WEBVTT 1 00:00:46.680 --> 00:00:53.100 Shelby Anderson: Welcome everybody i'll just go ahead and give it another minutes it's I see a bunch of people are in the waiting room getting logged in and then we'll get started. 2 00:01:10.680 --> 00:01:12.840 Shelby Anderson: Can everybody else hear those beeps or is it just me. 3 00:01:14.970 --> 00:01:19.080 Shelby Anderson: You can hear them Jamie Okay, let me take a second and turn those off that's really distracting. 4 00:01:48.060 --> 00:01:49.770 Shelby Anderson: All right, I got that turned off. 5 00:01:51.000 --> 00:01:57.870 Shelby Anderson: Well let's go ahead and get started so welcome everybody to our April, archaeology first Thursday talk. 6 00:01:59.670 --> 00:02:04.050 Shelby Anderson: it's the second to last talk that we have this year, we have a our last speaker will be in May. 7 00:02:04.770 --> 00:02:12.930 Shelby Anderson: And, before we begin i'd like to acknowledge that portland State University is located in the traditional homelands at the wellness multnomah the Moscow. 8 00:02:13.650 --> 00:02:28.080 Shelby Anderson: The cattlemen clackamas what lala bands, with the toilet in California i'm in walla and many other indigenous nations who made and make their homes along the Columbia and William at rivers, we recognize and honor these past and present indigenous communities and their land. 9 00:02:31.860 --> 00:02:39.270 Shelby Anderson: i'm, just in case people haven't joined us before a little bit about our format doing the intro right now i'm just gonna take another minute for that. 10 00:02:39.690 --> 00:02:42.450 Shelby Anderson: Our guest speaker Jamie Kennedy will share her work. 11 00:02:42.870 --> 00:02:52.050 Shelby Anderson: And then i'm asking that you save your question, you can put them in the chat if you're worried you're going to get but we'll save questions and answer we can have a discussion, towards the end and at that point, you can. 12 00:02:52.530 --> 00:02:55.530 Shelby Anderson: Put your questions in the chat or you can raise your hand and we can call on you. 13 00:02:56.670 --> 00:03:05.190 Shelby Anderson: But in the zoom format it's just hard to have that more interactive discussion and in case you didn't notice, the talk is being recorded and it will be shared. 14 00:03:05.940 --> 00:03:16.800 Shelby Anderson: On our library archive space essentially within a couple of days, so if you want to share the talk with someone else afterwards they want to go back and listen to it again i'm now using some of these for my classes. 15 00:03:17.880 --> 00:03:19.110 Shelby Anderson: that's where it will be. 16 00:03:25.140 --> 00:03:38.100 Shelby Anderson: So the business out of the way i'm so pleased to welcome our speaker for today, Dr Jamie Kennedy the interim director of the archeology research division at the University of Oregon museum of natural and cultural history. 17 00:03:38.700 --> 00:03:42.510 Shelby Anderson: Jamie has nearly 20 years of experience working as an archaeologist here in Oregon. 18 00:03:43.500 --> 00:03:49.950 Shelby Anderson: Her primary research interests are in the archaeology of the great Basin and the Pacific Northwest, with an emphasis on the relationships between people and plants. 19 00:03:50.310 --> 00:03:56.130 Shelby Anderson: She specializes in the analysis of archaeological plant remains and has done work at many sites in California Oregon and Washington. 20 00:03:56.520 --> 00:04:04.770 Shelby Anderson: she's published her work and several of our most well known most prestigious journals on the journal of archaeological science, the journal of archaeological sites reports. 21 00:04:05.250 --> 00:04:13.560 Shelby Anderson: The Journal of anthropological archaeology and American antiquity, I also saw that you have an impressive paper in a book on the national cultural history of the northern Valley, which is coming out. 22 00:04:14.430 --> 00:04:22.680 Shelby Anderson: Soon, hopefully from university of utah press she's also authored many, many, many reports and given many talks on our papers. 23 00:04:23.280 --> 00:04:28.890 Shelby Anderson: In addition, the research jamie's taught in the field 11 the classroom and, as I mentioned she's now the interim director of the program at. 24 00:04:29.250 --> 00:04:36.570 Shelby Anderson: The museum at yobo where she leads the divisions efforts to work with various agencies to support cultural resource management efforts throughout the state. 25 00:04:37.260 --> 00:04:40.560 Shelby Anderson: that's operate fields goals and do grand supported archaeological research. 26 00:04:41.550 --> 00:04:47.490 Shelby Anderson: And we're actually currently collaborating on a project here in the limit valleys let's exciting it's my first chance to get to work with Jamie and somebody that you. 27 00:04:48.060 --> 00:04:58.260 Shelby Anderson: are firmly we're working with the army corps of engineers and the Federated types of the grand RON to carry out research and student training program focused on the long term interactions with people and water in the limit Valley. 28 00:04:59.880 --> 00:05:07.320 Shelby Anderson: But not talking about that today instead i'm so excited to have Jamie here today to talk about her work in oregon's great basin. 29 00:05:08.400 --> 00:05:10.380 Shelby Anderson: So with that i'll stop sharing. 30 00:05:11.460 --> 00:05:13.470 Shelby Anderson: And let Jamie take over. 31 00:05:33.930 --> 00:05:35.160 Jaime Kennedy: Okay, can everybody see. 32 00:05:37.770 --> 00:05:40.230 Shelby Anderson: yep I can see your PowerPoint I can even see your pointer. 33 00:05:44.460 --> 00:05:44.640 Jaime Kennedy: Hello. 34 00:05:47.430 --> 00:05:48.750 Jaime Kennedy: And thank you for having me. 35 00:05:50.010 --> 00:05:51.960 Jaime Kennedy: here to talk about re. 36 00:05:52.260 --> 00:05:57.330 Jaime Kennedy: emerge and the people Thursday off it's really an honor to be invited. 37 00:05:59.460 --> 00:06:01.590 Jaime Kennedy: So we already mentioned i'm an artist or. 38 00:06:05.820 --> 00:06:07.440 Jaime Kennedy: A scientist slash social. 39 00:06:08.790 --> 00:06:18.660 Jaime Kennedy: Studies of people plan relationships, the past at the product level with all archaeologists and really interested in studying how people interact with their surrounding. 40 00:06:19.500 --> 00:06:26.280 Jaime Kennedy: And it really resonated with me to consider that past behaviors repeated and shared and acculturated can. 41 00:06:26.910 --> 00:06:43.770 Jaime Kennedy: Not only the world views of future generations, also the physical and biotic landscapes, in which they do well, so today i'll be presenting on archaeological derived from macro botanical analysis Paleo Indian features as a PC capes and. 42 00:06:45.870 --> 00:06:50.280 Jaime Kennedy: Always thrilled to have the opportunity to talk about this topic. 43 00:06:51.930 --> 00:06:57.060 Jaime Kennedy: Most of the opportunities, I had to do that these days have been possible because of my. 44 00:06:57.120 --> 00:07:03.510 Virginia Butler: Wonderful collaborator Jamie I hate to begin, but your sound is breaking up. 45 00:07:03.990 --> 00:07:10.800 Virginia Butler: And someone has wondered if there's something on top of your microphone or something that says muffling things. 46 00:07:13.170 --> 00:07:13.890 Jaime Kennedy: Like me. 47 00:07:24.150 --> 00:07:25.950 Virginia Butler: Excellent Thank you. 48 00:07:37.080 --> 00:07:37.830 Jaime Kennedy: Can you hear me now. 49 00:07:39.840 --> 00:07:40.170 Okay. 50 00:07:44.610 --> 00:07:52.740 Jaime Kennedy: opportunity lately about macro analysis usually because i'm working with my collaborators. 51 00:07:54.150 --> 00:08:05.190 Jaime Kennedy: And I had the privilege to work with a few different people over the years, but especially my fellow northern great basin argue botanist merge healthcare you caitlin mcdonough. 52 00:08:07.980 --> 00:08:08.970 acknowledge and I call you. 53 00:08:11.340 --> 00:08:17.550 Jaime Kennedy: On the stage, and especially the Museum of natural history we continually robbie's. 54 00:08:20.130 --> 00:08:20.640 times. 55 00:08:22.650 --> 00:08:24.180 X squared connections. 56 00:08:33.180 --> 00:08:44.430 Shelby Anderson: Jamie sorry i'm we're solving a little bit of a hard time hearing you and I think, maybe your headset didn't connect to zoom let's just take a second i'm so sorry that we didn't catch this before it was fine when we tested it before the talk. 57 00:08:55.440 --> 00:08:56.400 Shelby Anderson: let's see. 58 00:09:01.980 --> 00:09:11.250 Shelby Anderson: Okay it's my it's my curse it's it's been it's me it's been happening to me lately i'm trying to think what our options are because the headset should work better. 59 00:09:13.410 --> 00:09:14.700 Jaime Kennedy: sounding muffled without it. 60 00:09:15.870 --> 00:09:19.140 Shelby Anderson: When you leaned in a little bit it's actually sounded much better. 61 00:09:19.470 --> 00:09:19.800 Okay. 62 00:09:23.430 --> 00:09:24.960 Shelby Anderson: Oh it's still cutting out. 63 00:09:53.700 --> 00:10:01.380 Shelby Anderson: Michelle suggesting that you need to change the MIC setting on zoom and I don't actually usually use a MIC Michelle to can you remind us how to do that. 64 00:10:05.310 --> 00:10:18.900 Michele Gamburd: yeah sometimes there's a little up arrow carrot near the mute button and if you turn if you click that you can select which of your many possible microphones would be serving as the microphone for the moment. 65 00:10:20.010 --> 00:10:20.400 Michele Gamburd: There we go. 66 00:10:26.970 --> 00:10:28.440 Jaime Kennedy: let's see that working. 67 00:10:29.370 --> 00:10:31.920 Jaime Kennedy: Yes, yes Okay, thank you, Michelle. 68 00:10:32.190 --> 00:10:37.650 Shelby Anderson: Yes, thank you so much i'm sorry about that Jamie I didn't think to check out ahead, since it sounded so good, when we were chatting. 69 00:10:38.130 --> 00:10:41.640 Jaime Kennedy: yeah no worries I should have had it figured out ahead of time. 70 00:10:43.170 --> 00:11:01.170 Jaime Kennedy: I was just saying that importantly it I also like to acknowledge the burns pie tribe in the klamath tribes, whose traditional homelands include the places that i'm gathering data and whose ancestors collected the plants and made the meals i'm interpreting in the archaeological record. 71 00:11:05.370 --> 00:11:08.670 Jaime Kennedy: So first today I say. 72 00:11:09.990 --> 00:11:27.450 Jaime Kennedy: go over basically the data from my dissertation macro botanical data i'll set the stage for the geographic and culture areas related to the presentation and then spend about 30 minutes or so focusing on Paleo Indian or a few botanical research Paisley caves. 73 00:11:28.860 --> 00:11:38.160 Jaime Kennedy: Like I said this subject, mostly centered on my dissertation work, but it also incorporates data from other plant based research projects that others have done. 74 00:11:39.030 --> 00:11:56.400 Jaime Kennedy: And then i'll contextualize the data and regional and continental scales and briefly talk about northern great basin dietary plant data through time to contextualize the Paisley data within a broader framework of persistent cultural connections and to traditional ecological knowledge. 75 00:12:00.270 --> 00:12:06.630 Jaime Kennedy: So the great basin which i'm sure you all, probably know, is the largest into here at basin in North America. 76 00:12:07.260 --> 00:12:17.430 Jaime Kennedy: and includes portions of California Oregon Idaho utah and most of Nevada and in what our periods basins filled with water, creating these blue lakes, you can see here. 77 00:12:18.330 --> 00:12:31.980 Jaime Kennedy: And along the lake shorelines which rise and fall, depending on the amount of water available in the ecosystem many archaeological sites are clustered around the shorelines, including the Pasty capes. 78 00:12:35.040 --> 00:12:47.670 Jaime Kennedy: Traditionally bands of northern Pike klamath and murdock people lived in the area, although their territories were generally centralized seasonal rounds also brought them into shared overlapping resource areas. 79 00:12:51.900 --> 00:12:57.480 Jaime Kennedy: This chart shows the recorded seasonal rounds of the harmony valley pilots. 80 00:12:58.170 --> 00:13:04.500 Jaime Kennedy: The surprise value pilots and the klamath and murdock tribes traditionally had similar cycles of resource gathering. 81 00:13:04.920 --> 00:13:21.540 Jaime Kennedy: All those seasonal rounds of the boat dock and surprise valley pie utes also emphasized the collection of vegetable Greens in the spring, which is an indicated here traditionally plant foods were integral part of diet and culture of all groups living in the great basin. 82 00:13:31.620 --> 00:13:47.100 Jaime Kennedy: The first dataset will be looking at is derived from forging groups who stayed at the Paisley caves this yellow dot here at the end of the place to seen then we'll also be talking later about calmly caves bonneville estates rock shelter and a couple of other sites. 83 00:13:51.900 --> 00:14:02.250 Jaime Kennedy: There are multiple avenues of research currently being pursued a Paisley and these other sites to aggregate data on Paleo Indian plant use, including macro botanical floatation. 84 00:14:03.870 --> 00:14:11.520 Jaime Kennedy: Which i'm going to talk about basically identifying leafy green seeds fruits fruits tubers or charcoal. 85 00:14:13.590 --> 00:14:20.550 Jaime Kennedy: But also, there are researchers looking at pollen both in strata graphic. 86 00:14:21.840 --> 00:14:32.850 Jaime Kennedy: Cultural layers at the site, as well as pollen found on tools cranston surfaces, etc, and a copper late so. 87 00:14:34.710 --> 00:14:50.430 Jaime Kennedy: and copper late analysis, we can look at pollen within each individual copper late but also get an idea of individual dietary constituents by looking at macro remains macaque relates and finalists. 88 00:14:52.050 --> 00:15:01.980 Jaime Kennedy: Other folks are identifying starches on tool surfaces and and features and also classifying functional use of the tools found at the sites. 89 00:15:02.850 --> 00:15:12.000 Jaime Kennedy: The studies are done with the aim of answering research questions about diet breath regional and diet chronic variability temporal trends and targeted resources. 90 00:15:15.510 --> 00:15:25.890 Jaime Kennedy: Current evidence suggests that the first Americans entered the continent in multiple ways and that's some of the earliest colonists with Western stem toolkits likely follow the Pacific coast line following. 91 00:15:26.190 --> 00:15:35.550 Jaime Kennedy: The productive cope forests and that happened sometime after the last glacial maximum and during a time when vast swathes of Interior land recovered in ice. 92 00:15:36.150 --> 00:15:51.030 Jaime Kennedy: The earliest evidence for human use of the Paisley caves located in the shoe it can be sin occurs over 14,000 years ago where Dennis Jenkins, and his colleagues documented human coprolites in association with Western stem technology. 93 00:15:55.140 --> 00:16:05.730 Jaime Kennedy: Here are the peacefully caves there are a series of seven we've cut rock shelters they form during the place to scene at the highest stand Pluto lakes, you have can. 94 00:16:06.480 --> 00:16:17.160 Jaime Kennedy: Which modern day of summer League, which some of you might be interested to know that she would can is a word that the klamath used to mean wopat oh. 95 00:16:18.810 --> 00:16:34.410 Jaime Kennedy: So the caves performed about 19 18,000 years ago, although the cases are currently situated far above the valley floor as you can see here in the terminal place to seeing the would have provided ample access. 96 00:16:35.580 --> 00:16:51.660 Jaime Kennedy: To nearby mercy resources when the revitalized lake delta river marsh and associated grasslands supported habitat for fish and waterfowl and also forage vegetation for large migratory mammals. 97 00:16:52.770 --> 00:17:06.810 Jaime Kennedy: The location of the caves at the confluence of local marshy resources and nearby up land route grounds to the east, provided access to a variety of plants and animals, making an ideal campsite, especially during the hunger drive period. 98 00:17:09.930 --> 00:17:20.490 Jaime Kennedy: Three grotto's caves one, two and five here have been systematically investigated for archaeological materials originally by Luther craftsman little picture here. 99 00:17:21.330 --> 00:17:36.300 Jaime Kennedy: In the late 1930s and then again by Dennis Jenkins, and the northern great base in prehistory project field school beginning in 2002 all three rock shelters have produced Western stem tools and association with mega formal remains. 100 00:17:39.900 --> 00:17:45.750 Jaime Kennedy: Although very early occupations between 16 and 14,000 years ago are exceedingly rare. 101 00:17:46.590 --> 00:17:54.150 Jaime Kennedy: We began to see a relative proliferation of sites with Western stem components around the same time as the Clovis horizon is documented. 102 00:17:54.660 --> 00:18:05.190 Jaime Kennedy: And that also corresponds with the onset of the younger dryas period, which is a climate reversal that lasted from about 12 point 9000 years ago to 11 point 7000 years ago. 103 00:18:06.180 --> 00:18:23.250 Jaime Kennedy: Globally, the younger dryas climate event was characterized by an abrupt termination i'm sorry or abrupt her temperature drop accompanied by increased wins and storminess across the northern hemisphere and also a 1200 year cessation of the North Atlantic glacial retreat. 104 00:18:28.440 --> 00:18:33.600 Jaime Kennedy: Regional responses to the younger dryas vary depending on specific environmental parameters. 105 00:18:34.830 --> 00:18:45.900 Jaime Kennedy: In locally or regionally, I should say around a piece of caves it's purely a thumb records indicate conditions gradually became cooler and water in your by South Western Oregon. 106 00:18:46.950 --> 00:18:54.990 Jaime Kennedy: Like levels fell creating more biologically diverse shallow lakes and marshes and increases in the relative abundance of grass and sagebrush Poland. 107 00:18:55.470 --> 00:19:05.850 Jaime Kennedy: Along with the presence of juniper and buffalo Barry pollen and cold adapted spores in the northern Cape basin indicate shift towards a cool moist step environment. 108 00:19:10.470 --> 00:19:17.730 Jaime Kennedy: And Dennis Jenkins excavations at the Paisley caves identified a number of hearts and other features dating to the younger dryas. 109 00:19:18.720 --> 00:19:27.690 Jaime Kennedy: My macro botanical research analysis focused on in part younger dryas features in caves one in caves two. 110 00:19:28.350 --> 00:19:48.210 Jaime Kennedy: Of the 35 total samples I processed in the analysis five represent younger dryas hearts and then over here to represent a cultural deposit known as the botanical lens which also based to the younger dryas and the muslins. 111 00:19:50.250 --> 00:19:52.560 Jaime Kennedy: which also dates the younger dryas but. 112 00:19:54.690 --> 00:19:57.960 Jaime Kennedy: is not considered a feature per se. 113 00:20:03.900 --> 00:20:06.630 Jaime Kennedy: Okay bear with me here i'm going to tell you about all the features. 114 00:20:08.070 --> 00:20:15.840 Jaime Kennedy: So, in case one, there were two well preserved small heart features, they were identified in a little strata graphic unit. 115 00:20:16.410 --> 00:20:25.410 Jaime Kennedy: characterized by routed water cobbles or water around and cobbles and boulders and then surrounded by medium brown fine sandy silt. 116 00:20:26.190 --> 00:20:39.960 Jaime Kennedy: feature one slash seven dash for a was about 85 by 50 centimeters it consisted of soft skills with charcoal flicking and surrounded by the remnants of a rock going to you can see here. 117 00:20:43.170 --> 00:20:46.950 Jaime Kennedy: The Center of the heart the pure dark brown to black with burned fresh soil. 118 00:20:49.890 --> 00:21:03.360 Jaime Kennedy: And excavator notes indicated that the fuel in the future, or peers, who have been nearly completely consumed by the fire, however, animal bones and upsetting flakes from the Tucker hill source were mixed into the future sediments. 119 00:21:04.470 --> 00:21:14.430 Jaime Kennedy: feature one slash seven dash for be was described as a dark compaq soil charcoal effects and staining that measured about 60 by 55 centimeters. 120 00:21:15.600 --> 00:21:21.180 Jaime Kennedy: and say fresh charcoal from that feature was dated to 12.5 kalbi p. 121 00:21:22.290 --> 00:21:32.820 Jaime Kennedy: strata graphic previous suggests that the two horses same age cultural materials associated with the heart included s twist portage and a few scrapers and edge modified flakes. 122 00:21:36.090 --> 00:21:37.320 Jaime Kennedy: You came to. 123 00:21:39.570 --> 00:21:46.860 Jaime Kennedy: There were brown gravelly sams that were, ranging from about 15 to 30 centimeters thick. 124 00:21:47.880 --> 00:21:59.460 Jaime Kennedy: That represented the terminal place to seem deposits associated with human visitation to the rock shelter to reveal silt lenses the upper and lower mud are located. 125 00:22:01.410 --> 00:22:02.190 Jaime Kennedy: Excuse me. 126 00:22:07.680 --> 00:22:11.010 Jaime Kennedy: are located above the sand and separated by a cultural deposit. 127 00:22:12.240 --> 00:22:17.190 Jaime Kennedy: term to the botanical lens so the lower mud marks the. 128 00:22:18.840 --> 00:22:36.150 Jaime Kennedy: start of the younger dryas period with a date of about 12 nine kalbi P and feature to slash success for is a crescent shaped ash and charcoal heart measuring 40 by 70 centimeters identified north of the lower mode lens. 129 00:22:37.260 --> 00:22:44.490 Jaime Kennedy: and also here sagebrush twigs from the hearts were dated to 12 point 9000 years ago. 130 00:22:46.140 --> 00:22:57.690 Jaime Kennedy: The botanical lends itself is very interesting, it was about a five to eight centimeter thick feature consisting mainly of sagebrush twigs and shredded bark. 131 00:22:58.260 --> 00:23:11.580 Jaime Kennedy: But also dense clumps of cut pronghorn underbelly hair culturally modified pronghorn bones jack rabbit bones hair and hides turkel fragments and coordinate. 132 00:23:12.810 --> 00:23:33.450 Jaime Kennedy: they're all incorporated throughout the lair obsidian deputized just aggregated copper plates crystallized urine bones feathers mummified flash cars would Ratan that feces and hair and hides of marmot hair and bowl or also commonly encountered, it was dense and stinky. 133 00:23:35.460 --> 00:23:48.750 Jaime Kennedy: And dates tanned from the botanical lens suggest the organic remains associated with the feature or nc to two small online hearts were identified within the lens feature to dash three a. 134 00:23:49.860 --> 00:24:00.030 Jaime Kennedy: One measure 20 by 30 centimeters 11 centimeters thick the loose feature matrix included charcoal charred botanic macro remains and kelson bone. 135 00:24:02.250 --> 00:24:09.150 Jaime Kennedy: charge process edible tissue for feature to slash three a dash one returned to radiocarbon date of. 136 00:24:09.780 --> 00:24:20.610 Jaime Kennedy: 11.8 caliber tp and feature to slash for C dashboard is an oval shaped heart with a 30 to 35 centimeter diameter. 137 00:24:21.090 --> 00:24:34.920 Jaime Kennedy: containing charcoal and sagebrush twigs it was identified at the same elevation as the future to slash three a one with nearly identical distribution of similar cultural materials that was a mouthful. 138 00:24:37.980 --> 00:24:49.710 Jaime Kennedy: Okay, so when I went to do flotation for this project, which I typically do just use standard poor river flotation I realized it wasn't going to work. 139 00:24:50.430 --> 00:25:08.250 Jaime Kennedy: The antiquity, of the sediments from the early whole scene and lead place to seeing at Paisley caves resulted in highly fragile desiccated remains and all are they appear in tach introducing water could and did cost the constituents to break down at an accelerated rate. 140 00:25:09.450 --> 00:25:14.610 Jaime Kennedy: So, rather than using that standard method I dry sift all the samples. 141 00:25:15.780 --> 00:25:16.290 Jaime Kennedy: and 142 00:25:17.880 --> 00:25:32.130 Jaime Kennedy: kept track of it by saving a known volume passing it through a set of nested screens of various sizes and then weighing each saved size class. 143 00:25:33.660 --> 00:25:44.910 Jaime Kennedy: Before removing any constituents and then figuring that the combined weights from each size glass reflect the total weight, which was then compared to the volume metrics sample size. 144 00:25:45.660 --> 00:25:57.600 Jaime Kennedy: All identified seeds fruits charcoal fragments and any other macro remains I could find were individually recovered and identified with the aid of stereos you microscope. 145 00:25:58.710 --> 00:26:13.620 Jaime Kennedy: And the study both urbanized and on carbon eyes seeds for analyzed and identification of seeds was conducted with reference to publish manuals and modern reference collections that I got from herbarium and the usda. 146 00:26:18.960 --> 00:26:30.870 Jaime Kennedy: Non parametric test constructed using the density of charcoal charts seeds and uncharged seeds and each individual sample is variables demonstrated very clear patterning. 147 00:26:33.690 --> 00:26:51.750 Jaime Kennedy: The younger dryas each feature samples which here are in green all clustered together when evaluated among the total 35 samples which indicated that there's a statistical similarity among them, and those cooking features versus other cooking features at the site. 148 00:26:52.920 --> 00:27:03.270 Jaime Kennedy: The younger dryas botanical lens and muslins did not cluster with the hearts, probably because nearly all the seeds and those features were under carbon is. 149 00:27:08.370 --> 00:27:24.060 Jaime Kennedy: About 85% of the identified charred seeds and the younger dryas hearts are potentially edible I mostly found what I have abbreviated to the keynote pod family but included salt Bush pig read and goose foot. 150 00:27:25.770 --> 00:27:32.100 Jaime Kennedy: accounted for in 47% of the assemblage and dominated the assemblage for for all the features. 151 00:27:33.750 --> 00:27:47.190 Jaime Kennedy: goose fat and salt salt Bush are both important foods in the traditional economies of indigenous great basin groups and other identified plant types included members of the borage family in this case, mainly fiddle neck. 152 00:27:48.630 --> 00:28:00.960 Jaime Kennedy: And grasses including Indian race grass I don't think that the Indian rice grass was intensively targeted as a food resource, because it was in pretty low proportion. 153 00:28:01.950 --> 00:28:13.530 Jaime Kennedy: Of the charred seed assemblage there were many more uncharged price grass seeds that were found throughout the deposits, and I think they were more related to would wrap scavenging. 154 00:28:16.830 --> 00:28:27.480 Jaime Kennedy: So really what this little data chart here tells me is that when people in the Paleo Indian period were visiting Paisley caves during the younger dryas. 155 00:28:27.990 --> 00:28:34.950 Jaime Kennedy: They were selectively harvesting Kenya pods Kenya pods do require processing true of the outer seed code. 156 00:28:35.580 --> 00:28:46.110 Jaime Kennedy: And we don't have real good evidence at this time, have developed grinding stone technologies, there are some expedient hand stones that have been found during this same time period. 157 00:28:47.010 --> 00:28:57.930 Jaime Kennedy: But, but not a developed technology, so the seeds for probably also expediently processed before each meal, rather than being processed and then stored for later consumption. 158 00:29:01.830 --> 00:29:02.340 Jaime Kennedy: So. 159 00:29:03.570 --> 00:29:17.370 Jaime Kennedy: This is an aside, something that I haven't published yet and i'm still working on, and I saw that Eric woulda messages in the audience and I have been meaning to email you Eric. 160 00:29:18.210 --> 00:29:29.220 Jaime Kennedy: to talk to you about seeds, but one item of note at Paisley was the recovery of to what I think we're charged lily seeds from an earth of in feature. 161 00:29:30.810 --> 00:29:39.480 Jaime Kennedy: In cave five my initial identification was that they could be camera seeds, but i've had some colleagues agree with that identification and others disagree. 162 00:29:40.080 --> 00:29:46.800 Jaime Kennedy: The feature also contained a small quantity of charge starchy tissues indicative of processing roots and tubers. 163 00:29:47.370 --> 00:29:57.930 Jaime Kennedy: At the time I finished my dissertation that feature was undated so I didn't mention it will, I mentioned the feature but didn't really go into it or include it with any of the younger tries discussion. 164 00:29:59.790 --> 00:30:06.840 Jaime Kennedy: Since then we have dated the seeds, we were able to individually date each seed and these. 165 00:30:10.980 --> 00:30:19.350 Jaime Kennedy: These data have sorry sorry like I said I hadn't published them yet, because I am still trying to crowdsource what the. 166 00:30:20.520 --> 00:30:23.850 Jaime Kennedy: genius level identification of the seed is. 167 00:30:25.830 --> 00:30:49.200 Jaime Kennedy: But it was really cool because the dates came back nearly identical one at 11,625 plus or minus 40 radiocarbon years the other at 11,500 ED plus or minus 40 radiocarbon years before President and according to Brendan colton at penn state who ran the dates. 168 00:30:50.850 --> 00:30:56.190 Jaime Kennedy: They can be averaged to 11,603 plus or minus 28. 169 00:30:57.480 --> 00:31:05.400 Jaime Kennedy: radiocarbon years before present which when calibrated means the polling feature dates conservatively to at least 13 point 4000 years ago. 170 00:31:12.420 --> 00:31:18.630 Jaime Kennedy: Other data derived from the younger guys hearts were that the vast majority of charcoal. 171 00:31:19.650 --> 00:31:39.960 Jaime Kennedy: In these Paleo Indian context were identified to sagebrush which isn't that surprising would have been readily available easy to collect and the aroma probably helped out with everything else that was going inside the caves with. 172 00:31:41.010 --> 00:31:47.610 Jaime Kennedy: All of the coprolites around and evidence of animal processing with large meat packets. 173 00:31:49.260 --> 00:31:54.450 Jaime Kennedy: We can imagine that the smell of sage brush fire properly help that out a bit. 174 00:31:56.460 --> 00:32:05.850 Jaime Kennedy: willow was also present in non hearth features suggesting that it probably grew near the campsite and signals marshy conditions nearby. 175 00:32:10.590 --> 00:32:18.690 Jaime Kennedy: One secondary piece of information that we can derive from archaeological plant data is the time of year, people are visiting the campsite. 176 00:32:19.170 --> 00:32:34.920 Jaime Kennedy: So plants in general have predictable flowering and fruiting times and all evidence suggests Paleo Indians at the site we're not storing food for later use so each identified plant tax on can be tied to a specific time of year. 177 00:32:36.270 --> 00:32:56.550 Jaime Kennedy: The seasonal availability chart is based on data from the usda and includes both urbanized and unpack urbanized taxa identified in in all of the 35 samples that I looked at, which included 12,000 seeds of mostly on carbon iced seeds. 178 00:32:58.260 --> 00:33:14.100 Jaime Kennedy: The macro botanical record at Paisley caves for FLEX flexible reactions to contemporaneous environmental conditions and changing cultural needs over the course of time, people with high residential and territorial mobility, use the rock shelters during different seasons so. 179 00:33:15.960 --> 00:33:27.120 Jaime Kennedy: We don't have any data for late place to seeing younger dryas people were there, mostly in the summer and fall a little bit of winter, and then we see that changed through time. 180 00:33:30.870 --> 00:33:46.170 Jaime Kennedy: Dennis Jenkins, and others have speculated that Paisley caves represented just one stop in the seasonal rounds of younger dryas populations and we're most commonly visited during times of year when resources were abundant either in the spring or late fall fall and summer. 181 00:33:47.820 --> 00:33:54.900 Jaime Kennedy: The younger dryas macro botanical record demonstrates a focus on harvesting, as I just mentioned plants in the summer and fall. 182 00:33:56.160 --> 00:34:07.170 Jaime Kennedy: And archaeological investigations have provided corroborating data suggesting that groups of 20 to 30 people camped at the rock shelters processing pronghorn hides to make blankets, for the winter. 183 00:34:12.810 --> 00:34:23.730 Jaime Kennedy: The botanical record at the pace of caves also provided information about the local vegetation regimes through time this chart is so much better on a zoom presentation that it would be. 184 00:34:24.510 --> 00:34:31.710 Jaime Kennedy: A conference and hang So hopefully, you can see some of this I blew up what I thought was most important here. 185 00:34:33.480 --> 00:34:43.530 Jaime Kennedy: But it basically just graphs the relative abundance of uncharted seeds present in the standardized one leader samples that I took collected in a column from cave to. 186 00:34:45.210 --> 00:34:58.320 Jaime Kennedy: And it's typically this type of chart is used to show relative abundances of pollen to demonstrate Paleo environmental conditions through time. 187 00:34:59.880 --> 00:35:01.740 Jaime Kennedy: So the upper most sample here. 188 00:35:02.940 --> 00:35:17.160 Jaime Kennedy: was taken from just below bama ash and dated to about 76,000 or sorry 7600 cal BP the red line marks the place to seen whole scene transition. 189 00:35:17.670 --> 00:35:31.890 Jaime Kennedy: And the yellow lines indicate the younger dryas period, so the main purpose of me, sharing the slide is just to illustrate how the relative abundance of Zurich adapted plants keno pods. 190 00:35:32.520 --> 00:35:46.560 Jaime Kennedy: increase through time while the abundance of more Mesic grasses decreases through time from the terminal place to scene to the end of the early Holocene. 191 00:35:48.420 --> 00:36:01.260 Jaime Kennedy: It also corroborates the supposition that the Kenya pods in the younger dryas hires for purposely targeted as a food because they weren't comparatively readily available growing near the rock shelter during the younger dryas. 192 00:36:06.270 --> 00:36:16.560 Jaime Kennedy: To put that data in perspective with other pollen studies that have been done, we compare the taxonomic makeup of the macro floral assemblage. 193 00:36:17.010 --> 00:36:30.870 Jaime Kennedy: To the previous pella knowledge article pelham illogical investigations, there have been two separate strata graphic poem studies conducted at Paisley caves one was done by a show and tell us even. 194 00:36:31.410 --> 00:36:50.370 Jaime Kennedy: At Oregon State University, for her master's program and the other into that was in 2015 and the other was done by chase back out of Texas a&m university and he worked on this project for his dissertation. 195 00:36:51.780 --> 00:37:00.840 Jaime Kennedy: Each of them collected a pollen column from Cape deposits, to access the pipe pillar environmental conditions, so you can see their different columns here. 196 00:37:02.970 --> 00:37:19.650 Jaime Kennedy: Back in his colleagues found evidence of buckthorn antelope bitter brush and willow during the younger dryas and saving noted increases and music adapted plants that correlated with increases in the number of formed Western stemmed and lancelot stone tools for covered at Beasley caves. 197 00:37:20.790 --> 00:37:22.170 Jaime Kennedy: which drew her. 198 00:37:23.580 --> 00:37:30.750 Jaime Kennedy: to determine that it was the weather conditions that were attracting people there to the caves at that time. 199 00:37:31.890 --> 00:37:41.970 Jaime Kennedy: During the younger dryas loeffler a stick diversity was reported in the fallen records which are dominated by pine and other calm conifers. 200 00:37:42.630 --> 00:37:59.760 Jaime Kennedy: sagebrush members of sunflower family and other keynote pods kino AMS scattered tribes and forbes for also noted which support previous regional Paleo climate reconstructions that suggested the cool and moist environment. 201 00:38:01.230 --> 00:38:20.430 Jaime Kennedy: So back and colleagues postulated that pine trees might be present at the site, because of the elevated amounts pine pollen in the terminal place seen samples but pine pollen is wind pollinated and it often clouds out. 202 00:38:21.540 --> 00:38:26.910 Jaime Kennedy: Other other taxa in in Poland studies so. 203 00:38:29.220 --> 00:38:39.240 Jaime Kennedy: We can compare that to get to the answer to that question of whether or not pine was growing on site use the macro botanical data to look at that too. 204 00:38:39.870 --> 00:38:52.830 Jaime Kennedy: So while one to one correlation between the macro fossils and Pauline Greens really lacks quantitative value because of the differences and the temporal and spatial skills. 205 00:38:53.760 --> 00:39:13.800 Jaime Kennedy: The macro botanical data can validate climate constructions and both data sets can suffer from zero values, representing false absences, but when we do actually have evidence of the macro fossils in the record, they can alert us to false signals represented in the pollen record. 206 00:39:15.240 --> 00:39:33.030 Jaime Kennedy: So in the younger dryas macro botanical record, we do have pine seeds I didn't talk about them earlier because they were all unchartered and I didn't want to necessarily attribute them to foods that people were eating because they weren't charred in the heart. 207 00:39:35.940 --> 00:39:43.800 Jaime Kennedy: But if pine trees were growing next to the rock shelter, I would also expect to have found pine needles in the assemblage. 208 00:39:44.190 --> 00:39:55.140 Jaime Kennedy: And without the needles it's probably more likely that the seeds were collected and transported to the site, the presence of willow charcoal and other wetland plants. 209 00:39:56.040 --> 00:40:11.010 Jaime Kennedy: Specifically, is support Stevens suggestion that people access nearby marshy resources at this time and also generally supports regional paleoclimate tita indicating this cooler wetter period. 210 00:40:14.790 --> 00:40:25.350 Jaime Kennedy: Another line of evidence that's been studied piece in caves is looking at the constituents of human coprolites so individual human feces that are preserved at the site. 211 00:40:26.220 --> 00:40:42.420 Jaime Kennedy: Two studies have been completed, so far, one by researchers at Texas a&m university and another by john belong, who is now a professor at Washington state but completed his analysis for a postdoc research at Newcastle University in England. 212 00:40:44.160 --> 00:40:48.360 Jaime Kennedy: Both studies examining coprolites from multiple occupation periods at the site. 213 00:40:49.980 --> 00:41:00.660 Jaime Kennedy: But i'm only going to focus on the results they found in the copper late stated to the younger dryas period so Taylor and colleagues identified final elements, including bone. 214 00:41:01.890 --> 00:41:05.760 Jaime Kennedy: And hair from rodents hairs bighorn sheep. 215 00:41:07.980 --> 00:41:23.220 Jaime Kennedy: indicating a pretty diverse animal consumption in the diet, they also found seeds and seed fragments belonging to Kenya pod and brash families and pollen analysis of the same populates only identified kino pods is dietary contributors. 216 00:41:25.230 --> 00:41:31.740 Jaime Kennedy: So their interpretation was that the borgias weren't intentionally ingested. 217 00:41:32.760 --> 00:41:44.010 Jaime Kennedy: At the time, during the younger dryas and his study concluded that Paleo Indian people did have a diverse diet, but it really lean toward current every. 218 00:41:45.690 --> 00:41:57.300 Jaime Kennedy: And then belong study inferred that younger dryas visitors to the caves had a broad spectrum diet with contributions, including small rodents insects fish hairs birds and large mammals. 219 00:41:58.020 --> 00:42:09.570 Jaime Kennedy: seeds in the copper late he studied included Tina pods sedges and rose nutley those roles now let's educate people were also consuming rose hips which are high in vitamin C. 220 00:42:10.530 --> 00:42:21.810 Jaime Kennedy: The fact that I didn't find them in the hardest could be explained by the fact that people would have consumed the fruits and limited the potential for the seeds to fall into the cooking hearth. 221 00:42:22.440 --> 00:42:30.870 Jaime Kennedy: pollen in the coprolites that belongs studied also suggested evidence for assumption of P flowers cat tail or at least cat tail pollen. 222 00:42:31.830 --> 00:42:42.600 Jaime Kennedy: And grasses and then finally vital with analysis of well preserved plant silica bodies in the coprolites corroborated the fact that people were ingesting grass seeds. 223 00:42:45.960 --> 00:42:51.000 Jaime Kennedy: And this is a slide I totally stole from john because I thought it was great. 224 00:42:53.040 --> 00:43:11.460 Jaime Kennedy: His research also includes the seasonality study, which is represented by the colors here on the right so each of the human figures here represents the donor of a single single populate So you can see the types of things that each person was eating. 225 00:43:13.410 --> 00:43:18.870 Jaime Kennedy: Only those folks in the green square donated their DNA during the younger dryas, though. 226 00:43:20.220 --> 00:43:27.810 Jaime Kennedy: In general, long found that during that period people visited the caves primarily during the summer and fall, which is similar to. 227 00:43:28.590 --> 00:43:43.080 Jaime Kennedy: The evidence we found in the macro botanical analysis of the hearts and he also found that people were eating NUTS rabbits birds fish rodents grasses dichotomy and flowering plants. 228 00:43:49.140 --> 00:43:51.540 Jaime Kennedy: So for a quick overview. 229 00:43:52.980 --> 00:44:13.410 Jaime Kennedy: We know that visitors were foraging locally around the caves sagebrush was a main source of fuel people were using nearby marshes to inquire acquire plants for fibers and mats and other reasons they primarily visited in the summer and fall. 230 00:44:14.730 --> 00:44:29.070 Jaime Kennedy: All the hearts were were small not Pam process of of different uses of various features so it's likely that they were used unreturned visits and each hearth represents. 231 00:44:29.850 --> 00:44:40.950 Jaime Kennedy: A short term usage, but in general people at Paisley caves during the younger dryas had a broad spectrum diet, consistent with the ethnographic data. 232 00:44:47.070 --> 00:44:55.620 Jaime Kennedy: So next we can look at how the plant data from the Paleo Indian period at Paisley Paris with other Paleo Indian sites from a regional perspective. 233 00:44:56.100 --> 00:45:02.190 Jaime Kennedy: will look at it from a base and wide perspective and on a continental scale. 234 00:45:03.180 --> 00:45:23.970 Jaime Kennedy: And this map shows the distribution of younger dryas sites across the US were either plant data model data or both have been reported so sites with funnel data only are represented in red where, as if funnel and archaea botanical analyses work pleaded they're represented in blue. 235 00:45:27.210 --> 00:45:44.370 Jaime Kennedy: All the sites have funnel data, but only if you include argue botanical data those include the comedy caves in Oregon the wishbone site in utah bonneville estates rock shelter in Nevada does cave and Alabama and shiny many things in Pennsylvania. 236 00:45:48.000 --> 00:45:58.470 Jaime Kennedy: So first i'm going to talk about caitlyn madonna's research she did her dissertation at Texas a&m and is now a postdoc at the University of. 237 00:45:59.850 --> 00:46:05.700 Jaime Kennedy: Nevada Reno but she analyzed peeling an onion plant remains from the calmly caves site. 238 00:46:07.590 --> 00:46:20.280 Jaime Kennedy: calmly caves contract comprises eight rock shelters in the hills 45 meters above the valley floor and that overlooks pipeline a marsh in the silver lake Valley. 239 00:46:20.880 --> 00:46:30.240 Jaime Kennedy: Like Paisley caves it's ECO tonal setting provides access to a variety of habitats, that would again, especially been true in the. 240 00:46:31.410 --> 00:46:32.730 Jaime Kennedy: younger dryas period. 241 00:46:38.430 --> 00:46:56.220 Jaime Kennedy: The reason I like comic caves project it's such a great counterpart part to Paisley is because caitlin and I use the same standardized methods for sieving counting identifying and analyzing plant remains so we can confidently compare our data sets across the two sites. 242 00:46:58.020 --> 00:47:03.750 Jaime Kennedy: Also, she caitlin also examine five younger dryas hearts. 243 00:47:06.750 --> 00:47:12.930 Jaime Kennedy: or her analysis identified evidence and many of the same plants that identified it Paisley. 244 00:47:15.240 --> 00:47:22.860 Jaime Kennedy: Like Paisley charred seeds included pedigreed salt Bush and goose foot wholesome grasses. 245 00:47:23.220 --> 00:47:30.720 Jaime Kennedy: But they also contain unique taxa not found at Paisley that expands our knowledge about regional dietary plant use during the younger dryas so. 246 00:47:31.230 --> 00:47:47.910 Jaime Kennedy: Some of the other seeds that she found in samples of younger dryas horse they're included seaweed and white, employees and Star and drop seed, all of which which are economically important traditionally in this area. 247 00:47:53.640 --> 00:48:06.300 Jaime Kennedy: So we have a forthcoming article and American integrity and caitlin's the lead author and she provides a really great comprehensive look at plants, the younger dryas throughout the great basin. 248 00:48:07.050 --> 00:48:27.660 Jaime Kennedy: In here is a table That summarizes some of that it's apparent that people living in the great basin during this time period commonly provision their diets with gina pods mustard grasses and rushes as right, as well as regularly assuming leafy greens and starchy root vegetables. 249 00:48:32.190 --> 00:48:39.060 Jaime Kennedy: In a broader context, we can also look at the types of plants identified and clover sites versus those identified and Western stem sites. 250 00:48:39.750 --> 00:48:53.940 Jaime Kennedy: So Paleo Indian fluted sites, including Clovis and folsom that day to the younger dryas tend to be found in more open contexts, rather than the rock shelters that we've analyzed in the great basin. 251 00:48:55.050 --> 00:49:03.510 Jaime Kennedy: And those open contacts are associated mostly with big game hunting plant specific studies on Clovis era subsistence are rare. 252 00:49:04.410 --> 00:49:19.920 Jaime Kennedy: Mostly, because the plant remains have been found in just a few sites, so this list includes Paleo Indian sites dated to the younger dryas and early Holocene and Admittedly it is outdated, since I made the slide. 253 00:49:21.210 --> 00:49:26.010 Jaime Kennedy: It doesn't include dust cave in Alabama which we just saw on the previous slide. 254 00:49:27.150 --> 00:49:36.900 Jaime Kennedy: At dusk cave argue button is also identified hickory wallet acorn Blackberry creep and Kenya pods along with some other seeds. 255 00:49:38.400 --> 00:49:52.770 Jaime Kennedy: The scarcity of edible plants in close archaeological contact may be explained by poor preservation conditions for the open science dense bones of the large animals will be better preserve them plants fish and small mammals. 256 00:49:53.850 --> 00:50:04.020 Jaime Kennedy: Although some have argued that plants and small mammals were a subordinate part of diet of Clovis hunters who preferred to have large body mammals. 257 00:50:09.150 --> 00:50:20.550 Jaime Kennedy: And then, finally, we can also reference diagnostic data sets synthesize from archaeological sites throughout the northern great basin time, including this map as a reference for the slide i'm going to show next. 258 00:50:21.330 --> 00:50:28.920 Jaime Kennedy: Just to give you an idea of where some of the sites are were to botanical research has occurred in oregon's great basin. 259 00:50:30.030 --> 00:50:44.520 Jaime Kennedy: And, most of the data comes from the fort rock area appear just because that is where the University of Oregon field school was centered for quite a long time and there were a lot of projects that came out of there. 260 00:50:48.420 --> 00:50:54.180 Jaime Kennedy: So I scan numerous reports for mention of economically important seed bearing plants as. 261 00:50:55.770 --> 00:51:12.120 Jaime Kennedy: described in ethnographic accounts and Chard seeds of for plant types appear in the archaeological record consistently over the past 12,000 years, those are wait stumbling star who's foot salt Bush and seaweed. 262 00:51:13.320 --> 00:51:25.410 Jaime Kennedy: So regardless of climate fluctuations that may have altered vegetation mosaics at any given time these tax of persist as food resources from the terminal place to seen through the contact period. 263 00:51:31.440 --> 00:51:34.140 Jaime Kennedy: Late 18th century and. 264 00:51:35.550 --> 00:51:44.340 Jaime Kennedy: i'm sorry late 19th century and 20th century interviews with klamath Murdoch and pie people documented a rich cultural connection to the landscape. 265 00:51:45.180 --> 00:52:01.710 Jaime Kennedy: These reflections, along with tribal histories provided an accounting culturally important plant and animal taxa that figured prominently in the traditional ecological knowledge of people in the past, along with roots fruits and cereal grains mainly grasses in this area. 266 00:52:02.760 --> 00:52:08.490 Jaime Kennedy: weedy seed plants were important and the diets of indigenous inhabitants of the northern Greenpeace and. 267 00:52:09.270 --> 00:52:19.590 Jaime Kennedy: Drawing on data from the usda plants database and other plant physiology sources, we identified plant taxa who seeds for reported as food sources for several groups are. 268 00:52:20.010 --> 00:52:27.540 Jaime Kennedy: residing in the northern great basin they include wait stem blazing star Doc evening primrose this foot had. 269 00:52:28.230 --> 00:52:44.100 Jaime Kennedy: mustard not we'd piggly fish seaweed and sunflower so some of these names i'm saying over and over again, and it just really drives home how important these few plant species have been through time for people. 270 00:52:45.900 --> 00:52:58.740 Jaime Kennedy: And that, although not all of these plant types have been identified and hearts data to Paleo to the Paleo Indian period several have, and it really highlights the ancient connections between people and plants in this region. 271 00:53:01.140 --> 00:53:02.490 Jaime Kennedy: So in conclusion. 272 00:53:04.110 --> 00:53:18.840 Jaime Kennedy: People have included plants as part of their diet, since they first arrived in the great basin we haven't yet nailed down what percentage of diets were focused on eating plants, but I imagine those decisions for probably individual. 273 00:53:20.010 --> 00:53:26.910 Jaime Kennedy: were many individual choices and also limited by unique circumstances. 274 00:53:27.870 --> 00:53:38.460 Jaime Kennedy: We do see evidence for a heavier reliance on small seeds and start to your roots later in time that trend has been well documented in the southern part of the great basin we're talking about. 275 00:53:38.820 --> 00:53:46.710 Jaime Kennedy: Elizabeth loader back at university of utah earlier, and she has done a lot of research on that documenting that trend. 276 00:53:49.230 --> 00:54:06.510 Jaime Kennedy: And the northern great basin this type of resource intensification has been linked to more sedentary life way it's in the middle Holocene but recent Paleo Indian plant data also indicate dietary choices concerning plant foods is relatively consistent and persistent through time. 277 00:54:07.860 --> 00:54:20.910 Jaime Kennedy: So, moving forward, I think it's really important to start think about things in terms of understanding how traditional eat a lot local traditional ecological knowledge. 278 00:54:21.900 --> 00:54:33.270 Jaime Kennedy: Including like how people harvested plants and potentially tended wild foods would have affected the distributions of those plants through time. 279 00:54:34.200 --> 00:54:39.510 Jaime Kennedy: And really look forward to delving into that and playing an evolutionary perspective. 280 00:54:40.110 --> 00:55:01.620 Jaime Kennedy: and historical ecology, to better understand how ancestors helped to create the landscapes inherited by their descendants, and how this persistence of cultural choice in food and diet has really stood through 14,000 years of inhabitant of the great basin. 281 00:55:04.230 --> 00:55:12.510 Jaime Kennedy: And if I have sorry I went a little long because technical difficulties i'm happy to answer any questions. 282 00:55:14.130 --> 00:55:20.490 Shelby Anderson: That was excellent, thank you Jamie and thanks for persisting through the MIC issues that was that was just great. 283 00:55:21.870 --> 00:55:31.050 Shelby Anderson: folks if you want to you can put a question in the chat or you can raise your hand and i'm happy to we can call on you. 284 00:55:37.290 --> 00:55:37.980 Shelby Anderson: Adjusting. 285 00:55:42.660 --> 00:55:44.790 Thomas Brown: I have a question that's okay. 286 00:55:45.630 --> 00:55:46.080 Shelby Anderson: Go ahead. 287 00:55:47.640 --> 00:55:49.500 Thomas Brown: Thank you very much for giving us the talk. 288 00:55:51.300 --> 00:55:59.880 Thomas Brown: I was just curious about you talked and a lot of people have talked about the consistency of food choice and plants through time. 289 00:56:02.040 --> 00:56:03.090 Thomas Brown: i'm curious, though. 290 00:56:04.590 --> 00:56:13.020 Thomas Brown: Was there any choice but to be consistent, through time, so the same plants have grown there for 14,000 years why what. 291 00:56:14.520 --> 00:56:17.100 Thomas Brown: How could they change in terms of food choice their time. 292 00:56:18.960 --> 00:56:23.430 Jaime Kennedy: yeah I mean that's a good question and what it comes down to a lot, I think that. 293 00:56:24.780 --> 00:56:32.940 Jaime Kennedy: Especially in great basin archaeology leaning on human behavioral ecology models to. 294 00:56:34.050 --> 00:56:36.270 Jaime Kennedy: To evaluate those food choices. 295 00:56:39.060 --> 00:56:53.340 Thomas Brown: How would you quantify, you said you can't really quantify the relative abundance of those kind of things, so I guess i'm curious like what if they're eating what's available at all times in all places, how do we, how do we begin understanding. 296 00:56:54.540 --> 00:56:59.730 Thomas Brown: What behavioral practices could be responsible for changes in that. 297 00:57:00.630 --> 00:57:02.790 Jaime Kennedy: yeah so I mean there are a lot more. 298 00:57:03.870 --> 00:57:11.610 Jaime Kennedy: Diversity of plants that are growing on the landscape and those that have been targeted for consumption right. 299 00:57:12.630 --> 00:57:24.570 Jaime Kennedy: So there is some level of preference in there and whether or not that's you know passed down as a cultural choice or like you said, out of necessity. 300 00:57:26.250 --> 00:57:27.660 Jaime Kennedy: that's a debatable point. 301 00:57:28.770 --> 00:57:31.650 Thomas Brown: yeah and sorry I didn't mean it so much as a like. 302 00:57:33.120 --> 00:57:36.270 Thomas Brown: critique as much as I actually am curious having. 303 00:57:38.220 --> 00:57:47.640 Thomas Brown: Discussions with other Paleo botanical people about the issues of how do we what's the process of in your mind like, how do we begin to actually quantify. 304 00:57:48.300 --> 00:58:02.040 Thomas Brown: Is there, like a light at the end of the tunnel in terms of so we can better understand like changes and intensification, or like you said those human behavioral ecology models so we can actually start looking at more instead of just a blank richness number. 305 00:58:02.070 --> 00:58:05.640 Thomas Brown: yeah really understanding like intensification or cultural choice. 306 00:58:05.670 --> 00:58:19.740 Jaime Kennedy: Shifting through time mm hmm so so two thoughts that I have one is that i'm i'm personally interested in, and this is just a pet idea at this point how a real evidence to back it up, but. 307 00:58:21.570 --> 00:58:43.170 Jaime Kennedy: Tina pods especially goose foot it's been domesticated several times across the world it's a really prolific plant it produces tons of seeds per plant and it's it's camp follower so where people are causing disturbance to the ground that plan is going to be more readily. 308 00:58:44.250 --> 00:58:58.080 Jaime Kennedy: available because it's going to grow in these disturbed areas, and it is available to harvest the seeds become Friday around the same time as people are are you adaptable hunting in the same areas so. 309 00:58:59.550 --> 00:59:13.590 Jaime Kennedy: i'm interested, I think it would be cool to look at division of sex Labor in that area, so like if if people are hunting, but then also it's really easy just to collect all of those seeds. 310 00:59:14.610 --> 00:59:24.960 Jaime Kennedy: And I don't really think it would be a low rate resource in that case, because it is so prolific and you can harvest pounds and pounds of it in a very short period of time. 311 00:59:26.190 --> 00:59:38.280 Jaime Kennedy: Another thought that I have actually it's something that caitlin mcdonough is is working on, I think, right now, and that's incorporating nutritional ecology into how we interpret. 312 00:59:40.020 --> 00:59:42.720 Jaime Kennedy: Plant remains from archaeological sites. 313 00:59:44.190 --> 00:59:57.690 Jaime Kennedy: And I she could talk a lot more about that I think she has a paper forthcoming on it, but how decisions aren't just made on caloric choice, but also. 314 00:59:58.380 --> 01:00:08.700 Jaime Kennedy: for health reasons, and I think there are some biologists, who have been working on how to quantify that for like insects and other small mammals and. 315 01:00:09.750 --> 01:00:15.900 Jaime Kennedy: I think caitlyn is working on taking some of that modeling and trying to see if it works for human decision making. 316 01:00:16.770 --> 01:00:19.890 Thomas Brown: That would be cool to see, yes, thank you very much. 317 01:00:19.920 --> 01:00:21.210 Jaime Kennedy: Sorry, the question. 318 01:00:21.360 --> 01:00:21.690 yeah. 319 01:00:22.710 --> 01:00:26.400 Shelby Anderson: Ellen I saw your hand popped up a couple times, did you still have a question. 320 01:00:27.330 --> 01:00:28.890 Alan Farahani: I did, can you hear me okay. 321 01:00:29.400 --> 01:00:36.180 Alan Farahani: yeah okay well first thank you Jamie very much for that wonderful talk it's really exciting to see these data. 322 01:00:36.540 --> 01:00:44.400 Alan Farahani: and also to see the way in which you synthesize it all together it's really compelling and it's very important work. 323 01:00:44.760 --> 01:00:53.130 Alan Farahani: i'm actually going to follow up on thomas's question i'm also really interested in the relative persistence that I think you convincingly showed. 324 01:00:53.940 --> 01:01:01.470 Alan Farahani: and asking the question why and one of the data points that you had shown with Paisley cave, for instance. 325 01:01:02.220 --> 01:01:12.780 Alan Farahani: You know, burning of particular kinds of either woods or salt Bush or Whatever the case may be, for the smell itself and all of the different properties that these plants in code. 326 01:01:13.770 --> 01:01:18.720 Alan Farahani: One of the things that i'm thinking about from that tk perspective that you had mentioned. 327 01:01:19.140 --> 01:01:31.830 Alan Farahani: There, right at the end is how much of this persistence in plant choice is also an I realized this is exceptionally difficult to answer with the data that we have i'm going to put that there, but how much of this persistence and. 328 01:01:32.310 --> 01:01:38.940 Alan Farahani: Plant choice is tied to persistence in culinary traditions that are very specific to areas where. 329 01:01:39.180 --> 01:01:52.440 Alan Farahani: individuals and communities are selecting plants that have meaning within a certain kind of corner repertoire, for instance in West Asia, I mean one of the reasons that wheat and barley persist is not because they're wheat and barley it's because of bread. 330 01:01:53.520 --> 01:01:56.220 Alan Farahani: And so, and that becomes a very powerful. 331 01:01:57.450 --> 01:02:09.180 Alan Farahani: both symbolic and also nutritive elements, so do you see any of that I know you've been looking through the ethnographic data and collaborating with all different kinds of individuals is it even possible to speak about that. 332 01:02:10.920 --> 01:02:25.500 Jaime Kennedy: I think that's a really, really excellent point and an interesting idea, and you know, yes in ethnographic data there's information about people talking about flavors of foods and, of course, what. 333 01:02:26.100 --> 01:02:36.150 Jaime Kennedy: The end result is of what they're actually eating i've actually wondered a lot about that, and here in the valley looking at sites, we find. 334 01:02:36.930 --> 01:02:49.380 Jaime Kennedy: bed straw seeds and so many horse over here on the West side and it's not a food, the only thing I can think is that it's it's a flavoring great so yeah there. 335 01:02:50.430 --> 01:03:02.370 Jaime Kennedy: i'm i'm totally like putting everything into the little box in this talk here but but there's so many options and like I said it comes down to individual choice or you know cultural choice. 336 01:03:03.420 --> 01:03:07.470 Jaime Kennedy: In terms of cultural practice and then also. 337 01:03:09.120 --> 01:03:11.100 Jaime Kennedy: Local perturbations. 338 01:03:12.690 --> 01:03:16.200 Jaime Kennedy: So I I don't I think it's fascinating I don't really have the video answer. 339 01:03:17.370 --> 01:03:20.280 Alan Farahani: Oh, that that answers my question, thank you very much. 340 01:03:21.870 --> 01:03:24.240 Shelby Anderson: hold on Virginia there's been a couple questions in the chat. 341 01:03:25.860 --> 01:03:36.840 Shelby Anderson: I don't want to ignore them i'm Eric asked said thanks for the wonderful talks and all lot of evidence for diet chronic dietary change in the northern great basin no major increase in season roots in the late policy like further south. 342 01:03:38.760 --> 01:03:46.680 Jaime Kennedy: There is, I didn't report on the that especially just focusing on more of the the types of plants that we're seeing through time but. 343 01:03:47.100 --> 01:04:01.590 Jaime Kennedy: I think I talked about it a little bit in the last slide that there is an intensification and that we see towards the middle Holocene at sites like Bergen and the great basin, where we have more evidence for sedentary habitation. 344 01:04:03.210 --> 01:04:16.380 Jaime Kennedy: and also a change in technology right so we're grinding stone implements become more prolific and a bigger part of the everyday tool kit so. 345 01:04:17.400 --> 01:04:26.160 Jaime Kennedy: There are changes in intensification through time, even at the pace of caves I didn't present this data, because I was just mostly focusing on. 346 01:04:27.210 --> 01:04:41.850 Jaime Kennedy: On the younger dryas section, but I think I said, like identified like 12,000 different seeds most of those actually came from late Holocene components so there's definitely. 347 01:04:43.620 --> 01:04:46.140 Jaime Kennedy: More going on the seeds later in time. 348 01:04:52.470 --> 01:04:57.930 Shelby Anderson: Thanks Jamie and then there was a second question in the chat did you find any color that could have been used medicinal Lee. 349 01:05:00.930 --> 01:05:09.510 Jaime Kennedy: Yes, is the short answer I don't have a list here now but a lot of the plants that were out of lawyer also medicinal. 350 01:05:10.350 --> 01:05:22.260 Jaime Kennedy: in nature, I thought I was going to have more time today to talk about more sites, and this was just going to be one case study but it ended up taking the whole time just to talk about this, but I was also going to talk about. 351 01:05:23.730 --> 01:05:26.070 Jaime Kennedy: wipe it out in the great basin. 352 01:05:27.120 --> 01:05:29.370 Jaime Kennedy: So at two different sites. 353 01:05:30.630 --> 01:05:32.040 Jaime Kennedy: In the hardy basin. 354 01:05:33.120 --> 01:05:42.540 Jaime Kennedy: We found charred whopper two seats in cultural features that day to about 10,000 years ago, which is really interesting because we're not finding the. 355 01:05:42.990 --> 01:06:00.450 Jaime Kennedy: The the duck potato tubers that people will eating and one of the the thoughts that we had why they might be introduced into these features is because they did have medicinal properties, the plant itself had medicinal properties and could have been introduced that way because. 356 01:06:01.770 --> 01:06:05.820 Jaime Kennedy: The Northern Pike in their ethnographic record don't have any. 357 01:06:07.350 --> 01:06:15.810 Jaime Kennedy: Any stories about eating white potato and diane Tiemann we were talking to her last week, she was going to check with. 358 01:06:16.470 --> 01:06:37.230 Jaime Kennedy: Some elders to see if that was true but, in her recollection it's never been a plant that people have collected there so So yes, again, there are multiple reasons that that people, but why plants are important and why people are are collecting them. 359 01:06:39.360 --> 01:06:39.720 Thank you. 360 01:06:42.240 --> 01:06:43.920 Shelby Anderson: Virginia sorry to make you wait. 361 01:06:45.150 --> 01:06:56.820 Virginia Butler: Oh no, no, and I see molly carney's note and I thought of this to that I know in eastern North America they're looking at some of the key to pod morphology changes. 362 01:06:57.450 --> 01:07:06.120 Virginia Butler: Like we've done with maze you know and and barley and wheat and I just think that that's another place to go for what are the changes that. 363 01:07:06.810 --> 01:07:10.110 Virginia Butler: could have arisen because of these cobalt relationships. 364 01:07:10.920 --> 01:07:15.210 Virginia Butler: So that was molly, though, but the thing that I wanted to play back with was the. 365 01:07:15.510 --> 01:07:22.710 Virginia Butler: The the toolkit associated, and it is so interesting that there's a lot of seeds and there's not the grinding stones and you. 366 01:07:22.950 --> 01:07:37.410 Virginia Butler: were pretty quick on how they were preparing them and I missed what you were thinking is it just a kind of soaking and charged me like they're not crunching up to get the coats off what's what's going on there. 367 01:07:37.830 --> 01:07:42.780 Jaime Kennedy: I think if they were crunching up to get the coats off it was just with expedient tools. 368 01:07:43.770 --> 01:08:00.510 Jaime Kennedy: And and not like a form formal ground stone that would have been used over and over and over again just because the visits to the campsite for so short and they weren't lugging around probably any ground stone with them. 369 01:08:01.590 --> 01:08:03.390 Virginia Butler: Sure wish there was some tools. 370 01:08:04.170 --> 01:08:05.580 Jaime Kennedy: I know I know that's been. 371 01:08:06.540 --> 01:08:11.220 Virginia Butler: A bit that's got to be something that you know that with tj. 372 01:08:11.250 --> 01:08:14.310 Virginia Butler: Questions and analysis about shifts through time this. 373 01:08:14.340 --> 01:08:26.040 Virginia Butler: way people are bringing in the the the tools and how that's being part of the these developing relationships is going to be real important but thank you so much, yes. 374 01:08:26.280 --> 01:08:39.690 Jaime Kennedy: And you're actually you're totally on track Virginia, because our viewer number to for our American integrity article that was their their their main critique of of our article as well. 375 01:08:40.080 --> 01:08:41.760 Virginia Butler: Just know that that wasn't me. 376 01:08:48.270 --> 01:08:57.690 Shelby Anderson: Okay, so we have one more question and then we should wrap it up since we're past five um we've asked if there's any evidence in the archaeological record for gender roles related to plant processing in the great basin. 377 01:08:58.590 --> 01:09:03.180 Jaime Kennedy: Yes, David xena has done a bunch of work related to. 378 01:09:04.260 --> 01:09:05.280 Jaime Kennedy: Historical or. 379 01:09:06.390 --> 01:09:16.860 Jaime Kennedy: behavioral ecology human behavioral ecology related to that and also Elizabeth louder back I think has an article out in American antiquity that just came out in January that deals with that as well. 380 01:09:19.410 --> 01:09:22.290 Shelby Anderson: Andrew for paper Jamie Thank you so much. 381 01:09:22.710 --> 01:09:23.430 Jaime Kennedy: for having me. 382 01:09:23.490 --> 01:09:31.770 Shelby Anderson: During your work and and like Alan said how you put it together was really, really exciting and interesting to hear, so thank you for joining us. 383 01:09:32.790 --> 01:09:38.910 Shelby Anderson: As we wrap up, I want to invite folks to a couple things and we're having a portland area meetup. 384 01:09:39.600 --> 01:09:46.560 Shelby Anderson: At the outside patio the lucky lab on Hawthorne on April 28 at 430 so we used to go out after first Thursday. 385 01:09:47.160 --> 01:09:56.490 Shelby Anderson: we're sort of halfway between in person and zoom so we're not doing that, but on April 28 if anybody wants to meet for drinks Virginia and I are going to be there Doug Wilson promised it to so I wouldn't be sitting alone. 386 01:09:57.390 --> 01:10:08.460 Shelby Anderson: But I hope other folks come, and then we have our last speaker in May, and that is Emily van else who's a graduate student at indiana university and. 387 01:10:09.240 --> 01:10:22.830 Shelby Anderson: she's lakota and she's studying indigenous women in pre contact rock art in the northern plains region so i'm super excited for her talk and I hope you can join us for our last in the series, and thanks again Jamie and i'll see you soon. 388 01:10:24.210 --> 01:10:24.900 Shelby Anderson: bye everybody.