:55,655 --> 00:51:57,919
And in this vision

1300
00:51:57,919 --> 00:52:00,200
of, in this
interpretation,

1301
00:52:00,200 --> 00:52:02,449
labor contracts,
employers and

1302
00:52:02,449 --> 00:52:07,070
employees were on
equal footing.

1303
00:52:07,070 --> 00:52:10,879
Their relationship was
contractual and equal.

1304
00:52:10,879 --> 00:52:14,894
And then on this
ground, Republicans,

1305
00:52:14,894 --> 00:52:17,800
supporters of
labor construct

1306
00:52:17,800 --> 00:52:21,879
really saw some merits,

1307
00:52:21,879 --> 00:52:23,589
even virtue in

1308
00:52:23,589 --> 00:52:25,690
the whole labor
contract system.

1309
00:52:25,690 --> 00:52:28,299
But then there's
the other way

1310
00:52:28,299 --> 00:52:30,940
of seeing labor contrast,

1311
00:52:30,940 --> 00:52:32,020
which is a vision of

1312
00:52:32,020 --> 00:52:33,340
democrats more or less

1313
00:52:33,340 --> 00:52:35,035
can organize
labor is pushing.

1314
00:52:35,035 --> 00:52:37,135
They thought the
labor contract as

1315
00:52:37,135 --> 00:52:40,389
an emblem of bondage.

1316
00:52:40,389 --> 00:52:42,354
Labor contract
was nothing like

1317
00:52:42,354 --> 00:52:44,319
a fried symbol of freedom.

1318
00:52:44,319 --> 00:52:47,919
Rather, labor
contract with

1319
00:52:47,919 --> 00:52:50,710
that was kind
of passports.

1320
00:52:50,710 --> 00:52:53,709
Passport for
employers to bound

1321
00:52:53,709 --> 00:52:57,629
workers to exploitive
situations.

1322
00:52:57,629 --> 00:53:01,925
So, yes, yes, I've
seen a lot of examples

1323
00:53:01,925 --> 00:53:03,829
of some americans
favorite labor

1324
00:53:03,829 --> 00:53:06,215
contract system
on moral grounds.

1325
00:53:06,215 --> 00:53:08,029
That was precisely
the position

1326
00:53:08,029 --> 00:53:09,079
of Republicans,

1327
00:53:09,079 --> 00:53:11,269
radical Republicans
after the war.

1328
00:53:11,269 --> 00:53:14,609
But by the time of
the Gilded Age,

1329
00:53:14,860 --> 00:53:19,379
as labor movement became
really radicalize,

1330
00:53:20,170 --> 00:53:23,269
whole labor
contract came to be

1331
00:53:23,269 --> 00:53:26,149
seen increasingly
under negative light.

1332
00:53:26,149 --> 00:53:30,095
And that, that, that's
the context in which

1333
00:53:30,095 --> 00:53:32,030
conduct labor
importation was

1334
00:53:32,030 --> 00:53:38,040
really frowned upon
by organized labor.

1335
00:53:38,890 --> 00:53:42,289
Thank you, and we

1336
00:53:42,289 --> 00:53:44,870
have a nice queue
of questions here,

1337
00:53:44,870 --> 00:53:46,250
nice long, long
list of them.

1338
00:53:46,250 --> 00:53:47,449
But the next one is from

1339
00:53:47,449 --> 00:53:49,189
one of our guests
named Joe.

1340
00:53:49,189 --> 00:53:51,635
Joe rights. Thank you
for your research.

1341
00:53:51,635 --> 00:53:53,029
In the beginning
of your talk,

1342
00:53:53,029 --> 00:53:54,889
you said something
to the effect that

1343
00:53:54,889 --> 00:53:56,479
the foreign Act was

1344
00:53:56,479 --> 00:53:58,729
defeated in response
to American,

1345
00:53:58,729 --> 00:54:00,604
that is white labor.

1346
00:54:00,604 --> 00:54:02,569
And I lost the rest
of the question.

1347
00:54:02,569 --> 00:54:05,000
There were the
key with that is,

1348
00:54:05,000 --> 00:54:05,960
I'll repeat that in

1349
00:54:05,960 --> 00:54:06,649
the beginning
of your talk,

1350
00:54:06,649 --> 00:54:07,999
you said something
to the effect that

1351
00:54:07,999 --> 00:54:09,229
the foreign Act
was defeated

1352
00:54:09,229 --> 00:54:10,550
in response to American,

1353
00:54:10,550 --> 00:54:11,944
that is white labor.

1354
00:54:11,944 --> 00:54:13,519
Given that the
powerful rarely

1355
00:54:13,519 --> 00:54:14,765
care about laborers,

1356
00:54:14,765 --> 00:54:16,009
I'm wondering how
much you think

1357
00:54:16,009 --> 00:54:17,375
the defeat of this and

1358
00:54:17,375 --> 00:54:19,189
other laws was related

1359
00:54:19,189 --> 00:54:21,709
to inter capitalist
differences.

1360
00:54:21,709 --> 00:54:24,089
Or rivalries.

1361
00:54:29,860 --> 00:54:34,085
What I mean by
defeated here is,

1362
00:54:34,085 --> 00:54:39,830
is that for an act wasn't

1363
00:54:39,830 --> 00:54:48,649
implemented in ways
that organized labor.

1364
00:54:48,649 --> 00:54:54,184
West, that is to say
capitalists prevailed.

1365
00:54:54,184 --> 00:54:55,999
Capitalists were
the people who had

1366
00:54:55,999 --> 00:54:58,474
defeated the foreign Act.

1367
00:54:58,474 --> 00:55:00,289
So that's, that's
what I meant

1368
00:55:00,289 --> 00:55:02,269
by the defeater
for an actin.

1369
00:55:02,269 --> 00:55:04,369
So organized labor and

1370
00:55:04,369 --> 00:55:08,420
the supporters of labor
in Congress wanted

1371
00:55:08,420 --> 00:55:12,185
to implement for a
nap very strictly

1372
00:55:12,185 --> 00:55:14,539
to really make sure that

1373
00:55:14,539 --> 00:55:15,799
no contract labor will

1374
00:55:15,799 --> 00:55:18,335
be imported to the
United States.

1375
00:55:18,335 --> 00:55:20,390
But those purposes, we're

1376
00:55:20,390 --> 00:55:23,359
really defeated
by precisely

1377
00:55:23,359 --> 00:55:26,930
by capitalists or
people who have

1378
00:55:26,930 --> 00:55:29,419
strong business
interests in

1379
00:55:29,419 --> 00:55:32,149
securing
employment, labor.

1380
00:55:32,149 --> 00:55:36,199
So that's, that's
what I meant

1381
00:55:36,199 --> 00:55:38,479
by the defeat of
four and f. So it's

1382
00:55:38,479 --> 00:55:42,189
not really, yeah, yeah.

1383
00:55:42,189 --> 00:55:45,189
You know, defeat
has something to do

1384
00:55:45,189 --> 00:55:50,570
with divisions
among capitalists.

1385
00:55:53,040 --> 00:55:56,319
Okay, Thank you for
that question, Joe.

1386
00:55:56,319 --> 00:55:58,870
Let's see here I'm
looking down the list.

1387
00:55:58,870 --> 00:56:00,910
It looks like we
have one from

1388
00:56:00,910 --> 00:56:03,324
Scott Gordon who asks,

1389
00:56:03,324 --> 00:56:05,230
was there any
objective analysis

1390
00:56:05,230 --> 00:56:07,089
done at the time on

1391
00:56:07,089 --> 00:56:10,300
the actual employment
wage impact in the US

1392
00:56:10,300 --> 00:56:14,199
from importation
of contract labor?

1393
00:56:14,199 --> 00:56:16,060
That's a great question

1394
00:56:16,060 --> 00:56:17,800
and I can't really point

1395
00:56:17,800 --> 00:56:23,070
to any particular studies.

1396
00:56:23,070 --> 00:56:25,220
But my understanding based

1397
00:56:25,220 --> 00:56:27,380
on reading so many
books on the subject,

1398
00:56:27,380 --> 00:56:30,950
it is that foreign labor,

1399
00:56:30,950 --> 00:56:33,469
including labor
in general,

1400
00:56:33,469 --> 00:56:37,490
including imported
contract labor,

1401
00:56:37,490 --> 00:56:43,229
didn't really impact at
a wage scales in us.

1402
00:56:44,050 --> 00:56:49,834
So I think the
significance of

1403
00:56:49,834 --> 00:56:53,135
the impact of
important labor

1404
00:56:53,135 --> 00:56:55,909
or labor was largely
psychological.

1405
00:56:55,909 --> 00:56:57,560
And also this applies

1406
00:56:57,560 --> 00:56:59,045
to Chinese labor as well.

1407
00:56:59,045 --> 00:57:01,009
So in 1870s,

1408
00:57:01,009 --> 00:57:03,560
there was a lot of
conversation about

1409
00:57:03,560 --> 00:57:06,379
the potential
negative impact of

1410
00:57:06,379 --> 00:57:09,485
Chinese labor on the
Mac and wage scales.

1411
00:57:09,485 --> 00:57:11,629
And also there's allegedly

1412
00:57:11,629 --> 00:57:13,400
an assumption
that the Chinese

1413
00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:16,219
would work for
extremely low wages,

1414
00:57:16,219 --> 00:57:17,584
like starvation wages.

1415
00:57:17,584 --> 00:57:19,774
That was definitely
not the case.

1416
00:57:19,774 --> 00:57:22,175
I think our studies have,

1417
00:57:22,175 --> 00:57:25,219
historical studies
have demonstrated that

1418
00:57:25,219 --> 00:57:26,810
the Chinese wages
were kind of

1419
00:57:26,810 --> 00:57:29,149
similar to American wages.

1420
00:57:29,149 --> 00:57:32,284
So the coolly whole
Cooley discourse

1421
00:57:32,284 --> 00:57:35,630
and important labor.

1422
00:57:35,630 --> 00:57:38,104
Labor is working
for low wages.

1423
00:57:38,104 --> 00:57:40,445
Lowering the standards

1424
00:57:40,445 --> 00:57:43,320
were largely imaginative.

1425
00:57:44,670 --> 00:57:47,485
Okay, Thank you
for that question.

1426
00:57:47,485 --> 00:57:49,089
The next one comes from

1427
00:57:49,089 --> 00:57:51,714
another attendee
who writes,

1428
00:57:51,714 --> 00:57:53,004
at the end of your talk,

1429
00:57:53,004 --> 00:57:54,790
you said that Japan
was restricting

1430
00:57:54,790 --> 00:57:57,730
the passports being
issued to laborers.

1431
00:57:57,730 --> 00:57:59,439
Can I ask was there

1432
00:57:59,439 --> 00:58:01,599
a shift in attitude
towards labor

1433
00:58:01,599 --> 00:58:04,570
leaving the country
or was it part of

1434
00:58:04,570 --> 00:58:05,740
that restriction due to

1435
00:58:05,740 --> 00:58:09,410
the treatment of
laborers abroad?

1436
00:58:10,530 --> 00:58:13,970
That's a great question.

1437
00:58:16,230 --> 00:58:19,059
The answer is, I mean,

1438
00:58:19,059 --> 00:58:22,089
so this policy came

1439
00:58:22,089 --> 00:58:23,320
from two fonts to

1440
00:58:23,320 --> 00:58:26,094
concerns related
to concerns.

1441
00:58:26,094 --> 00:58:28,329
The Japanese
government was

1442
00:58:28,329 --> 00:58:30,025
certainly concerned about

1443
00:58:30,025 --> 00:58:32,199
the bad treatment of

1444
00:58:32,199 --> 00:58:34,509
its country man,
country folks abroad,

1445
00:58:34,509 --> 00:58:35,710
the treatment of

1446
00:58:35,710 --> 00:58:37,750
Japanese laborers
and discrimination

1447
00:58:37,750 --> 00:58:42,100
against Japanese
citizens abroad

1448
00:58:42,100 --> 00:58:43,539
in the United States.

1449
00:58:43,539 --> 00:58:47,139
But what it was even
more concerning,

1450
00:58:47,139 --> 00:58:49,149
what was even more

1451
00:58:49,149 --> 00:58:51,010
serious and important

1452
00:58:51,010 --> 00:58:52,375
for the Japanese
government

1453
00:58:52,375 --> 00:58:55,119
is that those laborers

1454
00:58:55,119 --> 00:58:57,160
were the government

1455
00:58:57,160 --> 00:58:58,269
that the Japanese
governed.

1456
00:58:58,269 --> 00:59:00,820
Consider those
laborers kind

1457
00:59:00,820 --> 00:59:03,025
of a lowly people,

1458
00:59:03,025 --> 00:59:05,995
inferior people,
undesirable people,

1459
00:59:05,995 --> 00:59:06,670
even from

1460
00:59:06,670 --> 00:59:08,220
the Japanese government
perspective.

1461
00:59:08,220 --> 00:59:09,979
So the government was

1462
00:59:09,979 --> 00:59:12,439
concerned that the groin,

1463
00:59:12,439 --> 00:59:14,315
growing emigration of

1464
00:59:14,315 --> 00:59:18,529
those lowly people
would hurt Japan

1465
00:59:18,529 --> 00:59:21,500
sort of prestige
as a nation and

1466
00:59:21,500 --> 00:59:23,869
international
society and both

1467
00:59:23,869 --> 00:59:24,979
a serious concern

1468
00:59:24,979 --> 00:59:26,645
precisely because
at this time,

1469
00:59:26,645 --> 00:59:30,215
Japan was struggling
to achieve equal.

1470
00:59:30,215 --> 00:59:32,449
Status as Western powers

1471
00:59:32,449 --> 00:59:33,590
in the United States.

1472
00:59:33,590 --> 00:59:35,480
So there are

1473
00:59:35,480 --> 00:59:37,309
two concentrations
here, as I said.

1474
00:59:37,309 --> 00:59:38,735
One is it going
to welfare about

1475
00:59:38,735 --> 00:59:39,785
immigrants have wrought

1476
00:59:39,785 --> 00:59:41,239
by even more importantly,

1477
00:59:41,239 --> 00:59:42,829
the Japanese
government was really

1478
00:59:42,829 --> 00:59:45,649
concerned about the
potential damage that

1479
00:59:45,649 --> 00:59:48,169
those laborers could do

1480
00:59:48,169 --> 00:59:50,674
to Japan's
international prestige.

1481
00:59:50,674 --> 00:59:52,189
So when the US

1482
00:59:52,189 --> 00:59:55,115
government sort of
brought up this idea

1483
00:59:55,115 --> 00:59:57,844
of bronchiole restriction

1484
00:59:57,844 --> 01:00:00,124
of issuing passports.

1485
01:00:00,124 --> 01:00:04,265
That was actually
sort of good deal

1486
01:00:04,265 --> 01:00:06,110
for the Japanese
government.

1487
01:00:06,110 --> 01:00:07,519
So those are cities or

1488
01:00:07,519 --> 01:00:10,770
even roots of
downloads agreement.

1489
01:00:11,560 --> 01:00:13,820
Thanks for that question.

1490
01:00:13,820 --> 01:00:15,305
Our next one comes from

1491
01:00:15,305 --> 01:00:16,429
one of our colleagues here

1492
01:00:16,429 --> 01:00:17,359
in the History
Department at

1493
01:00:17,359 --> 01:00:19,399
Portland State,
Tom Luckett,

1494
01:00:19,399 --> 01:00:21,889
who asks, Since your study

1495
01:00:21,889 --> 01:00:23,809
is largely about
the evolution of

1496
01:00:23,809 --> 01:00:25,460
anti-immigrant policy and

1497
01:00:25,460 --> 01:00:28,234
its impact on
Japanese arrivals.

1498
01:00:28,234 --> 01:00:30,890
Do you have a
quantitative time series

1499
01:00:30,890 --> 01:00:32,240
of Japanese immigration

1500
01:00:32,240 --> 01:00:33,799
over this period
that would help to

1501
01:00:33,799 --> 01:00:36,050
illuminate the results
of these policies.

1502
01:00:36,050 --> 01:00:39,229
So I take it as a
quantitative way

1503
01:00:39,229 --> 01:00:42,140
to measure the effects
of these policies.

1504
01:00:42,140 --> 01:00:46,399
As long as you spell
checker rivals,

1505
01:00:46,399 --> 01:00:51,149
time, sous chef hands,
national spirit.

1506
01:01:01,050 --> 01:01:08,180
The straight in
my thinking here.

1507
01:01:08,730 --> 01:01:12,744
The biggest impact was

1508
01:01:12,744 --> 01:01:17,695
definitely a gentleman's
agreement of 1907.

1509
01:01:17,695 --> 01:01:22,720
That was the really
decisive impact

1510
01:01:22,720 --> 01:01:25,689
in terms of scale of
Japanese immigration.

1511
01:01:25,689 --> 01:01:27,355
I can't really give
you the numbers,

1512
01:01:27,355 --> 01:01:32,574
but it definitely
an impact

1513
01:01:32,574 --> 01:01:35,005
on the immigration
of males.

1514
01:01:35,005 --> 01:01:40,079
Now. Now, a few
years earlier,

1515
01:01:40,180 --> 01:01:43,235
there was a sense that

1516
01:01:43,235 --> 01:01:47,015
the US government or
Japanese government

1517
01:01:47,015 --> 01:01:52,145
would introduce
some measures

1518
01:01:52,145 --> 01:01:53,870
to restrict Japanese
immigration

1519
01:01:53,870 --> 01:01:55,070
or emigration.

1520
01:01:55,070 --> 01:01:55,879
And then there was a kind

1521
01:01:55,879 --> 01:01:57,454
of general sound step.

1522
01:01:57,454 --> 01:02:00,020
We should leave the
country while we can.

1523
01:02:00,020 --> 01:02:02,119
So interestingly,

1524
01:02:02,119 --> 01:02:03,889
as the conversation of

1525
01:02:03,889 --> 01:02:05,780
restriction became active,

1526
01:02:05,780 --> 01:02:08,524
more Japanese
left the country.

1527
01:02:08,524 --> 01:02:12,449
So it's not really,

1528
01:02:14,200 --> 01:02:17,194
It's interesting
correlations.

1529
01:02:17,194 --> 01:02:18,410
I'm not saying,
I'm not saying

1530
01:02:18,410 --> 01:02:25,105
that growth of
nativism check,

1531
01:02:25,105 --> 01:02:27,714
check the departure
of Japanese.

1532
01:02:27,714 --> 01:02:29,094
It was actually sort of

1533
01:02:29,094 --> 01:02:32,769
opposite the growth
of nativism and also

1534
01:02:32,769 --> 01:02:34,764
the idea of potential

1535
01:02:34,764 --> 01:02:36,625
immigration restrictions

1536
01:02:36,625 --> 01:02:40,194
even encouraged Jap
more Japanese to leave.

1537
01:02:40,194 --> 01:02:41,680
That was the case
for the early,

1538
01:02:41,680 --> 01:02:44,335
the first decades of
the 20th century.

1539
01:02:44,335 --> 01:02:47,019
But then afterwards in

1540
01:02:47,019 --> 01:02:48,670
the early 20th century.

1541
01:02:48,670 --> 01:02:51,894
Some of the major
turning points

1542
01:02:51,894 --> 01:02:53,574
in a gentleman's
agreement, e.g.

1543
01:02:53,574 --> 01:02:57,805
did make an impact on
the scale of Japanese.

1544
01:02:57,805 --> 01:02:58,840
But I should say

1545
01:02:58,840 --> 01:03:00,999
that gentleman's
agreement did not.

1546
01:03:00,999 --> 01:03:02,244
This is kind of
a famous thing,

1547
01:03:02,244 --> 01:03:03,569
but I'm jealous agreement

1548
01:03:03,569 --> 01:03:06,725
did not prohibit the
emigration of wives.

1549
01:03:06,725 --> 01:03:10,519
So after, after the
gentleman's agreement.

1550
01:03:10,519 --> 01:03:14,819
So Japanese women's
emigration continue.

1551
01:03:18,430 --> 01:03:21,829
Thank you, Tom,
for that question.

1552
01:03:21,829 --> 01:03:23,225
The next one comes from

1553
01:03:23,225 --> 01:03:25,294
Cecilia Bucky who writes,

1554
01:03:25,294 --> 01:03:26,300
My understanding is that

1555
01:03:26,300 --> 01:03:28,054
American unions
feared that

1556
01:03:28,054 --> 01:03:30,050
immigrant contract
labor would be

1557
01:03:30,050 --> 01:03:32,345
imported as
strike breakers.

1558
01:03:32,345 --> 01:03:35,000
Is there any
evidence of this,

1559
01:03:35,000 --> 01:03:37,774
either Europe or Asia.

1560
01:03:37,774 --> 01:03:39,470
In any case, Asians were

1561
01:03:39,470 --> 01:03:40,820
severely discriminated
against.

1562
01:03:40,820 --> 01:03:41,059
I know

1563
01:03:41,059 --> 01:03:42,769
the Eastern US companies
stopped sending

1564
01:03:42,769 --> 01:03:44,389
leaflets to European
rural towns

1565
01:03:44,389 --> 01:03:46,409
advertising jobs.

1566
01:03:46,680 --> 01:03:48,400
Thank you.

1567
01:03:48,400 --> 01:03:50,830
Cecilia. Thanks
for joining us.

1568
01:03:50,830 --> 01:03:52,404
I'm Cecilia.

1569
01:03:52,404 --> 01:03:56,359
Professor Bagchi is
a labor historian.

1570
01:03:57,120 --> 01:04:00,865
So the CSCI is a
special kind of

1571
01:04:00,865 --> 01:04:02,830
fear that I might

1572
01:04:02,830 --> 01:04:05,689
give you given her
a wrong answer.

1573
01:04:06,450 --> 01:04:10,795
I think the idea

1574
01:04:10,795 --> 01:04:14,185
that immigrant workers
were imported,

1575
01:04:14,185 --> 01:04:16,510
imported as
strike breakers,

1576
01:04:16,510 --> 01:04:19,539
that was largely
a myth in there.

1577
01:04:19,539 --> 01:04:22,884
I've seen some anecdotal
like anecdotes of

1578
01:04:22,884 --> 01:04:25,240
the direct importation of

1579
01:04:25,240 --> 01:04:29,400
immigrant workers from
European countries.

1580
01:04:29,400 --> 01:04:33,809
But most of those
strike breakers,

1581
01:04:34,330 --> 01:04:37,295
European strike
breakers, were

1582
01:04:37,295 --> 01:04:40,894
hired in the
United States.

1583
01:04:40,894 --> 01:04:43,475
In other words, those
strike breakers

1584
01:04:43,475 --> 01:04:45,349
were immigrants who came

1585
01:04:45,349 --> 01:04:46,730
to the United States
on their own.

1586
01:04:46,730 --> 01:04:49,024
So they will not
contract workers,

1587
01:04:49,024 --> 01:04:50,870
they will just
regular sort of

1588
01:04:50,870 --> 01:04:54,350
free immigrants in the
19th century term.

1589
01:04:54,350 --> 01:04:57,274
And then a major cities.

1590
01:04:57,274 --> 01:04:59,210
Those immigrants were

1591
01:04:59,210 --> 01:05:01,760
employed and
then transported

1592
01:05:01,760 --> 01:05:07,265
to their destinations
as strike breakers.

1593
01:05:07,265 --> 01:05:09,784
So, but again,

1594
01:05:09,784 --> 01:05:12,440
this historical fact was

1595
01:05:12,440 --> 01:05:15,020
not really shared
by organized labor

1596
01:05:15,020 --> 01:05:16,700
at the time on

1597
01:05:16,700 --> 01:05:19,039
the discussion
of foreign nap

1598
01:05:19,039 --> 01:05:20,975
in Congress was really

1599
01:05:20,975 --> 01:05:22,835
filled with this idea

1600
01:05:22,835 --> 01:05:25,580
that employers
were actually sent

1601
01:05:25,580 --> 01:05:27,110
the agents to Europe and

1602
01:05:27,110 --> 01:05:30,950
then employ hired people,

1603
01:05:30,950 --> 01:05:32,299
their ads, contract

1604
01:05:32,299 --> 01:05:34,684
workers as
strike breakers.

1605
01:05:34,684 --> 01:05:36,365
But then again, I think

1606
01:05:36,365 --> 01:05:40,110
it's largely
imaginative accusation.

1607
01:05:40,800 --> 01:05:43,240
Thank you for
that question,

1608
01:05:43,240 --> 01:05:44,740
Cecilia, Our next one

1609
01:05:44,740 --> 01:05:46,900
comes from guest and EGB.

1610
01:05:46,900 --> 01:05:48,399
You know, if the 130s,

1611
01:05:48,399 --> 01:05:50,260
three Mexican repatriation

1612
01:05:50,260 --> 01:05:51,549
lead to these laws and

1613
01:05:51,549 --> 01:05:53,739
exclusions of
Japanese laborers

1614
01:05:53,739 --> 01:05:55,824
being relaxed.

1615
01:05:55,824 --> 01:05:58,510
Approach to these laws,

1616
01:05:58,510 --> 01:06:00,219
exclusion this chapter as

1617
01:06:00,219 --> 01:06:02,570
laborers being a wax.

1618
01:06:03,870 --> 01:06:06,639
I don't see

1619
01:06:06,639 --> 01:06:10,345
correlation between
Mexican repatriation

1620
01:06:10,345 --> 01:06:16,719
and relaxation of pay

1621
01:06:16,719 --> 01:06:19,374
may give some regulation
against Japanese.

1622
01:06:19,374 --> 01:06:21,879
I don't I don't
think yeah,

1623
01:06:21,879 --> 01:06:24,570
it makes them
repatriation effective.

1624
01:06:24,570 --> 01:06:29,584
Exclusion laws
against Japanese.

1625
01:06:29,584 --> 01:06:32,809
You know, this is
kind of stretched

1626
01:06:32,809 --> 01:06:38,630
by the age of world wars

1627
01:06:38,630 --> 01:06:40,880
was really characterized,

1628
01:06:40,880 --> 01:06:42,454
really characterized

1629
01:06:42,454 --> 01:06:48,575
by the question
of belonging.

1630
01:06:48,575 --> 01:06:51,649
And Mexican Americans
were repatriated.

1631
01:06:51,649 --> 01:06:53,930
And then by this
time already

1632
01:06:53,930 --> 01:06:56,810
the Japanese immigration
was severely

1633
01:06:56,810 --> 01:07:00,410
curtailed because of
the Mega snack 1924.

1634
01:07:00,410 --> 01:07:02,210
And that remains a policy

1635
01:07:02,210 --> 01:07:04,354
until the end of row two.

1636
01:07:04,354 --> 01:07:09,139
So I often discuss
next arbitration,

1637
01:07:09,139 --> 01:07:11,314
the incarceration of
Japanese Americans

1638
01:07:11,314 --> 01:07:13,835
as similar cases
of denial,

1639
01:07:13,835 --> 01:07:15,440
denying membership,

1640
01:07:15,440 --> 01:07:17,509
belonging in

1641
01:07:17,509 --> 01:07:19,010
the United States
on racial grounds.

1642
01:07:19,010 --> 01:07:21,829
But in terms of
immigration policies,

1643
01:07:21,829 --> 01:07:23,554
yeah, I once again,

1644
01:07:23,554 --> 01:07:25,295
I don't really think

1645
01:07:25,295 --> 01:07:27,455
repatriation affected

1646
01:07:27,455 --> 01:07:29,939
policies for the Japanese.

1647
01:07:30,760 --> 01:07:33,800
Alright, thank you
for that question

1648
01:07:33,800 --> 01:07:35,240
in EG and we have

1649
01:07:35,240 --> 01:07:37,579
two more questions
which we'll address

1650
01:07:37,579 --> 01:07:41,345
here before concluding
the program tonight.

1651
01:07:41,345 --> 01:07:43,490
The first of those
comes from J. Morgan.

1652
01:07:43,490 --> 01:07:45,260
Thank you for your
excellent lecture at,

1653
01:07:45,260 --> 01:07:47,254
for contextualizing
your title.

1654
01:07:47,254 --> 01:07:48,724
What type of money,

1655
01:07:48,724 --> 01:07:50,299
cash in hand did

1656
01:07:50,299 --> 01:07:52,399
the immigrating
Japanese have?

1657
01:07:52,399 --> 01:07:54,950
Would they have had
some sort of means

1658
01:07:54,950 --> 01:07:57,170
in order to make the
journey to America.

1659
01:07:57,170 --> 01:07:59,194
So what sort of

1660
01:07:59,194 --> 01:08:00,410
money did they bring

1661
01:08:00,410 --> 01:08:02,195
along to make the journey?

1662
01:08:02,195 --> 01:08:04,980
That's a great question.

1663
01:08:05,470 --> 01:08:08,870
I have to. Of course

1664
01:08:08,870 --> 01:08:11,299
they know what
they had is yen.

1665
01:08:11,299 --> 01:08:13,775
So they had to

1666
01:08:13,775 --> 01:08:17,659
convert their money when

1667
01:08:17,659 --> 01:08:19,070
they arrived in
the United States.

1668
01:08:19,070 --> 01:08:21,290
And it's a Monday
exchange was

1669
01:08:21,290 --> 01:08:22,939
something that was done at

1670
01:08:22,939 --> 01:08:23,749
points of entry at

1671
01:08:23,749 --> 01:08:25,444
that time in the
United States.

1672
01:08:25,444 --> 01:08:27,740
That was, that was
a practice as early

1673
01:08:27,740 --> 01:08:31,249
as the 1850s in New York.

1674
01:08:31,249 --> 01:08:37,084
So this is ideally,

1675
01:08:37,084 --> 01:08:38,420
most immigrants
should have

1676
01:08:38,420 --> 01:08:41,209
some amount of cash large

1677
01:08:41,209 --> 01:08:43,460
enough for them to pass

1678
01:08:43,460 --> 01:08:47,540
the inspection as
self-sufficient workers.

1679
01:08:47,540 --> 01:08:50,254
If they don't if they
do not have any money,

1680
01:08:50,254 --> 01:08:51,814
there'll be excluded as

1681
01:08:51,814 --> 01:08:54,215
likely to become
public charges.

1682
01:08:54,215 --> 01:08:56,885
Along the same line.

1683
01:08:56,885 --> 01:08:59,434
What I want I can add here

1684
01:08:59,434 --> 01:09:01,670
is that not everyone,

1685
01:09:01,670 --> 01:09:03,169
not all the Japanese had,

1686
01:09:03,169 --> 01:09:05,720
had enough amount
of money, right?

1687
01:09:05,720 --> 01:09:08,015
I mean, oftentimes
those workers

1688
01:09:08,015 --> 01:09:10,175
are recruited were poor.

1689
01:09:10,175 --> 01:09:13,369
So normally they wouldn't

1690
01:09:13,369 --> 01:09:14,510
be able to pass

1691
01:09:14,510 --> 01:09:16,774
the landing inspections
on arrival.

1692
01:09:16,774 --> 01:09:20,315
What the what the labor
contract is dead.

1693
01:09:20,315 --> 01:09:21,994
It was to give

1694
01:09:21,994 --> 01:09:24,634
those immigrants
so-called the show money.

1695
01:09:24,634 --> 01:09:27,529
Shortly before the
arrival of landing in

1696
01:09:27,529 --> 01:09:29,239
US labor contractors or

1697
01:09:29,239 --> 01:09:31,070
their agents
who accompanied

1698
01:09:31,070 --> 01:09:32,870
those immigrants
on the ship,

1699
01:09:32,870 --> 01:09:35,269
provided each
immigrants and

1700
01:09:35,269 --> 01:09:36,140
a certain amount of money,

1701
01:09:36,140 --> 01:09:38,389
essentially at $30
in cash and cash

1702
01:09:38,389 --> 01:09:41,075
equivalent to
$30 or higher.

1703
01:09:41,075 --> 01:09:43,039
So that they can able to,

1704
01:09:43,039 --> 01:09:44,659
they could able to
show this money,

1705
01:09:44,659 --> 01:09:46,700
cash to the
inspectors upon

1706
01:09:46,700 --> 01:09:49,220
arrival so that
the inspectors

1707
01:09:49,220 --> 01:09:51,649
would let them land as

1708
01:09:51,649 --> 01:09:53,374
three immigrants and then

1709
01:09:53,374 --> 01:09:54,920
outside Angela
wildland or,

1710
01:09:54,920 --> 01:09:56,119
you know, I mean, that's

1711
01:09:56,119 --> 01:09:57,680
kinda before days
before the M

1712
01:09:57,680 --> 01:10:00,649
talking about the age
before Angel Island,

1713
01:10:00,649 --> 01:10:02,164
but in Seattle, e.g.

1714
01:10:02,164 --> 01:10:04,130
outside landing station,

1715
01:10:04,130 --> 01:10:05,885
agents of labor
contractors

1716
01:10:05,885 --> 01:10:07,639
waiting for those
immigrants.

1717
01:10:07,639 --> 01:10:10,460
And then after they
clear the immigration,

1718
01:10:10,460 --> 01:10:11,959
immigrants have to return

1719
01:10:11,959 --> 01:10:14,180
this show money to
the labor agents,

1720
01:10:14,180 --> 01:10:16,400
agents of labor
contractors.

1721
01:10:16,400 --> 01:10:19,799
So that's how you
kind of operated.

1722
01:10:19,870 --> 01:10:22,564
Thank you for that
clarification.

1723
01:10:22,564 --> 01:10:24,290
And our final
question comes from

1724
01:10:24,290 --> 01:10:26,360
Catherine Stevens
who asks,

1725
01:10:26,360 --> 01:10:27,499
Do you feel that most

1726
01:10:27,499 --> 01:10:30,110
Japanese immigrating
during this period?

1727
01:10:30,110 --> 01:10:32,989
Had no intention of
staying in the US.

1728
01:10:32,989 --> 01:10:35,360
Went they have
wind that had been

1729
01:10:35,360 --> 01:10:37,970
the biggest fear of
nativist white Americans,

1730
01:10:37,970 --> 01:10:39,379
that lowly foreigners

1731
01:10:39,379 --> 01:10:40,879
would settle permanently

1732
01:10:40,879 --> 01:10:41,989
and literally changed

1733
01:10:41,989 --> 01:10:45,569
the complexion of the US.

1734
01:10:45,610 --> 01:10:51,094
That's a great question
for the Japanese.

1735
01:10:51,094 --> 01:10:56,195
Yes. Many originally
emigrated

1736
01:10:56,195 --> 01:10:58,429
without the intention of

1737
01:10:58,429 --> 01:11:00,319
staying India
was permanently,

1738
01:11:00,319 --> 01:11:02,645
That's the Japanese
perspective.

1739
01:11:02,645 --> 01:11:05,359
And I think just

1740
01:11:05,359 --> 01:11:08,225
like any many other
migrant groups,

1741
01:11:08,225 --> 01:11:10,595
Japanese already
have this tradition

1742
01:11:10,595 --> 01:11:14,494
of internal migration
for seasonal jobs.

1743
01:11:14,494 --> 01:11:16,040
So it was just a kind of

1744
01:11:16,040 --> 01:11:17,990
common practice for
the Japanese to

1745
01:11:17,990 --> 01:11:22,710
look for jobs elsewhere
within Japan.

1746
01:11:23,050 --> 01:11:26,225
Being away from home
for seasonal labor.

1747
01:11:26,225 --> 01:11:27,559
So the emic overseas

1748
01:11:27,559 --> 01:11:28,640
immigration was
essentially

1749
01:11:28,640 --> 01:11:30,529
a continuation
of this kind

1750
01:11:30,529 --> 01:11:33,874
of seasonal labor
called Degas saggy.

1751
01:11:33,874 --> 01:11:37,024
Love Japanese originally
had intention

1752
01:11:37,024 --> 01:11:39,650
of staying America for

1753
01:11:39,650 --> 01:11:40,699
some time and then going

1754
01:11:40,699 --> 01:11:41,854
back to the United States.

1755
01:11:41,854 --> 01:11:46,369
But in fact, many ended
up staying in DOS.

1756
01:11:46,369 --> 01:11:49,355
So that's the Japanese
perspective now.

1757
01:11:49,355 --> 01:11:51,529
But that's, that's not,

1758
01:11:51,529 --> 01:11:55,400
that was not how
nativist or interpreted.

1759
01:11:55,400 --> 01:11:58,475
Nativist did
was concerned.

1760
01:11:58,475 --> 01:12:02,854
White supremacist
were concerned that

1761
01:12:02,854 --> 01:12:05,810
the Japanese would remain

1762
01:12:05,810 --> 01:12:08,090
in the west for
a long time.

1763
01:12:08,090 --> 01:12:10,039
It was long
enough to change

1764
01:12:10,039 --> 01:12:15,240
the racial composition
of American society.

1765
01:12:16,030 --> 01:12:18,470
My final thing is

1766
01:12:18,470 --> 01:12:22,445
that it's sort
of a catch-22,

1767
01:12:22,445 --> 01:12:26,314
or there are two
contradictory forces

1768
01:12:26,314 --> 01:12:27,679
operating against Asians

1769
01:12:27,679 --> 01:12:29,659
and Chinese and Japanese.

1770
01:12:29,659 --> 01:12:32,104
And I think other
groups as well.

1771
01:12:32,104 --> 01:12:34,880
On the one hand, Chinese
and Japanese were

1772
01:12:34,880 --> 01:12:38,299
accused for a source
being soldiers.

1773
01:12:38,299 --> 01:12:42,080
So the nativist said
that they were not

1774
01:12:42,080 --> 01:12:43,519
here for the intention

1775
01:12:43,519 --> 01:12:45,830
to become part
of your society.

1776
01:12:45,830 --> 01:12:47,494
They were just
stealing gold.

1777
01:12:47,494 --> 01:12:50,689
They were stealing
America as well.

1778
01:12:50,689 --> 01:12:51,950
And then they would

1779
01:12:51,950 --> 01:12:53,300
go back to their
own countries.

1780
01:12:53,300 --> 01:12:56,659
So in this sense they
were kind of fifths.

1781
01:12:56,659 --> 01:12:58,354
But on the other hand,

1782
01:12:58,354 --> 01:13:01,594
if they did say as
permanent residents,

1783
01:13:01,594 --> 01:13:04,475
then they will be still
accused as, as the,

1784
01:13:04,475 --> 01:13:05,959
as threats to

1785
01:13:05,959 --> 01:13:09,500
the racial purity of
American society.

1786
01:13:09,500 --> 01:13:12,530
So whether they
said are not agents

1787
01:13:12,530 --> 01:13:16,670
were accused. Bye, bye.

1788
01:13:18,510 --> 01:13:21,985
Thank you for that
question, Catherine.

1789
01:13:21,985 --> 01:13:23,964
And this brings
us to the end of

1790
01:13:23,964 --> 01:13:26,244
our conversation
this evening

1791
01:13:26,244 --> 01:13:28,480
with a professor
who wrote a,

1792
01:13:28,480 --> 01:13:31,480
thank you so much
for joining us.

1793
01:13:31,480 --> 01:13:33,639
My thanks as always
to the friends of

1794
01:13:33,639 --> 01:13:36,339
history for sponsoring
these talks.

1795
01:13:36,339 --> 01:13:37,779
We hope to announce

1796
01:13:37,779 --> 01:13:40,719
upcoming talks here
in the near future.

1797
01:13:40,719 --> 01:13:42,490
At this time, I'll ask

1798
01:13:42,490 --> 01:13:44,680
the panelists to remain on

1799
01:13:44,680 --> 01:13:47,530
the call and we wish
the rest of you are

1800
01:13:47,530 --> 01:13:49,299
very good night and

1801
01:13:49,299 --> 01:13:51,145
a pleasant weekend.
Thank you.

1802
01:13:51,145 --> 01:13:53,180
Thank you.