WEBVTT

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: So welcome everyone, my name is Virginia Butler i'm a professor at portland State University and I welcome you to tonight's archaeology on tap series it's part of the archaeology roadshow celebration, that is taking place over the month of May.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Before we get started, I wanted to read the land knowledge that we're still in the process of developing and you know these reporting.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Statement statements and we're still developing this, but I want to share what we have.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: We know in this digital space you're coming to us from many places, but our host institution portland State University is located in the place we now call portland.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: In the traditional homelands of many indigenous nations who made and make their homes along the Columbia and will limit rivers.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: We acknowledge the terrible history that separated native peoples from their homelands that came with your own American settlement.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: But we also recognize the resilience of past and present indigenous communities and their deep connections to the land, many of the presentations and the roadshow speaker series are a testament to the strength and resilience.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: We challenge ourselves to support indigenous communities by taking action in our work and in our personal lives.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Actually, can take a variety of forms, such as challenging stereotypes of indigenous peoples demanding and providing accurate history education.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Educating ourselves about tribal issues or pressuring government officials to support programs that provide some measure of redress for previous systematic harmful policies.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Were popping a website in the chat that we have found in the past year that helps you look around in your basically you put your zip code or location in this in this.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: application and it tells you and helps you find the indigenous communities that live or connected to where you live, now, so we invite you to explore that that website and again think about how you can make a difference in your own lives in terms of elevating some of these issues.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: So tonight is this archaeology on tap and it's part of this month, like celebration, as I mentioned before.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: The archaeology of water is a theme that we chose this year and we have almost a dozen presentations on this theme connecting people in water over the month and.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Again celebrate tori if we were in person, we would feel the celebration here and we're trying to generate some of that in this digital space.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Also, I want to invite you to look at the archaeology roadshow website that has dozens of exhibits that our partners have created these are from tribes from federal and state agencies.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: For portland state students Community members that that make these connections of people in water and we're really hoping that.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: This exploration using archaeology heritage indigenous knowledge will will take us to a new place in terms of how we feel and connect with this important invaluable resource water that we truly take for granted.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: I also want to do a big shout out to the financial supporters of the archeology road show that are.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: illustrated on this title slide we could never do it without this financial support so again if we were live, we would be clapping right now, because we owe so much to these wonderful companies, individuals organizations that have helped this come to be.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: So the next thing that I want to do is say that tonight's presentations is.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: The archaeology on tap, and this is continuing a tradition that began several years ago, when we first went out to Harney county.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: And Scott, Thomas and his his friends and colleagues put this in person speaker series together attached to the in person exhibition.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: roadshow celebration, and it was so fantastic, we decided that we needed to keep it moving in this digital space and through the efforts of Scott, Thomas and carolyn temple.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: They helped find the speakers and and really help this continued to be so i'm very grateful to their health.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: So the way our process will go, we have three speakers and each person will present or make a approximately half hour 25 minute presentation.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: And then there'll be time for questions and answers and then we'll go to the next person and we'll go to the next person then we'll go to the next person so we're going to take q&a as we go as opposed to saving until the end.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Because the talks cover different topics and it could be that that we you know make some more general questions at the end, but we're going to be having some of that break time in between so i'm going to stop sharing and move us to our first speaker for tonight.

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I am looking for.

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My.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Too many sheets of paper it's like i'm teaching again and I always had trouble finding, what is it i'm looking for Okay, so the first speaker.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: is coming to us from Texas, and this is Jordan Pratt who's a PhD candidate and anthropology at Texas a&m university she works with the Center for the study of the first Americans.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Jordan received her bachelor's degree from the University of Oregon and 2015 and has participated in archaeological research and Harney county since 2012.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Her dissertation research focuses and on focuses on lipstick technology, including the analysis of Western stem points in the excavation of open air sites so let's welcome Jordan Pratt who is giving the first talk and tonight series welcome Jordan.

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Jordan Pratt: Thank you.

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Jordan Pratt: So today i'm going to be talking about a portion of my dissertation research.

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Jordan Pratt: Specifically, looking at the distribution of.

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Jordan Pratt: Western stumped points and the Harney basin so they're just a little I can press next we got this.

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Jordan Pratt: So just a little bit of an overview today i'm pretty much specifically going to be talking about artifacts that have been found in the hardy basin.

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Jordan Pratt: And so, before we get to that analysis, I want to just quickly go over what Western 10 points are and a little bit about the region that i'm studying and you can see some pictures down here of different.

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Jordan Pratt: environments throughout the Harney basin specifically today i'm going to be trying to focus in on whether there's a relationship between standpoints and water to stay on theme.

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Jordan Pratt: Okay, so what our Western stand points wasn't some points are generally.

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Jordan Pratt: He sort of large stone sphere or dark point you can feel a lot of examples here they're generally by facial, which means that they were worked on both sides and they generally have these parallel or contracting faisal stems that are ground so that they can be have to into a sphere.

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Jordan Pratt: They also have distinct of the some of them have distinct shoulder elements which you can see, on some of the examples here.

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Jordan Pratt: And you can also see from these diagrams from these artists dogs, they tend to have these really broad what we refer to as collateral flaking.

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Jordan Pratt: Sometimes, to the midline sometimes across the midline and that's a really distinctive aspect of Western stem technology.

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Jordan Pratt: I also just want to highlight the fact that, while there are many different forms of Western stem points sometimes they prefer to buy their specific names so haskett.

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Jordan Pratt: harming cougar mountain link Cooley wind us lake mojave silverlake an even more depending on who you talk with.

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Jordan Pratt: These artifacts are not fouling just by themselves they're part of a really robust tool kit that we find throughout the region lots of different sites and we find a lot of other tools associated with things like drills scrapers to process hi.

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Jordan Pratt: Nice to chop things and even office technology, you can see here in this picture, these two small boat needles, all of these artifacts on the slide work found at we'd like ditch, which is one of the western stuff sites that i'm excavating in Harney county currently.

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Jordan Pratt: So just, we know that Western stem people are people that were using this technology.

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Jordan Pratt: we're using a lot of different artifacts to perform different tasks, but today i'm specifically going to be focusing on where we find the project all points themselves.

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Jordan Pratt: So a little bit more about Western seven points that are most commonly found in the mountain West so that area between the cascades and the rocky mountains.

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Jordan Pratt: There are most common in the great Basin and the Columbia river plateau which you can see here, but there are some points that have been found outside of that region within this area.

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Jordan Pratt: i'm increasingly we're seeing that there's evidence from sites in the great Basin and the Columbia river plateau.

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Jordan Pratt: That indicate that some of the earliest occupations of North America, at least in the continental United States.

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Jordan Pratt: occurred in this region, some of these early occupations don't have stone tool diagnostic stone tools like these productive points associated with that.

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Jordan Pratt: But there is a general understanding that potentially because we see these artifacts so frequently throughout the region, they would have been the same tools that were being used in those really early occupations.

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Jordan Pratt: So now i'm going to talk a little bit about the Hydra graphic Harney basin, which is the area that i'm focusing on for this talk.

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Jordan Pratt: So if you've never been to South central Oregon I highly recommend you to others beautiful, but you can kind of see on this map that we are looking at the Hydra graphic which basically means the watershed of.

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Jordan Pratt: harmony and balance your lake which is referred to colloquially as the hydrogen graphic heart disease, then during the end of the last Ice Age this.

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Jordan Pratt: baseline was home to the largest is a huge pain Oregon clivia laid out here, which, at a time just was over.

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Jordan Pratt: 1500 square kilometers So you can see in the diagram here in the mouth, that this is kind of the last known extent of the proverbial lake now here at about 4014 4114 excuse me meters above sea level.

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Jordan Pratt: And I have some friends in this picture that are hopefully pointing out this if you squint a little bit and see the silver thing in the distance.

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Jordan Pratt: That is like now here, seen from scenes mountain, so what I am interested in is kind of looking at the relationship of open air signs.

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Jordan Pratt: Along the shoreline have to be like now here, as well as looking more specifically at the distribution of seven points throughout the entire basin, and this is just a little bit of a close up of the previous map.

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Jordan Pratt: So we know that there are a lot of Western set points that have been found through out.

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Jordan Pratt: The Harney basin and today i'm specifically going to be talking about a sample of stumped points that were collected by the burns bureau of land management district office.

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Jordan Pratt: On public lands located within the heartbeat basin just a couple of caveats when we get ahead, looking at this.

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Jordan Pratt: data is that there are lots of different public and private lands that are part of the holographic kearney basin.

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Jordan Pratt: And i'm only looking at points that were collected by the blm me there's also different government agencies.

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Jordan Pratt: That may or may not also have templates within this space and that are not part of this study.

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Jordan Pratt: But the sample that i'm looking at it includes almost 500 stumped points that were collected from the late 1990s through to the present.

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Jordan Pratt: This sample, at least for this talk refers to all stem points i've got distinguishing that five subtypes so i'm not.

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Jordan Pratt: going to like talk about pocket points or apartment points instead i'm just generally looking at stumped points.

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Jordan Pratt: This sample also includes some Crescent, which are a kind of unique tool, you can actually see one right here.

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Jordan Pratt: These little crystal antic shaped by facial points that were used to potentially to hunt waterfowl or to process plants they're commonly associated with Western stemmed technologies so for this study I just included that in the sample as well.

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Jordan Pratt: So kind of I should go back really briefly even see here, this is just generally plot, the distribution of the points and the Hydra graphic card basin, and you can see the light blue our rivers or streams.

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Jordan Pratt: But kind of yellow color is Dr flies this darker blue is lakes and then the green refers to.

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Jordan Pratt: marshes or swamps so when we look specifically at the actual density of the stem points in the holographic party basis.

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Jordan Pratt: We can see that the points tend to be found in a couple of key places throughout the base in.

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Jordan Pratt: Just in general, I would say the distribution of standpoints is not super high in this area and part that's because it's a really large area and, obviously, not all of it necessarily been survey.

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Jordan Pratt: And again just remember that not all of this is blm land, but we can't see that there are generally a couple of places where there's higher density of.

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Jordan Pratt: Points throughout the harmony basin, specifically when we look at the highest density locations they seem to be centered around.

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Jordan Pratt: The southern extent of hardly so Jason to leave you like not here itself and then there's quite a large density of points that have been found kind of to be north west of the link.

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Jordan Pratt: In the silver lake sub basement which includes a small Playa silver lake Playa as well as one of the larger tributaries stream that flows into the lake me off here, which is silver creek.

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Jordan Pratt: And then, finally, we see that there's kind of a third little area that I probably could have circled a little bit better here.

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Jordan Pratt: Look at the little bit further to the West that's associated kind of with red rock and hate late.

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Jordan Pratt: So I just want to highlight a couple of things right here one of them is that you might notice that there's not a lot of stems points directly next to.

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Jordan Pratt: The lake itself at least towards the East and part of that is based on the fact that that is actually Melbourne national wildlife refuge land, and so the data is not included in this study.

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Jordan Pratt: But then also just recognize that there are definitely areas that are not associated with Columbia like not here that also seem to have a decent number of stunt points.

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Jordan Pratt: So one of the things that I wanted to kind of get out for this talk and I apologize in advance y'all are going to see a lot of maps, not as many pictures of points.

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Jordan Pratt: But one of the things that i'm interested in looking at here is whether we can actually instead of just saying hey look these things appear to be kind of close to water.

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Jordan Pratt: I wanted to try to use GIs to analyze and actually see if we can more clearly associate stem points with different types of water resources.

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Jordan Pratt: And then, specifically kind of try to get whether we see them are related to a specific type of water, so are they more commonly found that supply lines, or are they more commonly found that's two streams, for instance.

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Jordan Pratt: So to do that, I used a data that was available through the Bureau of land management and again, you can kind of see all of that data here on this slide.

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Jordan Pratt: The life we were the screens again yellow is the Playa Green is March and the darker blue is the lake.

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Jordan Pratt: And so, the first thing I did was just wanting to look at really broadly whether some points are close to water any kind of water wasn't trying to get specific here.

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Jordan Pratt: And what you can see, or rather not really see is that almost all of the army base is kind of close to some sort of water.

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Jordan Pratt: And so, this map has a buffer so basically I added an area or wrap around any water source of about half of longer so around a third of a mile.

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Jordan Pratt: And then I tried to intercept them to see whether there were some points within that area.

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Jordan Pratt: And how many there were, and what you can see is that about 92% so 454 the stomach points are found within a quarter of a kilometer.

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Jordan Pratt: Sorry, excuse me a half of a kilometer of a water source was a little less clear is what type of water source, they are close to so just a little bit because we are here, some of these water sources, maybe modern.

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Jordan Pratt: Water that has been basically backed by the blm including reservoirs memory pipes things like that, so this isn't the greatest way to look at this data, so what I wanted to do was just get a little bit drill down we're just going to keep drilling.

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Jordan Pratt: So the first thing I wanted to do was look at whether there was a difference of just looking at whether points were closer to lake or pond and marshes so taking out the rivers and streams.

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Jordan Pratt: And here what I did was add a one kilometer buffer around those types of water resources.

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Jordan Pratt: And it cut out some of the stuff points, but you can still see there's about 81% so about 407 points that are within a kilometer of some sort of Lake pond or marsh.

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Jordan Pratt: And it's not super clear how the blm and necessarily find a home or a lake there's not a clear instance of like okay upon is that something that is present year round.

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Jordan Pratt: it's not super clear based on their data, but we can see here, but again there's a strong correlation between the points and the water sources.

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Jordan Pratt: So i'm wanting to get a little bit closer to the water i'm just trying to see if things eventually fall out here and.

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Jordan Pratt: This basically creates a smaller buffer around those same lakes marches, etc, and still what we can see is that about 62% of the stuff points are located near those water sources within the heart, maybe said.

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Jordan Pratt: I think that this data can be better refined about something that i'm going to continue doing in the future, as I continue analyzing this data.

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Jordan Pratt: One of the things, though, that I was more interested in was trying to figure out how the points were related to water at the end of the ice age, so we know that stemmed points are found.

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Jordan Pratt: Along relic shorelines that are often associated with the end of the last ice age.

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Jordan Pratt: And so what I wanted to do with kind of see how many of the points that have been found in the heart of a same by other birds feel them are actually adjacent to.

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Jordan Pratt: be laid out here at its high stand, so this map the kind of blue blog you see it is to be like now here it's last high standards so.

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Jordan Pratt: There is a higher shoreline but it's not dated and it's not as directly associated a lot of the features that we think of as related to Western stem.

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Jordan Pratt: And so here you can't actually see the buffer because I get to buffers on this, but you can kind of a little bit see hopefully.

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Jordan Pratt: The distribution of the different of the points in this case the red points on the map are referring to any 70 points that are within a kilometer of this high stand associated with the end of the last ice age.

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Jordan Pratt: The Green dots are around five kilometers without shoreline and then the Teal is everything else.

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Jordan Pratt: And what you can see here is the we get a really clear picture that about half of the stump points that we have.

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Jordan Pratt: In the sample so about 48% are located within five kilometers of view like now here at its highest extent.

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Jordan Pratt: And about 10% are within one kilometer so there seems to be a strong correlation between accumulate out here at its highest extent and the distribution of some points in this region So what does this actually mean.

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Jordan Pratt: What we can see is that water was really important during this time, and that people were clearly using the locust tree and resources that were associated with the lake.

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Jordan Pratt: Specifically clivia like now here, but they were also it's clear using smaller clients and lakes that we're looking at throughout the Hydra graphic carney basin.

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Jordan Pratt: And there's quite a few reasons why people were likely drawn to water during this time or really during any time.

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Jordan Pratt: A primary one being that it's a great place to get other resources such as food both plant and animal resources.

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Jordan Pratt: Water and then potentially depending on what part of the landscape you're on the lower topography could be easier to navigate so on this slide I just have highlighted some of the.

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Jordan Pratt: Work history and resources that have been identified as we'd like ditch, which is the Western stem site that i'm excavating right now and we found a lot of different waterfowl and waterfowl bones, primarily the American huge.

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Jordan Pratt: Northern pintail and Western green we've also found some rabbit bones, as well as larger mammals like.

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Jordan Pratt: prom board and a lot of fish that I didn't include on this slide.

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Jordan Pratt: So it's clear that people were using some points at the site which is right along the shoreline we're actively using the resources there so that's a reason why they could be connected to the water.

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Jordan Pratt: I do think it's important to highlight, though, that not all of the stems points that are in this study are necessarily super tied to.

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Jordan Pratt: The actual data itself, and we can see that there are some points that are found in upland regions throughout the entire basin.

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Jordan Pratt: And that indicates that people were not necessarily tethered to these lakes year round, but instead they were likely moving throughout the basin and potentially between this season and others.

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Jordan Pratt: So kind of this has all been a little bit preliminary but i'm going to continue working on this research.

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Jordan Pratt: Moving forward and one of the things that i'm really excited to do is actually analyze all of this data points that are part of this analysis, right here i'd be gone it but i'm still have a couple.

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Jordan Pratt: To go and that will allow me to sub divide this analysis based on the type of standpoint so i'm hopeful that potentially there might be some patterns, where we can see a difference in like potentially the use of casket point.

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Jordan Pratt: Compared to confirm, on the order something like that, and we might not see a difference, but it's, something that would be interesting to explore further.

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Jordan Pratt: I also just want to do a better job in the future of kind of looking at where the surveys have actually occurred So are we actually seeing where there's a concentration of some points in the district.

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Jordan Pratt: Or are we seeing where the blm likes to survey likely it's a little bit of both.

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Jordan Pratt: But there are better ways to get at that and then finally kind of looking at how that actual lipstick tools themselves what they were being made of and potentially if that can tell us more about how people are actually moving around the landscape.

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Jordan Pratt: So thank you all for listening, I would like to just do a couple of acknowledgments First, I just want to recognize that this work was completed on the traditional homeland of the northern Pike specifically what article, and so the burns pie you.

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Jordan Pratt: I want to recognize that these are artifacts that belong to other people and they're not the the primary.

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Jordan Pratt: No one has primary ownership of them specifically not archaeologists and then also I just like to thank all the people that made this possible, mostly the blm archaeologists carolyn temple heather overage and Scott, Thomas.

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Jordan Pratt: As well as Patrick o'grady who gave me access to some of the templates that he has an Oregon that are part of this sample anyway God is all so now I have time for questions i'm gonna.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Thank you.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Thank you Julia Thank you Thank you so Questions out there, you can take put on your video and raise your hand literally or you can use the reaction button.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: and raise your hand that way, or you can put a question in the chat and we will pick it up there, so what are some questions that people have.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Well, I just can't help it, you know I see something you had a big sample size to me and and.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Is when you compare just the frequency.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: of points from a certain basis kind of controlling for area is that is that does it fall right in there that just seems like a lot of surface artifacts to me.

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Jordan Pratt: yeah, it is a lot of surface artifacts per the reason why there are so many therapists artifacts is because Scott, Thomas for number of years.

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Jordan Pratt: Had a program where he took volunteers from the organ archaeological society out on surveys specifically trying to target late place to see, and so the ice age.

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Jordan Pratt: Areas close class so trying to look for food and points and points and what they found was a lot of stuff points and completed points.

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Jordan Pratt: They found a lot of folks, but I think that that's one of the reasons why the sample size is so large and that's also one of the reasons why we kind of see.

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Jordan Pratt: Those areas where there are a lot of surface artifacts in the western part of the base and because those are places where the repeatedly surveyed for Clovis class.

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Jordan Pratt: And then the southern part is also an area where you in our research I we'd like ditch and before I did so that's an area that's been heavily surveyed as well, so I think it's a combination of like there are.

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Jordan Pratt: A lot of stuff points, but then there's been a really targeted focused on trying to find them, which is excited for.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: It because i'm so glad you mentioned that because I knew of that organization citizen science work out there and.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: that's really powerful and for those of you, not in you know the know.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: surface fines are in effect easier to document it doesn't require digging or anything like that so.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: You can use people who don't have a lot of experience, but that use their their smarts for walking the land and recognizing thing so it's a beautiful connection of citizen science to archaeology so other questions out there.

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Adam Hudson: I Jordan amount of Hudson i'm with usgs and i've worked on Pluto lakes and northern great based in a bit i'm just wondering I loved your talk, but I, my question is i'm wondering, do you think there's any preservation bias associated with finding.

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Adam Hudson: points on land forms like shorelines that are raised versus finding points in along modern waterways or in modern wetlands where agriculture is taking place, or where sites may have been, you know destroyed are covered by water at different times.

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Jordan Pratt: yeah I think it's definitely easier to find points on raised platforms like shorelines there's also kind of the advantage of like it's higher up it's easier to walk.

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Jordan Pratt: That said, there are points that have been found with a the wetlands themselves and kind of a Jay said.

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Jordan Pratt: I don't know if you all saw that there was one point that was kind of plot it almost in the middle of the only come out here, and I think that's probably a later date, at some point.

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Jordan Pratt: When the water receive the innocent they were like I mean maybe they were in a boat I don't know, but like we got something that got there in a different way.

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Jordan Pratt: And I do think that to a certain extent, the her a baseline is not super difficult at least around the lakes themselves to survey, because you have the sagebrush stuff.

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Jordan Pratt: it's when you start getting into the uplands where you have the actual words that I think it's harder to do those surveys and potentially find the stem points.

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Jordan Pratt: Those are also may areas where there tends to be a little bit of a less of a focus, at least with this basic on trying to find those older sites, so I think it's a little bit of both it's not impossible, but it's definitely easier and different land forms.

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Adam Hudson: Well, thank you.

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Jordan Pratt: yeah thanks for the question.

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Richie Rosencrance: hi Jordan i'll ask a question it's richie.

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Jordan Pratt: Okay ricky.

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Richie Rosencrance: i'm assuming you are planning to do this, but i'm wondering if you're planning to like look at distribution points relative to water, and then the sources of those points and then kind of see how people are moving across the landscape you got plans for that or any ideas.

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Jordan Pratt: yeah i'm actually just finished sourcing all of the points I haven't gotten into like actually looking at where they're coming from individually.

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Jordan Pratt: But that is one of the things that i'm interested in looking at most of the points are obsidian.

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Jordan Pratt: there's a decent number that are fine grained volcanic so kind of assaults and different things like that, but most of them are just getting into I think I should be able to actually sort them.

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Jordan Pratt: Hopefully, my references are good enough that I can actually I need them to specific sources.

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Jordan Pratt: But that's one of the things that i'm interested in is trying to figure out if the points that are closer to the lake are found on a city in that come from further away.

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Jordan Pratt: Or if there are cities that are located around the lake and I kind of expect there will be a mix of both as people are creating new points when they're around the lake and discarding the older points.

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Jordan Pratt: But that's definitely something that i'm interested in looking at and i'm hoping, I can split it up a little bit more by Type two.

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Jordan Pratt: Unfortunately, a lot of this raw data, because it is such a large research side and a lot of it was collected by different people with various levels.

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Jordan Pratt: of expertise when it comes to typing stuff there's a lot of things that were type certain things, and they may not be that point so there's a little bit more work that needs to be done to kind of refine that as they go forward.

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Jordan Pratt: yeah.

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Richie Rosencrance: cool thanks.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: I just a little follow up and it may have to do is kind of the quality of the data.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: though these were isolated, maybe, but it's possible that it's some in some contexts, there was actually other chipping debris or it took on the the realm of being more of a site.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: It seems like using the like comparing and contrasting isolates versus those other kinds of context would be useful to understand landscape, use and and the importance of water.

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Jordan Pratt: yeah definitely definitely didn't do here, but I do have the ability to kind of look at what is nicely versus what is.

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Jordan Pratt: From a site and a lot of these artifacts are from sites which simply means they were found either with multiple stem points or potentially flakes or something else associated with them.

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Jordan Pratt: I kind of looked at different types of projects all points in the past in this same kind of way in the honeybee same and there is a big distribution of isolates versus.

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Jordan Pratt: versus those that are from site I think it'd be interesting to see if some of the bigger sites are located lower down where it's like the uplands you see the islip or vice versa that's something that I think might become more apparent as I dig deeper.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: We have time for one more question i'm looking at all these just black squares with name, so if you if you don't have it now, you know you can hold on to it and bring it forward after we've gone through our other couple of talks so thank you so much, Jordan, really wonderful.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: To have you present and now we'll shift to kaitlyn madonna's talk and while she is getting her talk in order i'm going to introduce her and her colleagues.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Dr Kate when Madonna is a postdoctoral scholar with the great face and Paleo Indian research unit at the University of Nevada Reno.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Her research investigates the relationships between people food waste and environment in western North America, with an emphasis on plant use and landscape changed during the pleistocene Holocene transition her co authors richie rosencrantz who you just heard a question from.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Our rosencrantz as a PhD student at the University of Nevada Reno his research interests include the people in the Americas, the Western standpoint tradition.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: chronology building with the technology and labour organization, especially in the great basin and Columbia plateau.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: And last but not least, Dr Dennis Jenkins, is a senior research archaeologist to and director of the University of Oregon archaeology field school.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: His research interests include the initial settlement of North America northern base great base in archaeology obsidian sourcing and hydration and great bass and settlement subsistence systems.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Dennis caitlin and Richard instruct the University of Oregon archaeology field school at colleague caves and they're presenting their work tonight and caitlin's the the first author a high desert life in the ice age and same from Fort rock face so take it away caitlin.

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Katelyn McDonough: Okay Thank you so much for the introduction, hopefully, everybody can hear me and see my slide here.

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Katelyn McDonough: Good evening and I just want to thank all the organizers for making this event.

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Katelyn McDonough: Possible this is awesome and i'm really honored to be a part of it, and thank you all for being here tonight i'm really excited to share an update.

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Katelyn McDonough: On what my co authors and some other of our colleagues as well have been up to and what we've been learning about life in the ice age, through our work in the fort rock basin of Oregon.

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Katelyn McDonough: let's see here alright so tonight we're going to begin by imagining the landscape during the ice age, also known as the pleistocene.

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Katelyn McDonough: And then take a look at two sites, first the common case and then cougar mountain cave which are located just within 20 kilometers of each other.

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Katelyn McDonough: And also near some other sites that you may be familiar with so just to orient to we have what rat cave, which is very well known for its incredible sagebrush sandals that represent the oldest dated footwear in the world.

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Katelyn McDonough: We also have Paisley caves not too far away and the she would can basin, where some of the earliest evidence for humans in North America has been found in the form of copper lights.

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Katelyn McDonough: Which is a fancy word for very old poop and that those old coprolites date to 14,000 years ago.

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Katelyn McDonough: there's also some of the oldest stem points which Jordan just did a great job introducing stem points in the western stem tradition.

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Katelyn McDonough: So there's some very old standpoints here going back around 13,000 years ago so just with these couple of examples you can really see how Oregon archaeology is significantly changing our understanding of the very deep past tonight we'll conclude.

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Katelyn McDonough: With some thoughts about how the work in the fort rock basin is contributing to some bigger pictures of human experience many thousands of years ago.

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Katelyn McDonough: I do want to acknowledge that we are working on and the work that i'll be talking about was conducted on the ancestral.

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Katelyn McDonough: homelands, of the klamath northern Pike and mo Doc peoples whose descendants are members of the claim of tribes the burns paid tribe, and the confederate tribes of the warm springs, and we are very grateful for the opportunity to be in these places, and to do this work.

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Katelyn McDonough: So this is what the Foreign base and looks like today, but what was the view during the ice age.

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Katelyn McDonough: The theme of this year's roadshow is water and that's a very important thing to think about during the pleistocene.

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Katelyn McDonough: Especially in the great basin, where many valleys would fill up with these large Pluto lakes and this would really change the landscape.

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Katelyn McDonough: Unfortunately, the lake history in the forest basin is poorly understood right now we're working to change that.

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Katelyn McDonough: But what we do know is that sometime before about 13,200 years ago the basin hell's a very large lake and at its maximum movil Fort rock lake was about 250 feet deep and larger than the state of Rhode island and looking out, you may have seen some camels walking by and maybe some horses.

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Katelyn McDonough: Oh let's see here oh sorry like is coming back camels and horses they're coming back, but they're not going to be here very long, you may also see a mammoth as well, and there are a lot of different animals at this time, at the end of the ice age there's also um.

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Katelyn McDonough: yeah and some into mammoth Okay, I think these are all our critters.

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Katelyn McDonough: But tonight we are actually talking about the very end of the ice age this period of global cooling between about 12,900 and 11,700 years ago, which is known as the younger dryas and by this time all of those iconic megafauna I just talked about we're no longer with us.

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Katelyn McDonough: But you would still see some large mammals looking out you'd see maybe some bison and some elk these are both things that show up economy and clear mountain caves.

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Katelyn McDonough: You might hear the mighty call of the pica which are both adorable and great climatic indicators, because they're very heat sensitive.

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Katelyn McDonough: And pikas are no longer in the fort rock basin today, but we recently found and dated a Pike up from the caitlyn caves to 12,500 years ago, which confirms that it was definitely much cooler than.

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Katelyn McDonough: lake levels, around this time we're also changing, we know that by about 13,000 years ago the lake had receded substantially giving way to productive wetlands.

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Katelyn McDonough: and wetlands would have been really important habitats for many plants and animals, especially things like waterfowl and fishes.

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Katelyn McDonough: As far as people's toolkits during this time, they included stemmed points stem technology, sometimes called Western stem tradition.

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Katelyn McDonough: And we know this started again by around 13,000 years ago, or possibly earlier co evil or possibly earlier than Clovis technology.

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Katelyn McDonough: haskett which is shown on the right here is a specific type of stem technology that came into us around 12,600 years ago and we see a lot of this kind of project out point at conley and cougar mountain caves.

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Katelyn McDonough: And I also just want to take this moment to do a quick plug for a book that we have under review right now.

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Katelyn McDonough: it's an edited volume of 14 chapters it's going to give an updated perspective on stemmed as well as looted technology in the Far West.

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Katelyn McDonough: and Jordan and richie and I and all the contributors here have been working on it for a long time and we just can't wait to share it with you soon so.

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Katelyn McDonough: that's going to be in the works in the next year or so and working on this book has definitely shown me.

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Katelyn McDonough: And just doing pleistocene archaeology in general has definitely shown me that there is still so much left to understand, about the complexities of life.

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Katelyn McDonough: Technology diet society, all these different things and we're really trying to contribute to that picture with our work in the fort rock basin.

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Katelyn McDonough: So let's start by looking at the con like caves which includes a string of eight rock shelters that overlook paulina marsh Dennis ritchie and I and others as well, like justin holcomb.

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Katelyn McDonough: have been teaching the University of Oregon archaeology field school here since 2014 and we'll be back out there again this summer, this time partnering with Jeff Smith from the University of Nevada Reno.

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Katelyn McDonough: Our work so far has really focused on three of the three shelters, which are shown here and tonight we are going to look at cave five and K for.

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Katelyn McDonough: First, just to give you a little background the questions that brought us to calmly caves go back to excavations that were carried out in the 1960s by Stephen bedwell has shown on the left here at the column caves.

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Katelyn McDonough: That will uncovered stemmed points that he proposed data to 13,000 years ago.

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Katelyn McDonough: However, this claim remained controversial, for decades, due to the expedient nature of these very early excavations.

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Katelyn McDonough: So this prompted us to return to the site with the University of Oregon field school and I just want to stress that people have been visiting these shelters repeatedly for more than 12,600 years but tonight we're only going to have time to focus on a specific aspects of this record.

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Katelyn McDonough: Our recent research in K five is contributing to one of the foremost questions and pleistocene archaeology, which is the nature of people's food what were people eating.

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Katelyn McDonough: This is really important to understand, because what people eat reflects so much about their lives, and this is a map of pleistocene age sites that have dietary information.

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Katelyn McDonough: The red indicates animal foods and the blue indicates plant foods so you can probably pretty quickly appreciate that there's a bias towards animal foods happening here.

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Katelyn McDonough: And though we know that plants have probably always played an important role in people's lives, our view of what plants specifically is pretty narrow.

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Katelyn McDonough: Our exhibitions and K five provided a really great opportunity to try to expand this view So here we encountered deposits that spanned that younger dryas period.

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Katelyn McDonough: On the left, you can see the students actively excavating those components and then on the right is the strategic griffey in that area.

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Katelyn McDonough: And within those strata graphic layers there are hearts or places where people had fires and possibly cooked so to look at plant use I analyze the botanical.

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Katelyn McDonough: botanical remains the plant remains inside those features and in total, I found over 700 charred seeds from inside of those features, including 18 different edible plants that are used by great basin indigenous groups.

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Katelyn McDonough: And i'm going to go over the results really quickly, right now, but if you're interested to know more our recent article on this is just available open access, so you can go on the American antiquity website and download it there.

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Katelyn McDonough: So each of these features was really unique and really told us something different, and i'm going to quickly describe each one.

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Katelyn McDonough: The oldest feature was about 12,500 years old, Miss Hart.

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Katelyn McDonough: Only had about two seeds, so it really didn't tell us very much about plant use, however, the associated tools included things like haskett project out points.

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Katelyn McDonough: And lots of funnel remains and things that suggests that this visit may have been more related to making tools fixing tools and hunting.

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Katelyn McDonough: We then have a 12,000 year old heart that has lots of seeds, including at least eight species of Dryland plants which are the ones shown in the gold font and two.

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Katelyn McDonough: types of wetland plants that are shown in the green font and the associated tools included against them points, as well as three fragments of ground stone that could be some of the oldest brownstone.

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Katelyn McDonough: On the continent, potentially, there was also a bone needle fragment inside of the future, and all of us together tells us that people were here in the summer months they gathered plants for multiple habitats and they sewed and I also want to point out this.

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Katelyn McDonough: This item right here.

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Katelyn McDonough: we're not really sure what this is it's a very small piece of carved bone and very similar things have been founded other younger Dr H sites elsewhere in the great basin.

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Katelyn McDonough: And the Columbia plateau, so this is a map of pleistocene age sites that have bone needles.

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Katelyn McDonough: And you can see the places that have very similar carbone items so there's we'd like ditch in Oregon where Jordan is working.

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Katelyn McDonough: bonneville estates rock shelter in Nevada and spent on gap in Washington so together we're seeing really interesting similarities between younger dryas age sites and a pretty broad geographic region.

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Katelyn McDonough: Going back to the features here, we also have an 11,800 year old rock lined hearth that contained many seeds, but this time all the seeds were from Dryland plants and there was no evidence for wetland use.

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Katelyn McDonough: This and the associated artifacts suggest that this may have been a different type of visit possibly due to people coming to the shelters later in the year closer to late fall.

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Katelyn McDonough: And then, lastly, we have a 11,500 year old hearth that had seeds again of Dryland and wetland plants and these plants are available in the summer and fall months the hearth also contained a lot of fish vertebra and nearby we found this.

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Katelyn McDonough: bone artifact here this bone carved item that could be part of a composite fishing hook this suggest that people were using wetteland and water resources, during this thing.

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Katelyn McDonough: Again there was another Ibo needle fragment this time it's just the tiny little bit where it broke at the eye and you can see it in a pillowcase in my hand for scale there in that picture.

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Katelyn McDonough: And the other thing we're seeing here is that the project out point style is changing to a slightly more grass i'll shouldered form so altogether.

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Katelyn McDonough: we're seeing that people visited the caves over and over.

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Katelyn McDonough: During different seasons and for different reasons throughout the younger dryas and engaged in a whole range of activities, including toolmaking sewing possibly fishing gathering plants.

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Katelyn McDonough: And some of these plans are new additions to the known botanical record and the pleistocene menu of North America.

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Katelyn McDonough: So if we go back to that map, we were looking at of dietary data, we can see some interesting patterns that are starting to emerge, we see that the.

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Katelyn McDonough: The plans found it conlon caves fit really well with dietary records at other great base insights so, for example, we see a variety of seeds from plants like mustards and cattails and keno and at.

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Katelyn McDonough: places like Paisley caves and bonneville states at Paisley caves hard going back 13,000 years ago contained a whole variety of charts seeds, as well as possible.

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Katelyn McDonough: Evidence of root use and the coprolites they're contained seeds, as well as fruits, and this is the coolest thing to me microscopic remains.

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Katelyn McDonough: Of leafy Greens showing that people were eating the leafy green parts of plants, which is so hard to see archaeologically.

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Katelyn McDonough: And bonneville estates rock shelter there's hires with a variety of fields as well as charred cactus pads that had the spines twisted off.

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Katelyn McDonough: And then in utah there's the wishbone site that has seeds of plant foods, as well as tobacco, which is the earliest evidence of tobacco use ever so overall the great basin record includes.

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Katelyn McDonough: seeds fruits roots and greens and that record looks a lot different than what we're seeing at sites further east.

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Katelyn McDonough: Where hires at places like shani many think we're in the Clovis component, there were cars that had.

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Katelyn McDonough: charred fruits and nuts there's desk cave in Alabama that also contained harz dominated by nuts and berries, with some possible small seed us.

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Katelyn McDonough: And then, very recently in Texas archaeologists found escape pods and a hearth at eagle came.

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Katelyn McDonough: So we're starting to now get a glimpse into plant use during the pleistocene and right now the greatest diversity of plants is in the great basin.

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Katelyn McDonough: And a lot of his work has been carried out just in the last 15 years so it's pretty recent but it's building this whole new perspective on aspects of life that were previously unrecognized archaeologically, so I think that's really exciting.

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Katelyn McDonough: In addition to foodways I work at caitlyn caves is also providing important use of technology and the primary example is from K for i'm just going to give one example from here.

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Katelyn McDonough: On the left here is a plan view of cave for with the ufo excavation unit shown in the number of Gray boxes.

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Katelyn McDonough: And then, Stephen bedwell unit shown in red so by working with the legacy collection, as well as conducting our own excavations we were able to integrate these data sets and and see that people repeatedly use this space.

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Katelyn McDonough: Throughout the younger dryas similar to K five except for it looks like they were using the space in a different way during some of the visits and.

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Katelyn McDonough: One one activity or one purpose here that we're seeing may have been a sewing camp or a place where people would congregate seasonally to process hides and make them into leather items such as clothing to survive the cold winter.

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Katelyn McDonough: Around two and a half meters below the surface and K, for we encountered a really dense concentration of cultural materials dating to about 12,300 years ago.

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Katelyn McDonough: There were 40 protect our points which are shown in red in the map, these are all standpoints mostly haskett.

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Katelyn McDonough: And there were over 100 scrapers which are shown in the blue, as well as bone needles, so all of this is really suggesting some intensive processing activities, as well as sewing.

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Katelyn McDonough: archaeologist Alan I was born, has proposed that so many technology is linked to clothing production and was an adaptive response to cold stress during the under-dress.

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Katelyn McDonough: And as an analogy, and I was born look to historical accounts have any what selling camps were groups coalesced for several weeks in the fall to procure.

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Katelyn McDonough: And process caribou hide when the first were at their fullest and it was the women who, who are the traditional skilled seamstresses spending over 100 hours per outfit to make tight fitted.

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Katelyn McDonough: clothing for the whole family to survive the winter.

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Katelyn McDonough: So from this, I was born develop specific expectations for what such a camp would look like archaeologically and K for meet many of these, for instance, there may have been specific work areas with.

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Katelyn McDonough: Cars in the back and concentrations of the scrapers towards the front, there are needles there's grievers of raiders cutting knives ogre possible I am so adornment such as this modified porcupine tooth here.

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Katelyn McDonough: And we also had some scrapers analyzed for protein and they returned matches with high bearing animals like mountain sheep and elk.

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Katelyn McDonough: So all of this really does support Alan osborne's predictions for selling camp, so now let's turn our attention to cougar mountain cave because that record is is providing some very interesting insights on what people may have been sewing.

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Katelyn McDonough: So a very brief history of trigger mountain cave is that most of it was activated by a local man in the 1950s and most of the material that he excavated is now in the fable museum and klamath falls Oregon there was also a second smaller excavation led by Tom layton in the 1960s.

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Katelyn McDonough: But that's it there's been no further explanation, since then, so all subsequent work, including our own, has all been working with museum collections.

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Katelyn McDonough: Now the hyper arid and well sheltered environment of cougar mountain cave has allowed for incredible preservation.

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Katelyn McDonough: Like on the order of Paisley caves preservation, except it looks like people were staying here for longer periods of time, so there's a lot of material.

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Katelyn McDonough: From this location, so one reason for this, I just want to point out is that there's a very good obsidian source right there cougar mountain cave obsidian is right there so that could be another draw for coming to this location.

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Katelyn McDonough: But there's a lot of incredible organic materials preserved from Cooper man cave in the museum collection and recently rosencrantz and colleagues.

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Katelyn McDonough: dated some of the textiles from that collection, including this piece of braided cord outage which they found data to the younger dryas they publish this work in.

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Katelyn McDonough: And this inspired our new collaborative effort.

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Katelyn McDonough: And that's between the University of Oregon and the University of Nevada Reno that includes myself and all the fine folks that you see here.

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Katelyn McDonough: And it's a real honor to work with these people, I just want to say, because everyone brings their own specialty.

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Katelyn McDonough: And yeah so we've been working with the fable museum to begin a long term research program that's focusing on developing a chronology or trying to understand the timing of when.

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Katelyn McDonough: People visited cougar mountain cave and we're doing this through radio carbon dating of organic artifacts.

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Katelyn McDonough: because much of the site was excavated non professionally a lot of the context was lost so radio carbon dating is the best tool available to understand the age of these materials.

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Katelyn McDonough: I do want to say radio carbon dating is a destructive method, but this method has improved so much that you can get a date with less than two milligrams of organic material so, for example, this.

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Katelyn McDonough: Small bit of sagebrush bark is more than enough to get a radiocarbon date so This allows us to gain a lot of information with.

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Katelyn McDonough: Trying to be minimal and the attrition to the materials and we're working with a lot of different types of materials, including textiles, but tonight we're just going to look at the leather and specifically the pleistocene age leather a cougar mountain cave there.

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Katelyn McDonough: there's a variety of different types of leather preserved and here on the Left it's a little hard to discern, but this is a front and back picture of the same item and it's a lot of leather that has.

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Katelyn McDonough: sagebrush portage sewn into it actually stitched into it with some knots and we dated this twice to 12,300 years ago, approximately.

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Katelyn McDonough: And, to our knowledge, this is some of or, possibly, the oldest directly dated physical or means of some leather in the world.

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Katelyn McDonough: And there's also a lot of leather string and shown in the Center there and a strip of leather with sagebrush bark wrapped around it, and all of these are very similar in age and they're also similar in age to the possible sewing camp and the selling activities happening currently.

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Katelyn McDonough: So this is really exciting, because we have lots of evidence for showing in the pleistocene but we've never really been able to see what it is.

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Katelyn McDonough: And what was being sown so on the left, we have Alan osborne's 2014 map of place to seen sites that have bone noodles and we're now being able to fill in that big blank area with more younger Dr H sites throughout the West that have sewing technology and the prevalence of.

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Katelyn McDonough: The prevalence of these bone needles of selling technology and now having this sewn leather really suggest that sewing and maybe leather clothing may have been a distinct part of pleistocene lifeways and I think this is really important to.

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Katelyn McDonough: To consider and to try to understand because making clothing is a really intensive activity, and it would have really affected seasonal mobility and help people organize their groups.

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Katelyn McDonough: Food procurement lots of different things, so our ongoing work is trying to look at these broader patterns and what they can tell us about human adaptation resiliency and and technology.

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Katelyn McDonough: When we bring all this together, what can we say about life in the pleistocene and how has work in the forest base and contributed to this.

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Katelyn McDonough: Well, we are learning a lot more about people's stone tools, especially haskett points, as well as associated toolkits that included things like scrapers ravers knives.

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Katelyn McDonough: And and more a cougar mountain cave we're seeing that people's material culture also included things like sewn leather and, in some cases even mixed material pieces.

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Katelyn McDonough: Like the leather with the plant fibers Fitch in as well as plant based technologies like sprayed in portage.

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Katelyn McDonough: And economy we found delicate little bone needles and we can determine the season that somebody dropped that needle and we can look at the plants that they may have been cooking on the heart the.

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Katelyn McDonough: seasonality, the plant foods tell us about the seasonality, and what time of the year, they were there.

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Katelyn McDonough: and

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Katelyn McDonough: I didn't get I didn't have time to go into all of the different food items, but we were seeing a really diverse record, so we have roots fruit seeds.

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Katelyn McDonough: cacti and leafy Greens in the great basin and people are also using a wide range of animals as well, large animals as well as small critters and fishes and birds.

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Katelyn McDonough: and fish is really incredible to be able to see these these details and these aspects of people's lives and to know that there's still so much more left to understand.

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Katelyn McDonough: And addition to the excavations and the collections based research that I talked about tonight are our broader research team is.

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Katelyn McDonough: Doing other things like sentiment Korean projects to try to understand the lake and marsh histories.

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Katelyn McDonough: And we're working with Perry check to have the climate tribes to understand nutritional values of plant foods.

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Katelyn McDonough: And and just trying to work with folks across the whole continent to understand these broader patterns.

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Katelyn McDonough: it's definitely clear that the more we work collaboratively and consider a diverse methodological theoretical and geographic perspectives, the more complete picture we're going to be able to visualize.

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Katelyn McDonough: And that's really I know that was a lot that's all I have for tonight, I have a lot of people to think there's so many people involved in this work and to make it possible, again I want to thank all the organizers Virginia and Scott and carolyn everyone.

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Katelyn McDonough: And the climate tribes the burns pay you Chad, the confederate tribes of the warm springs.

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Katelyn McDonough: Also, I want to recognize bill cannon and and carolyn temple again the blm has been really supportive of this work that conlon k's are located on blm land and we're grateful to the naval museum.

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Katelyn McDonough: As well as our other collaborators, especially Jeff Smith justin holcomb Perry check to Jamie Kennedy Cathy postman.

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Katelyn McDonough: and your bone Miranda harding and everybody I showed on that previous slide and definitely all of our field school students and volunteers who have done so much of this work.

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Katelyn McDonough: And, of course, none of this would be possible without financial support, so we definitely want to thank everyone who has made this work possible and that way, all the people in institutions here.

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Katelyn McDonough: And then, of course, thank you for your time intention tonight, please feel free to ask me questions now or, if you think of one later email me anytime because if you can't tell I love talking about archaeology Thank you.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Thank you, thank you so much whoo um So here we go with with Q amp a.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: let's let's ask caitlin some questions.

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Katelyn McDonough: i'll ask a question yeah let's hear it justin.

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Justin Holcomb: First off, let me just say awesome job that was such a great talk and I love the animals in the beginning, and as you know, the the last day reading sorry I was really great so so thanks for that, but my question is simple what's next for only caves.

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Katelyn McDonough: yeah that is a fantastic question, and so, first, I just want to say justin holcomb is the geo archaeologists working on the content caves project and.

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Katelyn McDonough: he's been teaching the field school with us and it's coming out again the summer, too, so all our GEO our stuff is is thanks to justin.

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Katelyn McDonough: What is next well this summer we're currently working in cave six which I didn't talk about tonight, but you can see it in that first slide.

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Katelyn McDonough: This is going to be the last place we're going to work at conley because we definitely don't want to like disturb everything and.

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Katelyn McDonough: So we're going to be working, probably for two more years there with the field school and there's going to be so many more projects that come from that.

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Katelyn McDonough: Opportunities for theses dissertations things like that, and some of our main.

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Katelyn McDonough: focus is going to be final analysis, we definitely want to do some more of that we have a lot of sediment samples we've been doing a really intensive sediment sampling program so we want to look at.

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Katelyn McDonough: distribution of plant and animal remains throughout the site we're working on some cool GEO archaeological stuff with doing micro more looking microscopically at the sediment and understanding how the the site formed and.

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Katelyn McDonough: Working in the broader area trying to do some some more sediment corrine trying to date the shorelines that have been really difficult.

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Katelyn McDonough: To understand that lake history there that will be really important for not only conley but the whole area to work that out.

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Katelyn McDonough: So those are some of the main things and there's probably a lot of other important things I forgotten about, but those are the first that come to mind there's a lot of ongoing stuff.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: i'll ask the question of just again great talk lots of things to think about and one of the things that I kept getting and appreciate it, because i've.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: You know, been knowing about this stuff for like 40 years is just have drastically our view has changed of that time period and how people made a living.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: And you know just I kept thinking big game hunting, you know it just it was so much a part of the received wisdom.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: And, and the work that you and Jamie and Elizabeth and you know folks have been doing on plants is just just shot that out of water it's just just glorious you know and it just mix things up.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: And one thing, though, I was struck by is the seasonality little pies that you did the those are real clever for just showing for each feature what Missouri represented and.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: I was thinking that you know it was all summer spring or something in the winter wasn't there and I, how are you going to get winter, because of the resources that can people be storing food.

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Katelyn McDonough: Yes, that's such a good question and i've thought about this to ever since someone at someone asked a similar question one time about like when I was talking about copper lights and they asked well, what does a wintertime copper light look like.

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Katelyn McDonough: And I I just think that's such a great question because it's a lot harder to see.

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Katelyn McDonough: To kind of get it seasonality during the winter, especially if you're looking through the lens of plants because they're pretty scarce during that time.

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Katelyn McDonough: One potential way could be maybe if you're seeing a mix of plants.

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Katelyn McDonough: from different seasons that are maybe being stored in the long term, and people are using stored up plants so they're not all falling into the same season, maybe that could be one way, I definitely think.

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Katelyn McDonough: Looking also at the animal remains the funnel remains in conjunction with the plants.

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Katelyn McDonough: will be really important to do we definitely have some components that didn't really have very many plant remains and i'm wondering if maybe that is.

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Katelyn McDonough: Because people are there in the winter, or maybe they're just they're not in didn't drop their plants or weren't using them at that time it's really kind of tricky to parse out and that's a really great great question.

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Katelyn McDonough: That, I think, will be best addressed by kind of multiple perspectives from the funnel and the plants together.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: No, I didn't think there was a clear answer.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Just that kind of as a tree.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: You know that we're always faced with, but you know the other thing that.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: I was thinking about was the link of younger dryas and bone needles and sewing you know because it's gotten colder then.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: But I think it's pretty cold and challenging over there now you know so people needed pretty good clothing all the time, I mean I appreciate it got colder it wasn't a walk in the park.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: You know, after the younger dryas that we started getting into the Holocene just I just Australia, why the the link of of clothing, with the younger dryas and and thinking, it should be broader than that.

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Katelyn McDonough: yeah and I do think that it is broader than that and we're seeing at cougar mountain cave.

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Katelyn McDonough: Initially cal's who activate the site in the 50s reported all the leather mean from the lowest levels, but as we've started to date them, we have found that they actually are not all that age, and there are.

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Katelyn McDonough: More recent pieces of leather so it's not like leather just dropped out completely, it would be really, really cool to see a comparison summary of sewing technology at different time periods and see.

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Katelyn McDonough: How that could be changing but that's so true, it is it's cold there now i'm where many layers and a puffy jacket in the winter there and yeah it's still very cool for sure.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: So.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: I think any more questions or shall we move on to our our final presentation.

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VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Bravo bravo just so good good good excellent Adam did you have a question.

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Adam Hudson: Now, on the follow on with your question ask just.

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Adam Hudson: As especially caitlin since you mentioned the presence of the Pike being an indicator of colder conditions hearing the younger dryas either.

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Adam Hudson: analogous plant indicators that are as good as discriminating you know movement down slope of plant communities for things that don't exist at the convocation today that are found in in younger dryas layers.

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Katelyn McDonough: Yes, kinda there it's a little bit more tricky because a lot of times the kind of the plant communities shift like you were saying like shift up or down but.

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Katelyn McDonough: there's a similar like plant Community there, most of the time in the general vicinity one thing that's been really interesting though is juniper we have not found any juniper charcoal and the younger dryas or any pleistocene deposits at conlon caves actually we don't even see it until.

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Katelyn McDonough: kind of like middle Holocene time there and I recently did some sediment Korean and paulina marsh really nearby and the early Holocene sediments and that didn't have any juniper pollen.

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Katelyn McDonough: And I thought that was really strange, and so I started looking through more records in the fort rock basin and there's only one instance of one piece of reported juniper charcoal and the early Holocene and the whole Fort rock basin.

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Katelyn McDonough: i'd really like to try to revisit that and try to date it directly and just.

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Katelyn McDonough: Maybe there's something really different with the distribution of juniper.

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Katelyn McDonough: And because today, it is all over the caves it's all over the country hills is all over everywhere and before I basin and you would think that if it was there, people would have been burning it for fuel but we're not seeing it in hard so that's one plant that.

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Katelyn McDonough: it's not necessarily a cold indicator but it's one that looks like it might have been differently distributed and before I basin during that time well.

408
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Adam Hudson: Thank you, that was really great talking.

409
01:11:40.590 --> 01:11:42.690
Katelyn McDonough: Thanks hopefully we'll see about the summer.

410
01:11:43.110 --> 01:11:43.710
Adam Hudson: Are you will.

411
01:11:45.570 --> 01:11:53.760
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: So now it's time to have katie with the present so let's have her work on the screen share, while I introduce her.

412
01:11:55.530 --> 01:12:01.350
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: katie with the is the district archaeology for the blue mountain range or district now here national forest.

413
01:12:01.680 --> 01:12:09.090
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: She received her bachelor's and anthropology from portland State University an ma in anthropology from the University of Nevada Reno.

414
01:12:09.750 --> 01:12:19.680
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: She spent several years working for land management agencies in Oregon California Nevada and Idaho before moving back to eastern Oregon nearly seven years ago.

415
01:12:20.130 --> 01:12:34.320
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: She is interested in historical archaeology identity and the turtle culture and tonight she's going to present this interesting title murders creek CCC and the fs work camp take it away katie.

416
01:12:38.460 --> 01:12:41.670
Katee Withee: awesome Thank you Virginia, can you guys hear me okay.

417
01:12:42.660 --> 01:12:43.740
Katee Withee: Okay awesome thanks.

418
01:12:44.880 --> 01:12:54.630
Katee Withee: All right, well those presentations were incredible like i'm feeling so inspired to be an archaeologist right now so she out here in eastern Oregon yeah wow so cool.

419
01:12:55.770 --> 01:13:02.130
Katee Withee: i'm definitely going to zoom us way forward into the future convert the last few talks of i'm probably.

420
01:13:03.600 --> 01:13:10.950
Katee Withee: we're looking at a site that was utilized as late as 90 years ago so yeah a little bit different than the last two topics um.

421
01:13:11.490 --> 01:13:21.270
Katee Withee: yeah so once again my name is katie with the and I am a forest service archaeologist on the blue mountain range or district on them out here, national forest out here in eastern Oregon.

422
01:13:21.930 --> 01:13:28.650
Katee Withee: The boundary national forest is 1.7 million acres of national forest managed lands in grant and Harney county.

423
01:13:29.850 --> 01:13:39.450
Katee Withee: We have a pretty large heritage program on our forests, which includes nearly 5000 recorded sites and 3000 of which are specifically on the blue mountain district.

424
01:13:40.770 --> 01:13:55.050
Katee Withee: The sites represent a range of time periods and cultural contacts we manage sites like obsidian quarries and procurement sites large surface lubick scatters is our last remaining sites row row blogging.

425
01:13:55.710 --> 01:14:14.280
Katee Withee: Historic ranching and homesteading and even our own history arrow and forest service administration history, so my focus this evening is on a site associated with the civilian conservation corps and the forest service that's fs acronyms sorry can't get away from them, but.

426
01:14:15.840 --> 01:14:16.920
Katee Withee: So yeah.

427
01:14:18.150 --> 01:14:30.810
Katee Withee: Both the CCC and the forest service had camps in the same area on murders creek the CCC camp dates to a few months in 1933 and the forest service work camp was used.

428
01:14:31.560 --> 01:14:42.840
Katee Withee: A couple of different times between like 1939 to late 40s early 50s and this site hosted for service Cruz, who are working on force restoration projects out in the area.

429
01:14:50.250 --> 01:14:53.730
Katee Withee: I don't see the screen advancing okay oh there we go cool.

430
01:14:55.530 --> 01:15:05.220
Katee Withee: Alright, so the CCC was established in 1933 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as part of the New Deal era legislation and programming.

431
01:15:05.910 --> 01:15:15.420
Katee Withee: It was created via the emergency conservation Work Act and the New Deal legislation was a direct response to the economic crisis associated with the Great Depression.

432
01:15:16.110 --> 01:15:31.230
Katee Withee: And the Great Depression was a period of financial hardship in the US related to stock market stock market crash and subsequent financial and economic fallout that lasted from 1929 until basically the onset of American involvement in World War Two.

433
01:15:32.580 --> 01:15:42.780
Katee Withee: The CCC strove to provide employment job training and education opportunities to largest group of unemployed Americans young men from 18 to 25 years old.

434
01:15:43.350 --> 01:15:50.580
Katee Withee: And most enrollees hailed from urban areas on the east coast in the Midwest where unemployment numbers were at their highest.

435
01:15:51.240 --> 01:16:01.800
Katee Withee: And this program was conceived as a progressive program that supplied Labor and employment opportunity opportunities and helped with the development, protection of our nation's natural resources.

436
01:16:02.460 --> 01:16:12.450
Katee Withee: and, overall, the CCC was incredibly incredibly popular it was supported by both Republican and Democrat politicians and just the public public in general.

437
01:16:12.930 --> 01:16:15.720
Katee Withee: And so I have a quote quote that kind of confirms that.

438
01:16:16.590 --> 01:16:26.820
Katee Withee: news from the camps was welcome and good the enrollees were working hard eating heartily and gaining weight, while they improved millions of acres of federal state, and some private land.

439
01:16:27.360 --> 01:16:32.010
Katee Withee: New roads were built telephone line strong and the first of millions of trees were planted.

440
01:16:32.520 --> 01:16:40.590
Katee Withee: glowing reports of the accomplishments of the core were printed in major newspapers, including some that had bitterly oppose other phases of the New Deal.

441
01:16:41.580 --> 01:16:56.970
Katee Withee: And the program was actually never a permanent agency, despite its success in popularity, it was active for nine years when eventually funding and resources were diverted beginning in 1941 due to US involvement World War Two.

442
01:17:02.940 --> 01:17:12.870
Katee Withee: CCC enrollees throughout the country were credited with renewing the nation's for us by planting and estimated 3 billion trees between 1933 and 1944.

443
01:17:13.350 --> 01:17:25.560
Katee Withee: And today, the legacy of the CCC is continued through the effort of thousands of individuals who are on the same ground first restored by the young man at CCC, including myself, I work for co and managing agency as well.

444
01:17:27.090 --> 01:17:48.090
Katee Withee: So typically CCC companies were sponsored by federal or state agencies in Western states, often in rural areas and the bell here national forest sponsored and hosted several CCC companies from making 30 until like making 41 ish including company 1231 being 19 beginning in 1937.

445
01:17:49.230 --> 01:17:59.550
Katee Withee: The Northern end of the Maliki national forests was assigned several summer seasonal camps and the camp will be speaking about the most is the camp that was located I murders creek.

446
01:18:00.780 --> 01:18:07.320
Katee Withee: These camps where this camp was abandoned and October 1933 and move to winter headquarters off forest.

447
01:18:07.950 --> 01:18:25.530
Katee Withee: camp cannon creek was located at the now Jay barel ranch during the summer of 1935 making 36 and house 20 225 men more permanent facilities were constructed at this site and 37, some of which are actually still standing today, if you are familiar from the area.

448
01:18:27.000 --> 01:18:42.360
Katee Withee: Some notable projects completed by the CCC on the North end and the mountain national forest include the construction of the 21 road, which is still a huge major, important role in our area construction of the buildings on government Hill and john de.

449
01:18:43.890 --> 01:18:56.130
Katee Withee: The construction of the frazier look out, which are the photos on the slide that construction of wiki up and idlewild campgrounds which I think the roadshow staff of seated it well before.

450
01:18:57.390 --> 01:19:08.070
Katee Withee: The construction of a warm up cabin at storage, as well as maintenance at 14 other recreation sites, on the forest and the construction of the Canyon creek bridge which is actually still in use today so.

451
01:19:13.980 --> 01:19:23.010
Katee Withee: i'm focusing a little bit on company 1231 because we actually have a copy of an annual that they produced in 1940 on.

452
01:19:23.880 --> 01:19:32.910
Katee Withee: So you can see what the screen but yeah anyway it's pretty cool We have lots of photographic evidence like first hand accounts of their experiences at the camp and some of the projects that they worked on.

453
01:19:36.120 --> 01:19:45.840
Katee Withee: yeah and one of my favorite things that is in the annual is they actually have a accomplishment report for June 1939 to July 1940.

454
01:19:46.320 --> 01:19:54.870
Katee Withee: And I love it because I actually make accomplishment reports still do as part of my job, so I just love to see like data described in that way.

455
01:19:55.560 --> 01:20:05.010
Katee Withee: And some of the accomplishments that they listed themselves in that annual that I thought were pretty cool they built 16 and a half miles of fence.

456
01:20:05.580 --> 01:20:15.990
Katee Withee: They installed 23 miles a telephone line they worked on 1700 acres of forest and improvement, they completed 30 miles a roadside fuel reduction, which was pretty good.

457
01:20:17.040 --> 01:20:29.400
Katee Withee: He completed 700 730 acres of fire presale pre suppression, which I think is what we would call our fuels reduction treatments now so once again 730 acres is that's pretty good.

458
01:20:30.300 --> 01:20:41.220
Katee Withee: They spent 1300 days repairing and building equipment they spent nearly 7000 mandy's fighting fire and as the spouse of a wildland firefighter I, I believe that.

459
01:20:42.750 --> 01:20:54.600
Katee Withee: He built in installed eight categories and they installed 211 signs and monuments and that's just in a one year period so yeah pretty accomplished, I would say.

460
01:20:57.210 --> 01:21:09.780
Katee Withee: These are some more images and pages from that annual these are just so great, I love them, they have photos of them and their dress uniforms, as well as work uniforms.

461
01:21:10.410 --> 01:21:21.360
Katee Withee: The camp cannon creek is down on the bottom photo on the left and on the Right or some photos from the interior of the facilities are campaigning creek as well as some of the projects, they worked on.

462
01:21:21.810 --> 01:21:31.680
Katee Withee: You can see there's some like piling and burning there's some wildfire there's equipment repair it looks like they're working in Canyon creek building the bridge so pretty cool.

463
01:21:34.350 --> 01:21:51.690
Katee Withee: This is an image dated from 1938 in it's called or it's labeled as mining claim and the CCC boys, because once again most enrollees were very young 18 to 25 years of age that kind of shows a mix of their dress and the work uniforms as well.

464
01:21:56.940 --> 01:22:08.700
Katee Withee: OK, so the collective construction of the buildings at government hill were one of the largest undertakings completed by the CCC particularly company 1321 here and grant county.

465
01:22:09.540 --> 01:22:22.830
Katee Withee: The majority of the buildings are actually still in use today and include our government housing first season all staff, as well as the offices of our fire staff our fleet program storage areas.

466
01:22:23.880 --> 01:22:34.440
Katee Withee: And, for example, of the modern use of these historic buildings, one of the old barns actually is a gym now for us for for service employees.

467
01:22:35.610 --> 01:22:46.440
Katee Withee: The houses illustrate the skill and craftsmanship but the enrollees and their commanders and instructors many features beautiful stone masonry work woodworking details and sell it's our construction methods.

468
01:22:47.280 --> 01:22:57.930
Katee Withee: The architectural style buildings is distinct as well and is now recognized as depression era architecture or region six rustic style Oregon and Washington is region six.

469
01:23:00.150 --> 01:23:11.040
Katee Withee: The john de compound is actually listed on the national register of historic places and has been since 1986 it is one of three sites are forest that is actually listed on the register.

470
01:23:11.550 --> 01:23:17.250
Katee Withee: Which means that exemplify certain characteristics of size style construction and importance or significance.

471
01:23:17.790 --> 01:23:30.900
Katee Withee: It was nominated for the register because it's one of the best surviving examples of the rustic style architecture built by the CCC and these facilities are one of those 3000 sites that are managed by the blue mountain Program.

472
01:23:33.210 --> 01:23:44.160
Katee Withee: And then these two photos are like almost the exact same spot So you can see, like during construction on the left and this photo is from a couple years ago on the raid.

473
01:23:46.290 --> 01:23:51.600
Katee Withee: A lot different if you've ever been to that area, or if you had the pleasure of living in the seasonal housing like myself.

474
01:23:53.190 --> 01:24:02.670
Katee Withee: Here are one of the houses that was built at government Hill, and this is one of my favorite houses on the compound that we have seasonal staff still living in.

475
01:24:09.420 --> 01:24:18.030
Katee Withee: OK, so the murders creek camp was constructed in 1933 and it was one of several seasonal camp utilized by the CCC enrollees.

476
01:24:18.600 --> 01:24:35.160
Katee Withee: They camp was located near the confluence of murders creek and orange creek and provided a base of operation for projects in the area, while stationed at the murders creek camp enrollees built range fences constructed for service roads and engage in a wildfire suppression.

477
01:24:36.330 --> 01:24:49.380
Katee Withee: enrollees were quartered in large 120 by 60 foot canvas tents, which house 35 to 40 men or in smaller 16 by 16 pyramid style tense which house six to eight men.

478
01:24:50.430 --> 01:25:06.150
Katee Withee: Each 10 had a wood duck floor and the enrollees tents were situated parallel to murders creek, whereas the army and for service personnel were housed in the pyramid tense located east of Orange creek so some different division of Labor.

479
01:25:07.170 --> 01:25:15.360
Katee Withee: Use the space to prefabricated with instructions we're also looking at the site and like we serve as the mess Hall, and a repair garage.

480
01:25:16.410 --> 01:25:21.810
Katee Withee: And we have a really great oral history that archaeologists in 1997 conducted with.

481
01:25:22.410 --> 01:25:31.470
Katee Withee: A local man named floyd officer and another kind of cool fact his great great grand Nice is now our district ranger so that's kind of fun.

482
01:25:32.250 --> 01:25:52.740
Katee Withee: And he was one of the local experienced men, the lstms in the CCC program and the program employed about 25,000 of these local experience men, there are special skills are vital to train the employees and it also helped employ people and local rural areas as well.

483
01:25:54.570 --> 01:26:08.280
Katee Withee: So in the interview with flood officer he describes the orientation of the camp and the camp structures themselves and his interview was used to confirm the location of the features at the site and helped establish the function of some of those features that were observed.

484
01:26:17.100 --> 01:26:26.460
Katee Withee: I just really love this photo, this is a better from the beginning, so it's on the national forest i'm not exactly sure where but i'm kind of thinking it's at the murders creek.

485
01:26:27.060 --> 01:26:38.370
Katee Withee: campsite you can see some of those pyramid canvas tents in the background, behind the enrollee sitting around the campfire this photo is great it.

486
01:26:39.930 --> 01:26:51.360
Katee Withee: You know, has been described in written oral history and now here in a photograph and then, I have a couple of just general images of the different types of tense and infrastructure.

487
01:26:52.080 --> 01:27:05.880
Katee Withee: seen at other camps through throughout the United States, so here's an example of that would deck flooring that was described in the oral history another pyramid 10th more of those pyramid shaped tents and kind of how they're organized.

488
01:27:08.580 --> 01:27:18.690
Katee Withee: yeah some of maybe the larger temps up tents that house the 35 to 40 enrollees so we can use these images to possibly relate to the features and the materials that were observing at the site.

489
01:27:23.370 --> 01:27:30.390
Katee Withee: OK, so the forest service work camp, the bear valley timber sale was originally advertised with the forest service and.

490
01:27:31.920 --> 01:27:41.040
Katee Withee: And the sale was advertised as 890 million or feet, which at the time, and I think still now is one of the largest sales ever offered in the Pacific Northwest.

491
01:27:42.090 --> 01:27:55.410
Katee Withee: So this for service work camp was built and organized in support of that beer belly to resell, which is a huge part of his our history as the forest service, as well as on the mash now here national forest.

492
01:27:57.270 --> 01:28:03.600
Katee Withee: So the sale was eventually we advertise and awarded to the Edward hines lumber company oh Chicago and 1928.

493
01:28:04.050 --> 01:28:09.240
Katee Withee: Good purchase the unfinished saw mill located near burns and the unfinished Oregon and northwestern railroad.

494
01:28:09.990 --> 01:28:20.730
Katee Withee: The road was completed and later operated as a Union Pacific railroad and the road work at associated with the bear valley timber sale had a broad influence on the blue mountain area.

495
01:28:21.300 --> 01:28:33.030
Katee Withee: prior to its development, the pine lumber producing the blue mountains was used for local or regional consumption and with the construction of these rail lines it really allowed Eastern Oregon to enter the national Labor market for the first time.

496
01:28:35.190 --> 01:28:41.640
Katee Withee: And besides just the sheer size and volume of the sale, the very rarely to resell was unique in a couple different ways.

497
01:28:42.390 --> 01:28:54.270
Katee Withee: It included selective heart selective harvest techniques that encouraged cutting and patches of various sizes, leaving behind certain trees or clusters of trees to mimic them or mosaic force environment.

498
01:28:55.410 --> 01:29:02.910
Katee Withee: Selective harvest technique also allowed for multiple series or re entries for temporary removal at specific locations.

499
01:29:03.780 --> 01:29:11.130
Katee Withee: And additionally the sale was one of the first of its kind, where the federal government use commercial harvest to ledger to leverage.

500
01:29:11.580 --> 01:29:22.980
Katee Withee: Economic development, including the construction of sawmills the network of rubber grades Community development, especially in hines and Seneca and the longer term employment of local residents.

501
01:29:24.390 --> 01:29:31.830
Katee Withee: And through another kind of unique cooperative agreement the forest service actually worked with the advertise lumber company to manage brush control crews.

502
01:29:33.030 --> 01:29:42.510
Katee Withee: These brush control crews are the modern equivalent equivalent of fitting in hand piling and which is typically conducted prior to commercial harvest and timber removal.

503
01:29:48.900 --> 01:30:01.020
Katee Withee: Of the for service camp was located at the same place as the CCC capitalists right at the confluence of murders creek and orange creek and utilize some of the same features and structures and actually some of the same tense.

504
01:30:02.730 --> 01:30:14.040
Katee Withee: The brush camps, they were called were temporary quarters for the for service crew who usually seed in 16 by 16 foot pyramid tense, so those tents from the CCC or very similar ones.

505
01:30:15.300 --> 01:30:23.220
Katee Withee: There were several prefabricated structures, the site, one of which was utilized in some capacity by the CCC and later this.

506
01:30:23.730 --> 01:30:32.760
Katee Withee: prefab structure was actually disassembled and move to the nearby communities Seneca where I think it's actually still standing I tried to do some recon a couple weekends ago.

507
01:30:33.390 --> 01:30:43.230
Katee Withee: But I think it's still there, near where the old model was and a lot of this information came from more oral histories that were conducted by the archaeologists like 97.

508
01:30:43.620 --> 01:30:55.080
Katee Withee: This time with to long term for service employees re reese posts and merv shouting I saw del dot hands online so probably correct pronunciation of the name.

509
01:30:55.980 --> 01:31:04.800
Katee Withee: um but yeah the second prefab building at the site likely served as living quarters for the work crews during the colder months of the year.

510
01:31:05.310 --> 01:31:21.600
Katee Withee: And if you're familiar with the area senecas nearby and it had a record cold day of negative 54 degrees in February of 1933 so I don't think a prefab building or canvas tents going to keep you or negative 55 degrees.

511
01:31:23.940 --> 01:31:35.760
Katee Withee: But yeah and eventually this prefab structure was actually just assembled in the early 1950s and move to a different for service site, the combo guard station on the old burn trained or district.

512
01:31:37.530 --> 01:31:42.840
Katee Withee: There was another structure located at the for service work camp that was used as a food color food cooler.

513
01:31:43.650 --> 01:31:58.410
Katee Withee: The bottom half the color was made of wood well the top half consisted of a screen mash a layer burlap covered the inside portion of the screen and along the top of the structure where water pipes are actually designed to leak into the burlap to provide a cooling effect to the building.

514
01:31:59.460 --> 01:32:09.510
Katee Withee: And the third known structure at the site was a privy, which was also identified as feature five by archaeologists in 1987, and this was.

515
01:32:10.650 --> 01:32:21.420
Katee Withee: constructed have to win a platforms, each with a regular three whole box that you meet along the edge which connected connected together both halves forming a six hole pervy which I never really understand those but.

516
01:32:21.930 --> 01:32:27.630
Katee Withee: Look kind of cool that we can see the future at the site and directly connected via oral history.

517
01:32:29.550 --> 01:32:46.050
Katee Withee: And these are just some photos of commercial harvest in action so yeah logs loaded up on an advertised truck some felt hard hats from the 1940s and some of the heavy equipment as well.

518
01:32:50.040 --> 01:33:04.560
Katee Withee: So, of the the CCC camp in the forest service work camp are recruited in manage as for service site oh 6041002 to 40 which consists of 10 identified features.

519
01:33:06.120 --> 01:33:20.460
Katee Withee: That are either associated to CCC the for service work camp or or both of them archaeologists were able to tentatively identify for features to specific camp occupations based on those oral histories and the photographs.

520
01:33:21.540 --> 01:33:29.850
Katee Withee: I selected a few features discussed and worked up and i'm going to bounce around a little bit, but hopefully everyone can follow and it doesn't get too confusing.

521
01:33:30.750 --> 01:33:44.520
Katee Withee: feature one represents the remit remnants of a log bridge that connected the 21 road with the CCC camp and Earlier I mentioned that the CCC enrollees actually built the 21 road kind of cool.

522
01:33:46.920 --> 01:33:54.660
Katee Withee: feature for resembles a wash House and as directly adjacent to orange creek, it is a depression measuring 15 meters in length.

523
01:33:55.170 --> 01:34:05.970
Katee Withee: oriented North, the South and the northern half this rectangle and shape but generally tapers off to an airplane feature five is a four by three meter square shaped depression.

524
01:34:06.990 --> 01:34:13.140
Katee Withee: Several boards are embedded along the inside wall, while the bottom of the features littered with rusted cans and final fragments.

525
01:34:13.650 --> 01:34:24.240
Katee Withee: And archaeologists expect suspect that this feature was actually uses pretty by work crews in the late 1940s men confirmed that oral history with the farmer for service employee.

526
01:34:25.320 --> 01:34:39.420
Katee Withee: features, six and seven are both associated one of the prefabricated work through buildings constructed in the mid 40s and used by the forest service brush truce feature six was the water drain located just outside the Northwest corner of the building.

527
01:34:40.710 --> 01:34:51.720
Katee Withee: Its dimensions, where one meter by one meter with the DEP DEP the 50 centimeters and feature seven is a linear north, south shallow pipeline depression that connected the southern edge of the building with an inciting.

528
01:34:53.520 --> 01:35:04.440
Katee Withee: feature 10 is a six meter and length login earth covered damn located approximately 80 meter self the cistern feature and 30 meters north of an unnamed spring.

529
01:35:04.860 --> 01:35:17.400
Katee Withee: It consists of several large logs running diagonally across orange creek and covered with several feet of soil and also appears that there was a wood deck located on top of that damn, and so the image is actually from.

530
01:35:18.810 --> 01:35:24.390
Katee Withee: The most recent site visit that we conducted and those are the archaeologists standing on top of that.

531
01:35:25.440 --> 01:35:26.790
Katee Withee: earth and lockdown feature.

532
01:35:33.660 --> 01:35:37.590
Katee Withee: These are a couple of images from the original 1997 site recording.

533
01:35:39.270 --> 01:35:47.100
Katee Withee: As well as a sketch map from that visit feature eight appears to have been a food seller that was probably built for the forest service work who's in the 40s.

534
01:35:47.670 --> 01:35:57.780
Katee Withee: And feature nine is a sister that was dug into the creek channel of Orange creek and is located for 40 meters north of an unnamed spring.

535
01:35:58.320 --> 01:36:04.830
Katee Withee: That sister and is constructed with to buy 10 boards located along the sides with four by four boards at the corners for support.

536
01:36:05.520 --> 01:36:13.620
Katee Withee: And at the top of the sister and along the southeast and northeast corner or one two by two whole that probably served as a pipe connection.

537
01:36:14.160 --> 01:36:22.140
Katee Withee: And along the east and west wall for iron rods are said it threaded through to for by boards and these rods likely service lightning bolts for a secure seal.

538
01:36:22.740 --> 01:36:29.340
Katee Withee: And in addition the Boards look like they are probably treated with some waterproofing agent and there's evidence of.

539
01:36:29.970 --> 01:36:39.870
Katee Withee: Real eye popping used to fill in the gaps and I share these details just because, as of our last visit the cistern was still holding water, so I just think that's pretty impressive.

540
01:36:41.520 --> 01:36:41.880
Katee Withee: as well.

541
01:36:47.310 --> 01:36:53.280
Katee Withee: Here again, are just a couple of images of that feature eight the root cellar one from 1987 and one again from.

542
01:36:55.980 --> 01:37:05.550
Katee Withee: Also, notably the site had very little observed surface refuge refuse which kind of makes sense, since it was occupied for you know short limited.

543
01:37:05.850 --> 01:37:15.600
Katee Withee: period of time, and also the pseudo military military organization of the CCC almost less likely to have you know, like a messy camp with refuse all across the surface.

544
01:37:15.990 --> 01:37:21.030
Katee Withee: i'm rather if I be contained indiscreet locations, like the pervy or in a subsurface Dom.

545
01:37:21.960 --> 01:37:32.940
Katee Withee: And then nature of the temporary structures as well the 10th the prefabricated buildings, etc, etc, but also likely leave limited impacts and feature remains at the site.

546
01:37:33.630 --> 01:37:40.230
Katee Withee: And one of my favorite site features which I don't have a photo of unfortunately is actually an apple tree that's located at the site.

547
01:37:41.190 --> 01:37:54.750
Katee Withee: which I think is pretty cool, whether intentionally or unintentionally, it is a physical remain of the human activity and occupation of the site and it's pretty visible from the road that's how I always recognize where the site is, as you can see the apple tree from the 21 road.

548
01:37:59.700 --> 01:38:08.970
Katee Withee: This site is considered eligible for listing on the national register of historic places and the significance of the site lies and its association with the CCC.

549
01:38:09.300 --> 01:38:22.710
Katee Withee: And the regional and national importance of the program and the work completed by the enrollees additionally the site is significant, due to its association with the advertiser lumber company and the administrative history of the international force itself.

550
01:38:23.970 --> 01:38:29.730
Katee Withee: Today, the site is a reminder of the legacy of the CCC in the admin activities of the forest service.

551
01:38:30.150 --> 01:38:41.310
Katee Withee: And the natural, cultural resources at the site continued to be managed symbol, similar to the many years of efforts of other individuals interested in restoration in the management of organizations natural resources.

552
01:38:45.120 --> 01:38:47.430
Katee Withee: So okay that's it for me.

553
01:38:51.660 --> 01:38:52.830
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Thank you katie.

554
01:38:54.690 --> 01:38:55.470
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: yay.

555
01:38:57.090 --> 01:39:00.300
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Okay i'm waiting for some questions out there.

556
01:39:07.620 --> 01:39:11.100
Katee Withee: Yes, my water connections were in the sister and in the damn.

557
01:39:12.960 --> 01:39:14.190
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: That was picking up on him.

558
01:39:15.630 --> 01:39:31.200
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: I don't want to be the one here, but I do that question, you know it's kind of if any of your research is kind of picked up on this, that the phenomenal success of this program it just it's just extraordinary.

559
01:39:31.740 --> 01:39:42.660
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: And I I just am baffled that we don't you know further this kind of thing and it's kind of like americorps and that has a place but.

560
01:39:43.170 --> 01:39:48.000
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: there's so much that we could be doing in the collective with people who were.

561
01:39:48.420 --> 01:40:05.670
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: You know need need employment and the success of this is just tremendous I mean I know it had challenges and i've read and heard about some of those but you know folks needed work and and roads needed to be built, and you know, there was a lot of when when.

562
01:40:07.020 --> 01:40:07.590
Katee Withee: That, I think.

563
01:40:07.620 --> 01:40:10.830
Katee Withee: You mentioned some of the modern equivalent for like americorps or.

564
01:40:10.860 --> 01:40:19.470
Katee Withee: Job corps um I don't know if it's in urban areas, but out here in rural, we have the youth conservation corps so there's definitely kind of like.

565
01:40:19.830 --> 01:40:37.650
Katee Withee: modern equivalent but definitely not, as you know, wildly popular and probably successful as the CCC was but um I still like that the forest service and other public land agencies, usually have a really close relationship and kind of sponsorship of those programs so we've had interns.

566
01:40:38.940 --> 01:40:47.820
Katee Withee: americorps know why CC and the job corps crews usually work on fires and things so it's kind of cool to see you know limited but the legacy continue.

567
01:40:51.690 --> 01:41:05.160
Katee Withee: I think it's really cool to that so many of the features and infrastructure created by the CCC we're still using you know in our daily lives, like we drive on the roads, you drive across the bridges, we enjoy the recreation sites pretty cool.

568
01:41:07.290 --> 01:41:17.670
Mike Berry: um excuse me, I have a question and that's I live over into suits county and I did some research on wikia camp, which is a.

569
01:41:18.630 --> 01:41:35.340
Mike Berry: CCC program to build wicked reservoir and after 1941 that work was handed over to the civilian public service or CPS, which was a program for to provide conscientious objectors.

570
01:41:37.200 --> 01:41:50.880
Mike Berry: You know, work and live in lieu of service, and I was wondering if if you know if, like murders CAP or any of the other ones on the on the now here ended up going to CPS.

571
01:41:53.610 --> 01:42:10.650
Katee Withee: Oh man I don't think so, there were a couple local organizations that I can't read the acronyms it was like SCI fi that ended up i'm kind of working with local Stockman groups and like probably the equivalent of the NRC as natural resources kind of programs.

572
01:42:11.490 --> 01:42:20.580
Katee Withee: Seeing about the conscientious observers, I I can look into it, but yeah i'm not aware of the camps here on the Mount your actual course had a similar association.

573
01:42:21.000 --> 01:42:37.350
Mike Berry: yeah I was never aware of it, and then doing all this research on it it's like whoa wait a minute, who are these people, this is a CPS you're talking about this, I knew, some people like during Vietnam, who worked for vista and other programs like that my dad had been.

574
01:42:39.330 --> 01:42:51.300
Mike Berry: With the CCC here in Oregon and so i've always been really interested in and just south of you on the oh Chico I think it's on the Chico I worked at Dallas and guard station years.

575
01:42:51.300 --> 01:43:06.150
Mike Berry: ago though by the by the CCC, the most recent iteration of it so yeah it's it's kind of interesting, it might be worth seeing if they had and there's a couple websites that that have.

576
01:43:07.080 --> 01:43:25.530
Mike Berry: You know the various camps that they worked in throughout and they even have the rosters a lot of them were minute Mennonites and Jehovah witnesses it's kind of an interesting thing that that sort of you know dovetailed into work, that the three c's didn't finish.

577
01:43:28.200 --> 01:43:39.870
Katee Withee: yeah that's very cool I definitely focus on kind of the north end of the forest service but or North North end of the mouth your national forest sorry but i'm definitely very familiar with allison guard station I grew up in burns so there's lots of.

578
01:43:40.770 --> 01:43:50.130
Katee Withee: You know, on the blm managed lands now gap ranch the amount here wildlife refuge yeah Julie some cool examples i'm definitely gonna look into.

579
01:43:51.300 --> 01:43:53.940
Katee Withee: wiki up camp on the sheets and the CPS Thank you.

580
01:43:54.270 --> 01:43:57.810
Mike Berry: I named my daughter after allison guard station.

581
01:43:58.830 --> 01:43:59.610
Mike Berry: guard station.

582
01:43:59.670 --> 01:44:00.030
it's.

583
01:44:01.290 --> 01:44:05.970
Katee Withee: yeah I mean guard station and be a lovely name, but I think I like allison to.

584
01:44:07.500 --> 01:44:12.810
Mike Berry: She told her friends yeah dad named me after a gas station, no, no card station honey.

585
01:44:15.630 --> 01:44:27.000
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Thank you, my is such a great thing you know, think about conscientious objectors and and because I get the sense that the CCC had such a connection to the military.

586
01:44:27.420 --> 01:44:35.190
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: And the the precision and the order, and you know the authoritarian ISM I i've heard about some of that and.

587
01:44:35.880 --> 01:44:49.440
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: which has it's good you know the discipline all of that, but there's definitely it can go too far and I appreciate that, in that context they had a process for dealing with CEOs you know so that.

588
01:44:49.950 --> 01:44:51.840
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: There was an Honorable way to.

589
01:44:51.870 --> 01:44:52.680
serve.

590
01:44:55.710 --> 01:44:59.400
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Well, any other questions out there and.

591
01:44:59.550 --> 01:45:00.330
Rick Jensen: i'll take one.

592
01:45:00.360 --> 01:45:03.990
Rick Jensen: I may have missed it but indirect m for murder is Craig.

593
01:45:05.040 --> 01:45:07.740
Rick Jensen: What what's the history with the name of murders crikey.

594
01:45:10.890 --> 01:45:15.300
Katee Withee: I don't know the official um but, as you can probably guess there was.

595
01:45:15.900 --> 01:45:16.470
A murder.

596
01:45:19.050 --> 01:45:19.950
Katee Withee: yeah.

597
01:45:20.310 --> 01:45:22.320
Katee Withee: yeah we're going through a process actually have.

598
01:45:23.340 --> 01:45:31.650
Katee Withee: Maybe possibly renaming or recommending renaming of some geographic locations on our forests so i'm not sure if that's one of them, but maybe.

599
01:45:33.150 --> 01:45:34.620
Rick Jensen: Okay, great job.

600
01:45:40.260 --> 01:45:43.350
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Any thoughts out there, and he folk any.

601
01:45:44.490 --> 01:45:57.720
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: videos people want to turn on many people if you have a video you can turn it on and say hey and celebrate the archaeology of water, archaeology on tap.

602
01:45:58.650 --> 01:46:15.570
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: making do with our virtual experience and celebrating matt and knowing that we're going to actually come together again and and do a proper archaeology roadshow next year and different satellites okay so i'll look for you all there.

603
01:46:16.410 --> 01:46:25.620
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Thank you so much, really, I really appreciate great for Jordan to come in from Texas and caitlin from Reno and katie from.

604
01:46:27.210 --> 01:46:28.860
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: Eastern Washington right now.

605
01:46:29.940 --> 01:46:35.280
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: she's on duty over in the in wenatchee area, so thank you all, thank you for coming.

606
01:46:35.670 --> 01:46:45.720
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: and keep coming to archaeology roadshow events we've got a speaker on Tuesday Adam Hudson who had a couple of questions he's going to be talking about Paisley caves.

607
01:46:45.930 --> 01:46:59.190
VIRGINIA L BUTLER: And really focusing on the the lake history and and from a geologist point of view, so that should be really good hope to see you all and stay well stay say good night.