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All, thank you for joining.

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Welcome to our first

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Black History Month
event of the term.

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My name is
Courtney Taylor, and

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I'm the Pan African Commons
coordinator.

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We're going to start
with some introductions.

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So this event is
co-sponsored by

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Pan African
Commons, along with

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the Black Studies
Department. I'm here

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to introduce Pan
African Commons.

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So for those of
you who are not

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familiar with
Pan-African Commons,

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we are a cultural
resource center.

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If we were in person,

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we would be located at

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Smith Memorial
Student Union

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on the second floor.

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If you all don't know

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what Pan African Commons is,

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we use the terms Black and

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Pan African as
encompassing terms for

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all populations within

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the African
diaspora. Our name,

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Pan African, pertains
to unity of

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all populations within
the African diaspora,

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not solely African American

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and Black American
populations.

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And our shared struggles
and connections to

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Africa as the motherland

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are what bonds us together.

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Now, we'll go
ahead and pass

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it over to Walidah with Black Studies

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who is waiting to introduce

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herself and her department.

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Thanks Courtney. I'm Walidah
Imarisha.

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I'm an Assistant
Professor in

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the Black Studies
Program and also

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the director of the
Center for Black Studies,

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which is our
research center.

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We are very excited

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to co-sponsor this event

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with Pan African Commons.

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Black Studies has been

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around at Portland
State for

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more than 50 years,

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and we offer a minor,

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major, and double-major.

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We are also part of the
School of Gender,

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Race, and Nations.

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And there's a graduate
certificate as well.

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So we do a lot of
work obviously on

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this topic around Portland

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and Oregon Black history.

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One of the folks
speaking tonight,

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Dr. Darrell Millner,
helped to found

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the Black Studies
Department, and has been

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doing this work
for many decades.

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So we're very excited to

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be able to present
this history and

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to be working with PAC to

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create space for students

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to learn more about this.

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We have a wide
array of classes,

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as well as an Oregon

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African American
History class

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that will be
taught in spring.

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So if folks are
interested in

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learning more information

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in a classroom setting,

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there's absolutely
that opportunity to do

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that on a continual basis.

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Thanks so much. Good
evening, everyone.

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Can you hear me?

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Awesome. So my name
is Charles Graham.

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Hi. I'm currently
a postbac student

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here at Portland State

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studying international
engineering.

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I also work with
Pan African

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Commons as a
student leader.

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Where we seek to
bring in students and

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connect them across the
campus to each other,

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but also to faculty
and staff.

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When a state, like
I've mentioned,

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we have a really
good event for

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you tonight
where we brought

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in a couple of
different people

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we'd love for you
to hear from.

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First being Dr. Darrell

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motor domain is an
emeritus professor and

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a black studies
department who has taught

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general dark history in

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Oregon black
history classes

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at Portland State since

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1972, excuse me, 1975.

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We also have at Washington,

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who has been important
resident for 76 years.

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He was born in Birmingham,

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Alabama and lived
in the City,

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Oregon, the birthplace of

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Port of Portland
State University.

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Mr. Washington
graduated from

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Portland State
University in 1974.

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It has worked for
Portland State

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for 29 years.

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Is presently the director

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of community outreach

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and engagement
for the office

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of global diversity,
inclusion.

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Mr. Washington,
because citizens

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so consider it
an honor to be

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invited to be a part of

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the Black History
Month celebration,

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airport and state.

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Last but certainly
not least,

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we have Dr. Karen Gibson,

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who's an Emeritus
assistant professor in

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the School of Urban Studies

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and Planning here
at Portland State.

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Her scholarship seeks to

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understand the
political economy

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of racial economics,

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economic inequality
in an urban setting.

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Her research
can be found in

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journals such as
feminist economics,

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transforming anthropology,

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journal planning
education literature,

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and Oregon Historical
Quarterly.

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During her two decades
appointment state,

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she taught courses
on poverty,

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housing,

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economic community,
economic development.

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And black urban history.

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She has engaged in

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community development
practice with

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local anti-poverty

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and affordable
housing organizations

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just for the night
so we can set

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some ground rules for
how this event will go.

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Please hold all
questions for the end.

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We have a built-in
Q&A function

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free to submit questions

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for the panelists
throughout

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the event tonight.

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And here we now have
our ground rules

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presented just so you
can see them as well.

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Technical questions
can be directed to

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Mr. or Ms. Courtney.

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If you have any, Be
respectful in the chat.

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So please don't know

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Diving sites
documented like that.

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Please keep
everything directed

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towards our topics
for tonight.

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Piece of hate speech,

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derogatory language or
oppressive language.

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And you're being
disrespectful

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will have you remove

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from our event. Thank you.

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And now we will
have our very own,

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Dr. Gerald Milner with

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a lesson on
Portland history.

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Hello. Thank
you. All right.

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Welcome to the webinar.

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It's a pleasure to be here

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and glad to have
you with us.

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My assignment tonight.

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So talk a little bit about

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history in general,

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in Oregon, black
history in particular.

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To kind of set a
foundation for

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our panel conversation as

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we move through
the program.

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And I've taught
history here,

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potent state for
a good while.

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And I guess I've done
that because history,

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I've always found to
be a valuable way to

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help us understand
not just the past,

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but the world we
live in today.

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And I think that
history does not

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predetermine what an
individual's fate

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and modern society
is going to be.

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But I think it
can shed light on

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the group dynamics of

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the larger society and help

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us understand the kind
of involvements and

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interactions that
we have to deal

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with in today's society.

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And in particular, I,
I think that history

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can help us
understand the role

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that race plays in
modern American life

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and understand
it because if we

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are knowledgeable
about the role that

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race has played in
the public policy

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of earlier generations.

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It can give us insights

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into not only the
public policy,

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but the racial dynamics
aware own generation.

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And to explore that

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very briefly with
you tonight.

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I want to, I want to

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discuss three
particular examples

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of how I think

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understanding more about

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Oregon black history can

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help us understand
the Oregon

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that we live in today.

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The first example
would be to

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try and answer a question

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that probably everyone has.

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Have any experience
with modern origin?

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Why do few black people

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live in the
state of Oregon,

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in the area that we
know it's Oregon today,

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what is a possible
explanation,

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or at least a partial
explanation of

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the absence of
a significant

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black population here.

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And I think as we look
at the history of

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what we call the
pioneer generation,

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That's a good place
for us to start.

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The pioneer generation when

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the wagon trains came

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from the eastern part
of the continent,

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across the continent and

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settled in the
Pacific Northwest,

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occurred in the
same generation

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that created the
American Civil War.

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Probably the
most significant

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racially then
in the country.

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And understanding that
connection between

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the wagon trains and that

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civil war generation helps

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us understand why so flat,

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so few black people
live in Oregon today.

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One reason has to do with

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the institution of slavery.

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At the end of
the Civil War,

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there are about 4
million black slaves

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living in the country.

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And during that wagon
train generation,

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certainly the fact of
there being captured in

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that institution
meant that they

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were not going
to have the free

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choice to come to Oregon.

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So a part of

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the explanation of
part of the answer

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is the generation that

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Oregon was created as

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a part of the
American experience.

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So black people simply,

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large numbers, didn't have

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a choice of
coming to Oregon.

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But some black,
black people were in

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a situation in
which they could

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choose to come to
Oregon if they wanted

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to in the 840 and 50s.

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But that particular
choice was compromised by

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the public policy of

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white Americans in

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Oregon area and
Oregon Territory.

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What the public policy
of white America

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considered on as far as

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the Black experience
was concerned,

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was a concept we call
black exclusion.

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That is, they
simply made it

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illegal for a black
person to come

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to live in the area

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that we know it's
Oregon today.

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They did that three
separate times.

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First in 840 for with

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your arrival of some of

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the first law is
wagon trains here,

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the government that was

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00:12:08,179 --> 00:12:09,829
organized by
those Americans

275
00:12:09,829 --> 00:12:11,539
in oregon passed what

276
00:12:11,539 --> 00:12:13,879
was called the Black
exclusion law.

277
00:12:13,879 --> 00:12:15,920
In 840 9, 10,

278
00:12:15,920 --> 00:12:17,555
Oregon became a territory.

279
00:12:17,555 --> 00:12:21,620
They RE, pass the same
kind of law and follow

280
00:12:21,620 --> 00:12:23,300
the same policy as far as

281
00:12:23,300 --> 00:12:24,349
the black presence in

282
00:12:24,349 --> 00:12:26,735
the Oregon area
was concerned.

283
00:12:26,735 --> 00:12:31,054
And then finally
in 850, 157,

284
00:12:31,054 --> 00:12:32,540
there enough Americans in

285
00:12:32,540 --> 00:12:33,964
the Oregon territory,

286
00:12:33,964 --> 00:12:36,170
the Oregon area,
to decide they

287
00:12:36,170 --> 00:12:38,480
wanted to be an official
state in the union.

288
00:12:38,480 --> 00:12:39,980
A part of that process was

289
00:12:39,980 --> 00:12:41,840
to adopt the Constitution

290
00:12:41,840 --> 00:12:43,819
and submit that
constitution to

291
00:12:43,819 --> 00:12:46,144
the US Congress
for its approval.

292
00:12:46,144 --> 00:12:47,959
When Oregon Ian's voted on

293
00:12:47,959 --> 00:12:49,129
that constitution in a

294
00:12:49,129 --> 00:12:51,425
157 for the third time,

295
00:12:51,425 --> 00:12:53,960
they adopted a black
exclusion law.

296
00:12:53,960 --> 00:12:56,539
So clearly in
the origins of

297
00:12:56,539 --> 00:12:58,759
American Oregon in
the wagon train

298
00:12:58,759 --> 00:13:01,159
here in the Civil
War generation.

299
00:13:01,159 --> 00:13:03,635
The public policy
of org audience

300
00:13:03,635 --> 00:13:05,989
was to not welcome blacks,

301
00:13:05,989 --> 00:13:08,300
even not allow blacks
to become a part

302
00:13:08,300 --> 00:13:11,554
of the emerging
state of Oregon.

303
00:13:11,554 --> 00:13:13,789
Second question that you

304
00:13:13,789 --> 00:13:15,605
might be interested in.

305
00:13:15,605 --> 00:13:17,945
When we look around
Oregon today,

306
00:13:17,945 --> 00:13:19,850
when we look around
the black population

307
00:13:19,850 --> 00:13:21,454
that is present here,

308
00:13:21,454 --> 00:13:23,059
we see things like

309
00:13:23,059 --> 00:13:25,955
an overrepresentation
of blacks in poverty,

310
00:13:25,955 --> 00:13:27,469
an overrepresentation of

311
00:13:27,469 --> 00:13:29,764
blacks in unemployment,

312
00:13:29,764 --> 00:13:31,490
and underrepresentation of

313
00:13:31,490 --> 00:13:33,335
blacks and political power

314
00:13:33,335 --> 00:13:35,480
in an overrepresentation of

315
00:13:35,480 --> 00:13:38,360
blacks in economic
distress and homelessness.

316
00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:40,220
Those kind of
things I think can

317
00:13:40,220 --> 00:13:41,990
partially be explained by

318
00:13:41,990 --> 00:13:43,399
those public policies of

319
00:13:43,399 --> 00:13:46,534
earlier generations in
Oregon life as well.

320
00:13:46,534 --> 00:13:49,820
And as we look at
that public policy,

321
00:13:49,820 --> 00:13:50,779
one of the things that I'll

322
00:13:50,779 --> 00:13:51,830
encourage you to do as

323
00:13:51,830 --> 00:13:55,445
students of history in
Oregon or in any area.

324
00:13:55,445 --> 00:13:58,040
Very often, our connection

325
00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:00,290
to history is through
the interpretation.

326
00:14:00,290 --> 00:14:01,939
A professional historian,

327
00:14:01,939 --> 00:14:04,415
so professional
intellectuals.

328
00:14:04,415 --> 00:14:06,859
But I think it's
very important part

329
00:14:06,859 --> 00:14:09,949
of the most useful
connection to history,

330
00:14:09,949 --> 00:14:12,950
to examine the
primary documents

331
00:14:12,950 --> 00:14:15,500
that were part of the
events of that history.

332
00:14:15,500 --> 00:14:17,060
Look at the words of

333
00:14:17,060 --> 00:14:19,670
the people who created
those public policy.

334
00:14:19,670 --> 00:14:21,844
So look at the
documents themselves.

335
00:14:21,844 --> 00:14:24,830
So when I talk about
an attempt to answer

336
00:14:24,830 --> 00:14:27,529
this question of
why black seem to

337
00:14:27,529 --> 00:14:30,739
fall into those undesirable
categories today,

338
00:14:30,739 --> 00:14:33,274
I think it's important
that we look at

339
00:14:33,274 --> 00:14:34,640
the public policy and

340
00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:36,860
those primary documents.

341
00:14:36,860 --> 00:14:39,770
In 1857 when Gaussian's

342
00:14:39,770 --> 00:14:42,574
voted on that original
Constitution.

343
00:14:42,574 --> 00:14:45,290
In addition to an
article and article,

344
00:14:45,290 --> 00:14:46,939
it made black residents

345
00:14:46,939 --> 00:14:48,815
here unconstitutional.

346
00:14:48,815 --> 00:14:51,784
That was Article
1, Section 35.

347
00:14:51,784 --> 00:14:54,094
They went beyond
the simple notion

348
00:14:54,094 --> 00:14:55,714
of excluding blacks,

349
00:14:55,714 --> 00:14:59,224
put some other
conditions upon

350
00:14:59,224 --> 00:15:00,919
the relationship
of blacks to

351
00:15:00,919 --> 00:15:03,485
this emerging
state of Oregon.

352
00:15:03,485 --> 00:15:07,040
Further and further
into that article 1,

353
00:15:07,040 --> 00:15:08,540
Section 35, we find

354
00:15:08,540 --> 00:15:11,554
this language a
black person.

355
00:15:11,554 --> 00:15:14,059
Not only is excluded
from the state,

356
00:15:14,059 --> 00:15:16,490
but they are not allowed to

357
00:15:16,490 --> 00:15:18,799
hold any real estate or

358
00:15:18,799 --> 00:15:20,959
make any contracts or

359
00:15:20,959 --> 00:15:23,389
maintain any
Sue they're in.

360
00:15:23,389 --> 00:15:24,979
So black people are

361
00:15:24,979 --> 00:15:26,420
prohibited from

362
00:15:26,420 --> 00:15:28,189
all the important
activities that

363
00:15:28,189 --> 00:15:30,230
allow a person to
generate any kind of

364
00:15:30,230 --> 00:15:33,275
financial resources or
financial security.

365
00:15:33,275 --> 00:15:34,984
You can't hold
any real estate.

366
00:15:34,984 --> 00:15:36,919
Real estate is often
the most important

367
00:15:36,919 --> 00:15:39,904
financial at that
a person can have.

368
00:15:39,904 --> 00:15:41,809
You can make any contracts.

369
00:15:41,809 --> 00:15:43,700
If you don't
make contracts,

370
00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:45,800
If you're not allowed
to make contracts,

371
00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:47,120
you can engage in

372
00:15:47,120 --> 00:15:48,635
any business activities

373
00:15:48,635 --> 00:15:49,984
in the state of Oregon.

374
00:15:49,984 --> 00:15:53,914
And if you cannot maintain
any soup there in,

375
00:15:53,914 --> 00:15:55,490
you can protect any kind of

376
00:15:55,490 --> 00:15:57,529
financial resources
that you might be

377
00:15:57,529 --> 00:16:01,414
able to develop under
whatever circumstances.

378
00:16:01,414 --> 00:16:03,470
And so in 2D in

379
00:16:03,470 --> 00:16:05,270
that original Constitution

380
00:16:05,270 --> 00:16:07,399
were privileges that we

381
00:16:07,399 --> 00:16:09,034
simply denied the blacks

382
00:16:09,034 --> 00:16:10,955
connected to their ability

383
00:16:10,955 --> 00:16:12,890
to enjoy any kind of

384
00:16:12,890 --> 00:16:16,489
financial security in
the state of Oregon.

385
00:16:16,489 --> 00:16:18,979
Of course, that those
restrictions and

386
00:16:18,979 --> 00:16:20,869
prohibitions
would be passed

387
00:16:20,869 --> 00:16:23,330
down to later
generations as well.

388
00:16:23,330 --> 00:16:25,040
Now, after the civil war

389
00:16:25,040 --> 00:16:27,079
that takes place
in the 160s,

390
00:16:27,079 --> 00:16:28,550
the 14th Amendment is

391
00:16:28,550 --> 00:16:30,994
adopted to the
original Constitution.

392
00:16:30,994 --> 00:16:34,475
And that will in
essence nullify

393
00:16:34,475 --> 00:16:36,440
those earlier
exclusion laws and

394
00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:37,820
those other provisions in

395
00:16:37,820 --> 00:16:39,530
the statehood constitution.

396
00:16:39,530 --> 00:16:41,659
But what that
14th Amendment

397
00:16:41,659 --> 00:16:43,010
could not do was to

398
00:16:43,010 --> 00:16:45,170
nullify the spirit and

399
00:16:45,170 --> 00:16:46,459
the intentions that were

400
00:16:46,459 --> 00:16:48,424
behind those
public policies.

401
00:16:48,424 --> 00:16:50,899
Those continue to
flourish in the state

402
00:16:50,899 --> 00:16:51,680
as they move to

403
00:16:51,680 --> 00:16:53,524
the 19th century
and into the,

404
00:16:53,524 --> 00:16:55,339
into the 20th century.

405
00:16:55,339 --> 00:16:57,349
So to understand, be

406
00:16:57,349 --> 00:17:00,740
economic other kind of

407
00:17:00,740 --> 00:17:02,750
financial aspects of life

408
00:17:02,750 --> 00:17:04,565
in Oregon for Blacks today.

409
00:17:04,565 --> 00:17:06,200
You have to or understand

410
00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:08,900
the foundation in
which these kind of

411
00:17:08,900 --> 00:17:10,639
barriers and obstacles and

412
00:17:10,639 --> 00:17:12,125
prohibitions were created

413
00:17:12,125 --> 00:17:13,805
to black success here.

414
00:17:13,805 --> 00:17:15,560
And finally, the
third question,

415
00:17:15,560 --> 00:17:17,959
I think it's important
for us to address,

416
00:17:17,959 --> 00:17:19,969
given the kind
of circumstances

417
00:17:19,969 --> 00:17:22,745
that we have
recently seen in

418
00:17:22,745 --> 00:17:24,650
Oregon in our summer of

419
00:17:24,650 --> 00:17:27,065
protests that we
just pass through

420
00:17:27,065 --> 00:17:29,075
has to do with the very

421
00:17:29,075 --> 00:17:32,929
powerful and very
negative relationship

422
00:17:32,929 --> 00:17:34,969
that has emerged
in Oregon life and

423
00:17:34,969 --> 00:17:36,410
might follow with
the country for

424
00:17:36,410 --> 00:17:39,409
black people in terms
of the relationship

425
00:17:39,409 --> 00:17:42,709
that exists between
Black community and

426
00:17:42,709 --> 00:17:44,345
what we might
call the police

427
00:17:44,345 --> 00:17:46,025
and the judicial community.

428
00:17:46,025 --> 00:17:49,699
We've seen evidence of
that on the street,

429
00:17:49,699 --> 00:17:53,014
supported on the streets
all over the nation.

430
00:17:53,014 --> 00:17:54,769
We've seen evidence
of that in

431
00:17:54,769 --> 00:17:57,110
almost every example of how

432
00:17:57,110 --> 00:17:58,700
black people interact with

433
00:17:58,700 --> 00:18:00,139
the judicial system and

434
00:18:00,139 --> 00:18:02,120
with the police
community today.

435
00:18:02,120 --> 00:18:05,510
Now, what are the
historic origins of

436
00:18:05,510 --> 00:18:08,299
that particular
relationship might help

437
00:18:08,299 --> 00:18:09,680
us understand better

438
00:18:09,680 --> 00:18:11,330
the nature and the context.

439
00:18:11,330 --> 00:18:12,649
So what has emerged in

440
00:18:12,649 --> 00:18:15,335
the generation that we
still deal with today?

441
00:18:15,335 --> 00:18:18,829
I mentioned before
this series of

442
00:18:18,829 --> 00:18:20,480
black exclusion laws that

443
00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:21,560
were passed in Oregon

444
00:18:21,560 --> 00:18:22,670
that help define what

445
00:18:22,670 --> 00:18:24,859
the population of
blacks here would be.

446
00:18:24,859 --> 00:18:26,764
If you look further
into those,

447
00:18:26,764 --> 00:18:28,129
if you look further

448
00:18:28,129 --> 00:18:30,185
into those exclusion laws,

449
00:18:30,185 --> 00:18:31,879
you don't just see

450
00:18:31,879 --> 00:18:33,260
the concept of not

451
00:18:33,260 --> 00:18:35,330
allowing blacks to
come to Oregon.

452
00:18:35,330 --> 00:18:37,039
You see a clear definition

453
00:18:37,039 --> 00:18:38,809
of what is going
to happen to

454
00:18:38,809 --> 00:18:41,000
blacks if they do
try to violate

455
00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:43,760
those particular
provisions in

456
00:18:43,760 --> 00:18:46,624
the 140 for black
exclusion law.

457
00:18:46,624 --> 00:18:49,430
If you look at section six,

458
00:18:49,430 --> 00:18:52,459
you see what the
prescribed punishment was

459
00:18:52,459 --> 00:18:54,890
for a black person who
attempted to come to,

460
00:18:54,890 --> 00:18:56,539
and they've been to live in

461
00:18:56,539 --> 00:18:58,654
the area that we
know as Oregon.

462
00:18:58,654 --> 00:19:02,180
The punishment was
to be whipped,

463
00:19:02,180 --> 00:19:04,130
publicly whipped as if

464
00:19:04,130 --> 00:19:06,020
you were still a
slave in the area.

465
00:19:06,020 --> 00:19:07,430
And the actual language of

466
00:19:07,430 --> 00:19:10,020
the law reads like this.

467
00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:16,609
If guilty upon trial
before such justice,

468
00:19:16,609 --> 00:19:19,370
that day shall receive

469
00:19:19,370 --> 00:19:22,339
upon his or her bare back,

470
00:19:22,339 --> 00:19:24,170
not less than 20,

471
00:19:24,170 --> 00:19:26,540
no more than 39 stripes,

472
00:19:26,540 --> 00:19:30,094
that is lashes
to be inflicted.

473
00:19:30,094 --> 00:19:33,095
By the Constable of
the proper County.

474
00:19:33,095 --> 00:19:35,510
So for blind people
who attempted to

475
00:19:35,510 --> 00:19:36,710
reside in Oregon in

476
00:19:36,710 --> 00:19:38,450
a wagon train generations,

477
00:19:38,450 --> 00:19:40,085
they were going
to be whipped.

478
00:19:40,085 --> 00:19:42,140
And they were going
to be whipped by

479
00:19:42,140 --> 00:19:44,870
the police function
of that community.

480
00:19:44,870 --> 00:19:47,030
In 840 nine, under

481
00:19:47,030 --> 00:19:48,470
the exclusion law that was

482
00:19:48,470 --> 00:19:50,809
passed from the Oregon
became a territory.

483
00:19:50,809 --> 00:19:52,010
The language of

484
00:19:52,010 --> 00:19:54,169
their exclusion
law reads like

485
00:19:54,169 --> 00:19:55,654
this when it comes to

486
00:19:55,654 --> 00:19:57,980
how that law is going
to be administered,

487
00:19:57,980 --> 00:20:00,994
It's shall be the
duty of any judge

488
00:20:00,994 --> 00:20:03,740
or justice of the
peace to issue

489
00:20:03,740 --> 00:20:05,840
a war for the apprehension

490
00:20:05,840 --> 00:20:07,895
of such negro or mulatto

491
00:20:07,895 --> 00:20:11,029
directed to any
sheriff or castable

492
00:20:11,029 --> 00:20:14,285
to arrest negro or mulatto.

493
00:20:14,285 --> 00:20:16,309
Again, the police
are going to be

494
00:20:16,309 --> 00:20:18,170
the enforcement arm of

495
00:20:18,170 --> 00:20:19,895
this kind of public policy.

496
00:20:19,895 --> 00:20:21,560
It's going to be
very detrimental to

497
00:20:21,560 --> 00:20:23,779
blacks in this
early generation.

498
00:20:23,779 --> 00:20:25,699
And finally, in the case of

499
00:20:25,699 --> 00:20:27,740
that third black
exclusion law in

500
00:20:27,740 --> 00:20:31,295
the original
Constitution of 1857.

501
00:20:31,295 --> 00:20:35,299
The administrative
language reads this way.

502
00:20:35,299 --> 00:20:38,389
Legislative Assembly
Shao provide by

503
00:20:38,389 --> 00:20:41,300
penal laws for
the removal by

504
00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:44,420
public officers of the
Black who violated

505
00:20:44,420 --> 00:20:48,245
this prohibition
to come to Oregon.

506
00:20:48,245 --> 00:20:50,059
Now, it was not only

507
00:20:50,059 --> 00:20:52,640
the individual police
officer that was

508
00:20:52,640 --> 00:20:55,930
responsible at
the beginning

509
00:20:55,930 --> 00:20:57,370
that the origins
of this kind

510
00:20:57,370 --> 00:20:58,884
of relationship.

511
00:20:58,884 --> 00:21:01,210
But the entire
judicial system was

512
00:21:01,210 --> 00:21:03,999
compromised in various
ways that we're

513
00:21:03,999 --> 00:21:06,580
going to kind of predict

514
00:21:06,580 --> 00:21:07,840
what that
relationship would

515
00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:09,684
be moving into the future.

516
00:21:09,684 --> 00:21:11,379
During the actual
fighting of

517
00:21:11,379 --> 00:21:14,275
the Civil War in
the year 1862,

518
00:21:14,275 --> 00:21:16,779
the Oregon legislature
passed a law

519
00:21:16,779 --> 00:21:19,930
that was in effect
a special tax that

520
00:21:19,930 --> 00:21:22,840
was passed and
expected to be

521
00:21:22,840 --> 00:21:24,579
paid only by black people

522
00:21:24,579 --> 00:21:26,695
and other people of
color in the state.

523
00:21:26,695 --> 00:21:29,500
Under that law, every
person of color oh,

524
00:21:29,500 --> 00:21:31,734
the state $5 a year.

525
00:21:31,734 --> 00:21:34,390
And if a person $5 was

526
00:21:34,390 --> 00:21:37,394
a significant amount
of money in 1862,

527
00:21:37,394 --> 00:21:39,020
many people
could not afford

528
00:21:39,020 --> 00:21:40,849
to pay that particular tax.

529
00:21:40,849 --> 00:21:43,700
Especially because it
was targeted at and

530
00:21:43,700 --> 00:21:46,639
are really target
marginalized population.

531
00:21:46,639 --> 00:21:48,649
If you couldn't
pay the tax,

532
00:21:48,649 --> 00:21:52,639
you had to work off your
tax bill at $0.50 a

533
00:21:52,639 --> 00:21:55,294
day working on
the county roads

534
00:21:55,294 --> 00:21:57,095
in the county that you can.

535
00:21:57,095 --> 00:21:59,300
This is a language
that talks about how

536
00:21:59,300 --> 00:22:02,675
that particular system
will be administered.

537
00:22:02,675 --> 00:22:05,149
The Senate proposed
and the legislature

538
00:22:05,149 --> 00:22:07,459
adopted a bill to improve

539
00:22:07,459 --> 00:22:08,990
collection of the tax

540
00:22:08,990 --> 00:22:11,045
by making the
county sheriffs

541
00:22:11,045 --> 00:22:14,314
financially liable
for the total tax

542
00:22:14,314 --> 00:22:16,414
as assessed by
county clerks,

543
00:22:16,414 --> 00:22:19,130
whether or not they
could collect it all.

544
00:22:19,130 --> 00:22:20,810
The county sheriff was

545
00:22:20,810 --> 00:22:23,510
responsible for paying
that tax and he had to

546
00:22:23,510 --> 00:22:24,770
ring and out of
those blacks

547
00:22:24,770 --> 00:22:26,030
who won't be taxed in

548
00:22:26,030 --> 00:22:29,899
whatever way that was
available to him.

549
00:22:29,899 --> 00:22:31,880
Now, there are
other provisions

550
00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:33,514
of these public policies

551
00:22:33,514 --> 00:22:35,374
in the tire new-generation

552
00:22:35,374 --> 00:22:37,189
that contribute to this,

553
00:22:37,189 --> 00:22:39,980
this growing difficult
relationship between

554
00:22:39,980 --> 00:22:43,865
blacks and the judicial
community as well.

555
00:22:43,865 --> 00:22:47,630
Allow that was
that came into

556
00:22:47,630 --> 00:22:50,915
force and 860 to delve

557
00:22:50,915 --> 00:22:53,930
into some of the more
personal aspects of

558
00:22:53,930 --> 00:22:55,655
the racial generation in

559
00:22:55,655 --> 00:22:58,369
those early years
of Oregon life.

560
00:22:58,369 --> 00:23:00,694
Law that became,

561
00:23:00,694 --> 00:23:03,650
that became
enforceable in 1867,

562
00:23:03,650 --> 00:23:06,050
originally passed during
the Civil War years

563
00:23:06,050 --> 00:23:08,060
was a law that prohibited

564
00:23:08,060 --> 00:23:10,700
the inter marriage
of blacks and

565
00:23:10,700 --> 00:23:12,410
whites and any other

566
00:23:12,410 --> 00:23:14,554
non-white with a
person of the white,

567
00:23:14,554 --> 00:23:18,500
racial, white
racial status.

568
00:23:18,500 --> 00:23:19,939
The prohibition of

569
00:23:19,939 --> 00:23:21,799
inner marriage that
was adopted in

570
00:23:21,799 --> 00:23:23,869
the 160s was actually

571
00:23:23,869 --> 00:23:27,380
enforced in Oregon
until the 1950s,

572
00:23:27,380 --> 00:23:29,285
almost a 100 years later.

573
00:23:29,285 --> 00:23:30,559
And almost into the

574
00:23:30,559 --> 00:23:32,270
generation that were still,

575
00:23:32,270 --> 00:23:35,209
many people in the
generation that is living

576
00:23:35,209 --> 00:23:39,710
today still were
eligible for to be,

577
00:23:39,710 --> 00:23:42,019
have this prohibition
enforced in

578
00:23:42,019 --> 00:23:44,255
their personal and
private decisions.

579
00:23:44,255 --> 00:23:46,040
Marriage, we
generally consider

580
00:23:46,040 --> 00:23:47,839
to be a personal question,

581
00:23:47,839 --> 00:23:49,130
a personal decision that

582
00:23:49,130 --> 00:23:52,009
an individual
voluntarily makes.

583
00:23:52,009 --> 00:23:53,269
But in Oregon in

584
00:23:53,269 --> 00:23:55,234
these early eraser
generations,

585
00:23:55,234 --> 00:23:58,279
it was also a matter
of public policy.

586
00:23:58,279 --> 00:24:01,699
And if a person in
Oregon from 1867 to

587
00:24:01,699 --> 00:24:04,460
950 one try to

588
00:24:04,460 --> 00:24:07,265
violate this particular
prohibition,

589
00:24:07,265 --> 00:24:10,685
they were actually subject
to being arrested.

590
00:24:10,685 --> 00:24:12,109
They were subject to being

591
00:24:12,109 --> 00:24:15,095
fined if they were
trying to be married.

592
00:24:15,095 --> 00:24:16,820
And the person who

593
00:24:16,820 --> 00:24:18,949
actually tried to
marry down the,

594
00:24:18,949 --> 00:24:20,389
the public official law,

595
00:24:20,389 --> 00:24:23,675
the Reverend or whoever
case might have been,

596
00:24:23,675 --> 00:24:26,900
was also subject
to punishment.

597
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:29,495
In the case of a
person who tried to

598
00:24:29,495 --> 00:24:31,190
marry two individuals from

599
00:24:31,190 --> 00:24:33,035
a different racial
background,

600
00:24:33,035 --> 00:24:36,049
they could actually
be sent to prison

601
00:24:36,049 --> 00:24:39,304
for from three years
up to one year.

602
00:24:39,304 --> 00:24:40,744
And they could be fine,

603
00:24:40,744 --> 00:24:42,934
not less than $100

604
00:24:42,934 --> 00:24:45,110
and not more than
a thousand dollars

605
00:24:45,110 --> 00:24:48,140
in 1867 when this law
was put in place,

606
00:24:48,140 --> 00:24:51,454
$1000 was an
enormous amount.

607
00:24:51,454 --> 00:24:53,719
So the public policy of

608
00:24:53,719 --> 00:24:56,330
these earlier generations
that were both

609
00:24:56,330 --> 00:24:59,090
defining of what the
black population

610
00:24:59,090 --> 00:25:00,560
might potentially become in

611
00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:05,000
Oregon and dipped
into the very depths.

612
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:06,740
So personal decisions like

613
00:25:06,740 --> 00:25:08,015
who you might marry,

614
00:25:08,015 --> 00:25:10,789
we're all going to
be hindrances to

615
00:25:10,789 --> 00:25:13,399
this relationship
between blacks

616
00:25:13,399 --> 00:25:14,630
and the police community

617
00:25:14,630 --> 00:25:16,204
and adjust the community.

618
00:25:16,204 --> 00:25:18,259
And of course,
over generations

619
00:25:18,259 --> 00:25:20,300
that animosity with simply

620
00:25:20,300 --> 00:25:22,490
grow as more
circumstances and

621
00:25:22,490 --> 00:25:25,729
hostility become a part
of that transaction.

622
00:25:25,729 --> 00:25:30,350
So I firmly believe
that a study of history

623
00:25:30,350 --> 00:25:32,450
can be fruitful
and profitable for

624
00:25:32,450 --> 00:25:35,434
those individuals in
our generation today.

625
00:25:35,434 --> 00:25:37,610
In understanding
the circumstances,

626
00:25:37,610 --> 00:25:39,575
the racial life,
and Oregon,

627
00:25:39,575 --> 00:25:42,095
that are still very
contentious and

628
00:25:42,095 --> 00:25:44,615
still very much
a part of what

629
00:25:44,615 --> 00:25:46,610
a black person has
to deal with on

630
00:25:46,610 --> 00:25:49,955
a daily basis as they
live their lives here.

631
00:25:49,955 --> 00:25:52,700
So I encourage
you as you get

632
00:25:52,700 --> 00:25:54,304
the opportunities and as

633
00:25:54,304 --> 00:25:55,669
will lead to said earlier,

634
00:25:55,669 --> 00:25:56,809
we will be teaching in

635
00:25:56,809 --> 00:25:58,129
the Black Studies
Department,

636
00:25:58,129 --> 00:25:59,749
a class in the spring term

637
00:25:59,749 --> 00:26:02,495
that deals with
Oregon black history.

638
00:26:02,495 --> 00:26:04,579
You won't have
an opportunity

639
00:26:04,579 --> 00:26:06,620
to take advantage of this.

640
00:26:06,620 --> 00:26:08,240
But in this term,
I'm teaching

641
00:26:08,240 --> 00:26:09,319
a class and the Black

642
00:26:09,319 --> 00:26:10,805
Studies Department about

643
00:26:10,805 --> 00:26:13,039
the civil rights movement
and the issue of

644
00:26:13,039 --> 00:26:14,629
civil rights in the course

645
00:26:14,629 --> 00:26:17,015
of earlier
American history.

646
00:26:17,015 --> 00:26:18,559
I will be reaching

647
00:26:18,559 --> 00:26:20,345
that class at sometime
in the future.

648
00:26:20,345 --> 00:26:22,579
Perhaps you'd like to
take advantage of that,

649
00:26:22,579 --> 00:26:24,079
but take advantage of

650
00:26:24,079 --> 00:26:26,104
Portland State,
take advantage.

651
00:26:26,104 --> 00:26:28,820
Pan-african
Conference and take

652
00:26:28,820 --> 00:26:29,390
advantage of

653
00:26:29,390 --> 00:26:31,294
the Black Studies
Department here.

654
00:26:31,294 --> 00:26:33,170
And I'm pretty sure that

655
00:26:33,170 --> 00:26:35,030
it will help you
understand better

656
00:26:35,030 --> 00:26:37,219
AND function better in

657
00:26:37,219 --> 00:26:38,570
the ratio Oregon that you

658
00:26:38,570 --> 00:26:41,100
live in today. Thank you.

659
00:26:45,580 --> 00:26:48,410
Thank you, Dr. Milner

660
00:26:48,410 --> 00:26:50,794
for your wonderful lesson.

661
00:26:50,794 --> 00:26:53,900
And now we'll move on
to the panel part of

662
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:56,810
our event in which
we will also bring

663
00:26:56,810 --> 00:27:00,500
on Mr. Washington and Dr.

664
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:03,424
Karen Milner to discuss

665
00:27:03,424 --> 00:27:05,210
a little bit of
an introduction

666
00:27:05,210 --> 00:27:06,620
to the work that they do,

667
00:27:06,620 --> 00:27:10,324
particularly in the
ordinary Portland State.

668
00:27:10,324 --> 00:27:12,139
And so first off,

669
00:27:12,139 --> 00:27:13,310
we can have Dr.

670
00:27:13,310 --> 00:27:17,339
Milner come on and
present for us.

671
00:27:17,710 --> 00:27:20,254
I think I've
just done that.

672
00:27:20,254 --> 00:27:23,339
Oh, excuse me, Dr. Gibson.

673
00:27:43,060 --> 00:27:45,109
Hello.

674
00:27:45,109 --> 00:27:49,130
How's everyone? Thanks
for inviting me here.

675
00:27:49,130 --> 00:27:51,724
I was expecting
it to go next.

676
00:27:51,724 --> 00:27:54,680
But anyway, thanks for

677
00:27:54,680 --> 00:27:56,780
having me black
studies department,

678
00:27:56,780 --> 00:27:58,489
Pan-African comments.

679
00:27:58,489 --> 00:28:00,725
Hello everyone.

680
00:28:00,725 --> 00:28:04,160
I have a set of
slides to share with

681
00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:07,954
you this evening
on disinvestment,

682
00:28:07,954 --> 00:28:09,980
which I'm calling
the ancestor

683
00:28:09,980 --> 00:28:11,585
of gentrification,

684
00:28:11,585 --> 00:28:14,465
has everything set to go.

685
00:28:14,465 --> 00:28:20,299
This is a picture
here of Dawson Park.

686
00:28:20,299 --> 00:28:26,269
And that's off a WMS
Avenue lower out by now.

687
00:28:26,269 --> 00:28:29,419
That sculpture
you see on top of

688
00:28:29,419 --> 00:28:32,209
that middle set of

689
00:28:32,209 --> 00:28:34,565
colors there is
what's called a,

690
00:28:34,565 --> 00:28:37,789
an architectural term
is called a cupola.

691
00:28:37,789 --> 00:28:39,620
You see that brown dome

692
00:28:39,620 --> 00:28:41,404
looks like a
chocolate, Casey.

693
00:28:41,404 --> 00:28:43,085
That was good.

694
00:28:43,085 --> 00:28:44,164
Pay attention to that.

695
00:28:44,164 --> 00:28:45,380
You're going to
see it later in

696
00:28:45,380 --> 00:28:48,209
another slide that
I showed you.

697
00:28:48,670 --> 00:28:51,859
That I showed you
it was removed

698
00:28:51,859 --> 00:28:53,689
from a very important

699
00:28:53,689 --> 00:28:54,889
building at the heart of

700
00:28:54,889 --> 00:28:57,050
the black community
on Williams and

701
00:28:57,050 --> 00:29:00,529
Rosseau and put there
after urban renewal.

702
00:29:00,529 --> 00:29:01,759
So what I'm talking about

703
00:29:01,759 --> 00:29:03,559
today is disinvestment.

704
00:29:03,559 --> 00:29:05,779
One phase of
neighborhood change

705
00:29:05,779 --> 00:29:09,920
in in Portland
by community.

706
00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:11,269
But actually what I'm going

707
00:29:11,269 --> 00:29:13,250
to talk about today is

708
00:29:13,250 --> 00:29:17,224
a similar pattern,
similar processes of,

709
00:29:17,224 --> 00:29:22,100
of using space for
social control and

710
00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:24,859
subjugation of black people

711
00:29:24,859 --> 00:29:26,674
has occurred in cities

712
00:29:26,674 --> 00:29:28,339
all across the country.

713
00:29:28,339 --> 00:29:29,719
So this potent not

714
00:29:29,719 --> 00:29:31,100
what happened important
then you could

715
00:29:31,100 --> 00:29:32,569
take the same lands

716
00:29:32,569 --> 00:29:34,730
and apply it to
other cities

717
00:29:34,730 --> 00:29:39,424
and see why we end
up with wealth.

718
00:29:39,424 --> 00:29:41,540
You know, 10 percent if

719
00:29:41,540 --> 00:29:44,149
that of what whites have.

720
00:29:44,149 --> 00:29:47,419
Most wealth, as Darrow's
Dr. Milner said,

721
00:29:47,419 --> 00:29:49,399
is in home equity.

722
00:29:49,399 --> 00:29:53,749
And the housing practices
that were thrust

723
00:29:53,749 --> 00:29:56,329
upon us by everything

724
00:29:56,329 --> 00:29:58,130
from individuals
to government,

725
00:29:58,130 --> 00:29:59,570
the federal government, to

726
00:29:59,570 --> 00:30:01,295
the real estate industry,

727
00:30:01,295 --> 00:30:03,740
bankers and so forth.

728
00:30:03,740 --> 00:30:08,120
At the behest of
individual whites.

729
00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:10,699
These kinds of
practices that were

730
00:30:10,699 --> 00:30:13,339
forced upon us kept us,

731
00:30:13,339 --> 00:30:17,659
have largely kept
us without wealth

732
00:30:17,659 --> 00:30:23,270
and without power
to some degree,

733
00:30:23,270 --> 00:30:24,995
to a great degree.

734
00:30:24,995 --> 00:30:27,419
Okay, next slide please.

735
00:30:27,419 --> 00:30:30,849
So neighborhood change,
and now by now,

736
00:30:30,849 --> 00:30:32,200
this is a picture of

737
00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:34,989
Williams Avenue and I don't

738
00:30:34,989 --> 00:30:36,790
know the deck street but

739
00:30:36,790 --> 00:30:39,010
where that Wonder Bread
build sign there,

740
00:30:39,010 --> 00:30:40,780
the golden white
sign there up on

741
00:30:40,780 --> 00:30:44,680
the left was the
Wonder Bread store.

742
00:30:44,680 --> 00:30:47,829
And now there's a
new seasons there.

743
00:30:47,829 --> 00:30:49,119
So it's kind of a symbol of

744
00:30:49,119 --> 00:30:50,529
gentrification in a way

745
00:30:50,529 --> 00:30:51,969
back from 2012 and you

746
00:30:51,969 --> 00:30:54,505
can see the bike
lane was put in.

747
00:30:54,505 --> 00:30:57,549
So what I'm talking about,

748
00:30:57,549 --> 00:30:59,110
That's a photo of you

749
00:30:59,110 --> 00:31:01,554
see neighborhood
change right there.

750
00:31:01,554 --> 00:31:05,109
We've got there's
several phases.

751
00:31:05,109 --> 00:31:06,235
As I said, that

752
00:31:06,235 --> 00:31:08,679
communities have
gone through from

753
00:31:08,679 --> 00:31:12,080
being formed largely with

754
00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:15,709
limited housing choice
through segregation.

755
00:31:15,709 --> 00:31:17,719
And then ghettoization,

756
00:31:17,719 --> 00:31:19,519
which I consider are facing

757
00:31:19,519 --> 00:31:21,889
a wall around an area and

758
00:31:21,889 --> 00:31:24,889
saying You can't live
outside of this area.

759
00:31:24,889 --> 00:31:29,240
So that this segregation
and ghettoization

760
00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:30,560
sets up a place

761
00:31:30,560 --> 00:31:33,874
where disinvestment
is practiced.

762
00:31:33,874 --> 00:31:36,890
Okay? So this presentation

763
00:31:36,890 --> 00:31:38,089
is mainly going to be about

764
00:31:38,089 --> 00:31:40,625
disinvestment processes.

765
00:31:40,625 --> 00:31:45,889
And then that set set
us up for reinvestment.

766
00:31:45,889 --> 00:31:48,875
Disinvestment brings the
property values low.

767
00:31:48,875 --> 00:31:51,570
Okay, next slide.

768
00:31:54,990 --> 00:31:59,034
Okay. What I want you
to see here is this map

769
00:31:59,034 --> 00:32:01,674
of the buying a district

770
00:32:01,674 --> 00:32:03,639
relative to
downtown Portland.

771
00:32:03,639 --> 00:32:07,660
You could see downtown,

772
00:32:07,660 --> 00:32:09,519
you see albinos in

773
00:32:09,519 --> 00:32:12,579
the northeast quadrant
above the river.

774
00:32:12,579 --> 00:32:14,799
It started out down
there between the

775
00:32:14,799 --> 00:32:18,445
steel and Broadway bridges.

776
00:32:18,445 --> 00:32:20,140
You can see where
the Lloyd District

777
00:32:20,140 --> 00:32:21,504
is in that asterisk.

778
00:32:21,504 --> 00:32:22,659
Pay attention to that.

779
00:32:22,659 --> 00:32:23,800
That's where there'll be

780
00:32:23,800 --> 00:32:25,524
the first urban renewal.

781
00:32:25,524 --> 00:32:28,465
Am a more a couple of
Sam will be put there.

782
00:32:28,465 --> 00:32:30,415
You see move north.

783
00:32:30,415 --> 00:32:31,959
There's Elliot's
neighborhood.

784
00:32:31,959 --> 00:32:33,640
Don't you see the
H word legacy,

785
00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:35,535
a manual, a hospitalist.

786
00:32:35,535 --> 00:32:37,684
That's a second
urban renewal.

787
00:32:37,684 --> 00:32:41,030
Meanwhile, the free
way i 5 isn't,

788
00:32:41,030 --> 00:32:43,669
is also gets plowed right

789
00:32:43,669 --> 00:32:45,739
through the neighborhoods

790
00:32:45,739 --> 00:32:48,360
and separates community.

791
00:32:48,550 --> 00:32:51,065
Pay attention to.

792
00:32:51,065 --> 00:32:53,479
So, so the community starts

793
00:32:53,479 --> 00:32:56,639
out in the lower
Lloyd District area.

794
00:32:57,220 --> 00:32:59,900
About 2000 people were in

795
00:32:59,900 --> 00:33:03,530
Lloyd Elliot
before the flood,

796
00:33:03,530 --> 00:33:06,690
the 1948 flood of fam port

797
00:33:06,730 --> 00:33:09,950
and the closure of

798
00:33:09,950 --> 00:33:11,269
guy UBS lake would chat

799
00:33:11,269 --> 00:33:13,415
about 5000 black residents.

800
00:33:13,415 --> 00:33:15,469
That's another housing
project that was over

801
00:33:15,469 --> 00:33:18,050
and Award Defence
project that was

802
00:33:18,050 --> 00:33:22,009
over in Northwest
Portland when those

803
00:33:22,009 --> 00:33:24,589
two the 6000 that

804
00:33:24,589 --> 00:33:25,670
were in Van port and

805
00:33:25,670 --> 00:33:27,560
5 thousand and dials lake,

806
00:33:27,560 --> 00:33:30,020
where we're basically
funneled into

807
00:33:30,020 --> 00:33:32,570
this area that had

808
00:33:32,570 --> 00:33:35,810
been designated by the
Portland Royalty Board

809
00:33:35,810 --> 00:33:37,879
as a place for
blacks to live.

810
00:33:37,879 --> 00:33:41,959
Okay. So this segregation
meant that by 960,

811
00:33:41,959 --> 00:33:43,055
80 percent of important

812
00:33:43,055 --> 00:33:44,869
black population
live there.

813
00:33:44,869 --> 00:33:47,209
And over the, in

814
00:33:47,209 --> 00:33:50,314
the two decades
from 950 to 970,

815
00:33:50,314 --> 00:33:54,500
the white population
decline there 75%.

816
00:33:54,500 --> 00:33:56,559
And that was from around 42

817
00:33:56,559 --> 00:33:58,625
thousand to 10
thousand people.

818
00:33:58,625 --> 00:34:01,984
Okay. What I have here is

819
00:34:01,984 --> 00:34:04,279
the 970 percentages of

820
00:34:04,279 --> 00:34:05,630
black population in

821
00:34:05,630 --> 00:34:07,564
the various albino
neighborhoods.

822
00:34:07,564 --> 00:34:09,260
And as you can
see, Boise was the

823
00:34:09,260 --> 00:34:11,374
highest at 84% black.

824
00:34:11,374 --> 00:34:13,789
You're talking
about a city that

825
00:34:13,789 --> 00:34:16,535
is never more
than 7% black.

826
00:34:16,535 --> 00:34:17,930
And yet you have
neighborhoods

827
00:34:17,930 --> 00:34:20,119
that are 84% black.

828
00:34:20,119 --> 00:34:21,740
There were about
four schools,

829
00:34:21,740 --> 00:34:22,849
so I think it was in

830
00:34:22,849 --> 00:34:25,460
the mid-fifties or 960

831
00:34:25,460 --> 00:34:26,854
that we're 90
percent black.

832
00:34:26,854 --> 00:34:28,834
So just to give
you the idea of

833
00:34:28,834 --> 00:34:32,630
how how February
gated this area was.

834
00:34:32,630 --> 00:34:35,299
In fact, Portland
was second to LA as

835
00:34:35,299 --> 00:34:38,310
the most segregated area

836
00:34:38,500 --> 00:34:41,839
on the west coast
segregated city.

837
00:34:41,839 --> 00:34:44,690
And as Dr. Milner
said, you know,

838
00:34:44,690 --> 00:34:47,795
Portland was very
much like a Southern.

839
00:34:47,795 --> 00:34:49,789
Have the rules of

840
00:34:49,789 --> 00:34:52,939
the South in terms
of race relations?

841
00:34:52,939 --> 00:34:56,429
No. Okay. Next
slide, please.

842
00:34:56,470 --> 00:35:00,350
So what does neighborhood
just disinvestment.

843
00:35:00,350 --> 00:35:01,879
I'm asking here, What's

844
00:35:01,879 --> 00:35:04,070
the genesis of the decline

845
00:35:04,070 --> 00:35:07,550
in the genesis of housing,

846
00:35:07,550 --> 00:35:09,529
a neighborhood
disinvestment that lead

847
00:35:09,529 --> 00:35:11,764
to rock bottom
housing values.

848
00:35:11,764 --> 00:35:13,250
And now by now, okay,

849
00:35:13,250 --> 00:35:15,710
so when I came here in 98,

850
00:35:15,710 --> 00:35:18,890
gentrification was just
occurring and people

851
00:35:18,890 --> 00:35:20,089
were running around like

852
00:35:20,089 --> 00:35:21,589
chickens with their
heads cut off,

853
00:35:21,589 --> 00:35:23,765
worrying about
renter displacement.

854
00:35:23,765 --> 00:35:25,279
My question wise.
Okay, well,

855
00:35:25,279 --> 00:35:26,900
there's a black harmonics.

856
00:35:26,900 --> 00:35:28,384
And I started,

857
00:35:28,384 --> 00:35:30,080
that's when I started
looking around.

858
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:32,549
It was very
interesting to me.

859
00:35:33,220 --> 00:35:37,130
And one of the big
issues though,

860
00:35:37,130 --> 00:35:39,155
was that there were

861
00:35:39,155 --> 00:35:40,279
there had been since

862
00:35:40,279 --> 00:35:41,449
the seventies and eighties,

863
00:35:41,449 --> 00:35:42,890
such disinvestment that it

864
00:35:42,890 --> 00:35:44,945
led to housing abandonment.

865
00:35:44,945 --> 00:35:50,840
That housing values
were often less than

866
00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:52,369
the assessed value so that

867
00:35:52,369 --> 00:35:54,199
the market price
that you could get

868
00:35:54,199 --> 00:35:55,549
on your home was
less than what

869
00:35:55,549 --> 00:35:57,920
the taxes were
saying it was worth.

870
00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:00,229
Okay. That's how
disinvest in

871
00:36:00,229 --> 00:36:03,545
it disinvested the
area had become.

872
00:36:03,545 --> 00:36:05,945
And a lot of this is,

873
00:36:05,945 --> 00:36:08,899
of course, the work

874
00:36:08,899 --> 00:36:10,400
of the real
estate industry,

875
00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:12,530
the bankers,
the appraisers,

876
00:36:12,530 --> 00:36:13,729
and the realtors that

877
00:36:13,729 --> 00:36:16,564
decide what value is of a,

878
00:36:16,564 --> 00:36:18,725
of a house in a
neighborhood.

879
00:36:18,725 --> 00:36:22,009
Okay? So this concept

880
00:36:22,009 --> 00:36:23,119
that some neighborhoods are

881
00:36:23,119 --> 00:36:24,814
fed and others are bled.

882
00:36:24,814 --> 00:36:26,149
We know that for example,

883
00:36:26,149 --> 00:36:28,190
if you're familiar
with L'Oreal, Laurel,

884
00:36:28,190 --> 00:36:30,605
her store, any wealthy
white neighborhoods,

885
00:36:30,605 --> 00:36:32,779
those neighborhoods
gets lots, us.

886
00:36:32,779 --> 00:36:34,699
Resources. They get

887
00:36:34,699 --> 00:36:36,844
plenty of conventional
mortgage,

888
00:36:36,844 --> 00:36:38,630
mortgage loans, you know,

889
00:36:38,630 --> 00:36:40,430
a good interest
rates, okay?

890
00:36:40,430 --> 00:36:41,629
Other neighborhoods,

891
00:36:41,629 --> 00:36:42,920
I don't get those things.

892
00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:44,149
They don't get good parks,

893
00:36:44,149 --> 00:36:44,690
they don't get

894
00:36:44,690 --> 00:36:47,330
good conventional
mortgage loans.

895
00:36:47,330 --> 00:36:49,385
They don't get
good policing.

896
00:36:49,385 --> 00:36:51,274
They don't get
good schools,

897
00:36:51,274 --> 00:36:52,640
and so on and so forth.

898
00:36:52,640 --> 00:36:54,439
Those neighborhoods
are bled.

899
00:36:54,439 --> 00:36:56,750
And speaking of bled,

900
00:36:56,750 --> 00:37:00,080
I can't explain
everything in this thing.

901
00:37:00,080 --> 00:37:02,929
So I refer you to

902
00:37:02,929 --> 00:37:05,825
my paper bleeding
out by now,

903
00:37:05,825 --> 00:37:08,104
which you can get
by Googling it.

904
00:37:08,104 --> 00:37:09,560
And that'll fill
in a lot of

905
00:37:09,560 --> 00:37:12,259
the details of what I'm
talking about today.

906
00:37:12,259 --> 00:37:14,419
It's the history of
disinvestment in

907
00:37:14,419 --> 00:37:17,345
a bind from 1940 to 2000.

908
00:37:17,345 --> 00:37:19,910
Okay, so disinvestment
practices,

909
00:37:19,910 --> 00:37:21,139
which is what the rest

910
00:37:21,139 --> 00:37:22,369
of this is going
to be about.

911
00:37:22,369 --> 00:37:25,745
They devalued neighborhoods
so that by 990,

912
00:37:25,745 --> 00:37:28,144
the median home value,

913
00:37:28,144 --> 00:37:30,379
right at the
50th percentile,

914
00:37:30,379 --> 00:37:33,139
it was just two-thirds
of what the city west.

915
00:37:33,139 --> 00:37:34,955
So 39 thousand.

916
00:37:34,955 --> 00:37:37,879
I know that sounds
small today it is.

917
00:37:37,879 --> 00:37:41,224
But compared to 58 thousand

918
00:37:41,224 --> 00:37:43,040
on average around the city.

919
00:37:43,040 --> 00:37:49,384
Okay. So that met those
low property values.

920
00:37:49,384 --> 00:37:51,545
When every other
neighborhood

921
00:37:51,545 --> 00:37:55,070
got values were higher.

922
00:37:55,070 --> 00:37:58,190
Started to make after

923
00:37:58,190 --> 00:38:00,815
the city started
investing in,

924
00:38:00,815 --> 00:38:03,290
finally investing
in the late 80s

925
00:38:03,290 --> 00:38:05,135
and early 90s in,

926
00:38:05,135 --> 00:38:08,929
in our buying that made
those properties very

927
00:38:08,929 --> 00:38:12,095
desirable and it gentrified

928
00:38:12,095 --> 00:38:14,879
very rapidly next place.

929
00:38:16,540 --> 00:38:20,764
So here's the
various practices.

930
00:38:20,764 --> 00:38:22,655
Urban renewal,

931
00:38:22,655 --> 00:38:25,730
bulldozing
neighborhoods to,

932
00:38:25,730 --> 00:38:27,514
to make neighborhood.

933
00:38:27,514 --> 00:38:29,119
The city did this

934
00:38:29,119 --> 00:38:31,159
in Portland and
cities all across

935
00:38:31,159 --> 00:38:32,929
the country in
the post-war era

936
00:38:32,929 --> 00:38:34,159
did this in order to

937
00:38:34,159 --> 00:38:37,070
improve central
city locations

938
00:38:37,070 --> 00:38:39,725
where all over the
country the war,

939
00:38:39,725 --> 00:38:41,645
many war migrants had moved

940
00:38:41,645 --> 00:38:43,939
to Northern western cities.

941
00:38:43,939 --> 00:38:48,050
And they ghettoize
black populations

942
00:38:48,050 --> 00:38:51,125
all across Chicago,
everywhere.

943
00:38:51,125 --> 00:38:54,245
And the city would decide,

944
00:38:54,245 --> 00:38:55,850
Oh, we don't want
poor people,

945
00:38:55,850 --> 00:38:57,049
we don't want black people

946
00:38:57,049 --> 00:38:58,850
in our central city areas

947
00:38:58,850 --> 00:39:00,020
where trying to
compete with

948
00:39:00,020 --> 00:39:02,135
the suburbs which
we're developing.

949
00:39:02,135 --> 00:39:04,069
And so therefore
we're going to tear

950
00:39:04,069 --> 00:39:06,035
down a lot of the
housing was older,

951
00:39:06,035 --> 00:39:07,279
but we're just
going to tear it

952
00:39:07,279 --> 00:39:09,109
down rather than rehab it.

953
00:39:09,109 --> 00:39:10,580
And because we
want to put in

954
00:39:10,580 --> 00:39:12,529
luxury high rise housing

955
00:39:12,529 --> 00:39:14,959
and convention centers
so that we can

956
00:39:14,959 --> 00:39:18,169
attract the
middle-class folks

957
00:39:18,169 --> 00:39:19,609
to come and spend
their money here

958
00:39:19,609 --> 00:39:21,260
and to live here and
spend their money.

959
00:39:21,260 --> 00:39:25,159
It was very much a fiscal
policy out as well.

960
00:39:25,159 --> 00:39:28,355
There's a racialized
discriminatory policy.

961
00:39:28,355 --> 00:39:32,195
So the photos you
see 960 to theirs.

962
00:39:32,195 --> 00:39:33,499
You see that cupula I

963
00:39:33,499 --> 00:39:35,029
showed you on
the first slide.

964
00:39:35,029 --> 00:39:37,550
That's what the heart of

965
00:39:37,550 --> 00:39:41,255
the black community
sham said.

966
00:39:41,255 --> 00:39:44,239
Did dyn is a resident here?

967
00:39:44,239 --> 00:39:45,470
Whose quote I have,

968
00:39:45,470 --> 00:39:46,490
they are saying they took

969
00:39:46,490 --> 00:39:48,095
the heart out of
the community.

970
00:39:48,095 --> 00:39:51,319
And as Ed will attest
to that as well.

971
00:39:51,319 --> 00:39:54,140
And that's a 2007 picture

972
00:39:54,140 --> 00:39:55,820
I took where it's still

973
00:39:55,820 --> 00:39:58,069
hadn't been developed
45 years later

974
00:39:58,069 --> 00:40:00,020
and it's still
like that today.

975
00:40:00,020 --> 00:40:03,740
So that's a thorn and
the community side,

976
00:40:03,740 --> 00:40:08,315
freeways tore down
neighborhoods

977
00:40:08,315 --> 00:40:10,010
and then bank red lining.

978
00:40:10,010 --> 00:40:13,880
That's the practice
of not lending money.

979
00:40:13,880 --> 00:40:16,250
That will,

980
00:40:16,250 --> 00:40:18,814
money is the lifeblood
of housing stock.

981
00:40:18,814 --> 00:40:21,200
You have to be able to
buy and sell housing.

982
00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:22,880
You have to be able to

983
00:40:22,880 --> 00:40:24,979
get loans to fix it up.

984
00:40:24,979 --> 00:40:27,695
When people can't
get bank loans,

985
00:40:27,695 --> 00:40:29,315
they can't buy homes.

986
00:40:29,315 --> 00:40:33,110
And that fulfills
the notion of not,

987
00:40:33,110 --> 00:40:35,929
of, of black people
not being able to

988
00:40:35,929 --> 00:40:38,914
own and develop well
through homeownership.

989
00:40:38,914 --> 00:40:41,479
Okay. It also
saves the housing

990
00:40:41,479 --> 00:40:45,730
for for future use

991
00:40:45,730 --> 00:40:48,205
for others if
you don't own.

992
00:40:48,205 --> 00:40:51,249
So it's also a way

993
00:40:51,249 --> 00:40:54,279
to exploit the population
by just renting,

994
00:40:54,279 --> 00:40:57,655
rather than owning homes,

995
00:40:57,655 --> 00:41:00,654
slum lowering them,
renting them out,

996
00:41:00,654 --> 00:41:02,724
and not selling them.

997
00:41:02,724 --> 00:41:04,240
Okay? So you can make

998
00:41:04,240 --> 00:41:06,129
money off the
population that has

999
00:41:06,129 --> 00:41:07,660
no choice to move anywhere

1000
00:41:07,660 --> 00:41:09,369
else or to go rent
anywhere else.

1001
00:41:09,369 --> 00:41:11,109
You too buh-bye
anywhere else.

1002
00:41:11,109 --> 00:41:13,269
So when there is a void in

1003
00:41:13,269 --> 00:41:16,210
lending from
conventional banks,

1004
00:41:16,210 --> 00:41:21,460
you end up having
schemers and, you know,

1005
00:41:21,460 --> 00:41:23,514
speculators filling the gap

1006
00:41:23,514 --> 00:41:25,304
with high interest loans,

1007
00:41:25,304 --> 00:41:27,605
loans that end up

1008
00:41:27,605 --> 00:41:30,319
cheating people out of
their, their homes.

1009
00:41:30,319 --> 00:41:32,300
Eventually, you have

1010
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:34,609
the real estate
industry considering

1011
00:41:34,609 --> 00:41:37,430
the albino
neighborhoods not as

1012
00:41:37,430 --> 00:41:41,119
a place to build
up community,

1013
00:41:41,119 --> 00:41:43,039
but just to speculate too,

1014
00:41:43,039 --> 00:41:46,759
to wheel and deal with
the house housing for

1015
00:41:46,759 --> 00:41:48,215
a future time when

1016
00:41:48,215 --> 00:41:51,019
eventually properties
might go up.

1017
00:41:51,019 --> 00:41:54,485
Values might
be, the better.

1018
00:41:54,485 --> 00:41:57,140
There might be Investment
Fund the city,

1019
00:41:57,140 --> 00:41:59,600
but the city had been
neglecting the area.

1020
00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:02,210
And whenever you
designated areas.

1021
00:42:02,210 --> 00:42:04,249
As for urban renewal,

1022
00:42:04,249 --> 00:42:05,959
they people know that

1023
00:42:05,959 --> 00:42:07,174
it's eventually
going to be,

1024
00:42:07,174 --> 00:42:09,574
that all the housing's
going to be torn down.

1025
00:42:09,574 --> 00:42:11,750
So therefore, why
should you invest

1026
00:42:11,750 --> 00:42:14,029
in and buying and
selling a home there?

1027
00:42:14,029 --> 00:42:16,280
Why should you even
fix up your own if

1028
00:42:16,280 --> 00:42:17,480
you know their
urban renewal

1029
00:42:17,480 --> 00:42:18,710
bulldozers coming.

1030
00:42:18,710 --> 00:42:22,010
Okay. So zoning an area

1031
00:42:22,010 --> 00:42:25,460
for future use of
commercial or for

1032
00:42:25,460 --> 00:42:28,354
a hospital or a
Memorial Coliseum

1033
00:42:28,354 --> 00:42:33,914
really helps push
property values down.

1034
00:42:33,914 --> 00:42:36,295
You also had white flight.

1035
00:42:36,295 --> 00:42:38,620
As I said, the
white population

1036
00:42:38,620 --> 00:42:41,770
declined by 75% over
that 20-year period.

1037
00:42:41,770 --> 00:42:43,600
So there were a lot
of houses that were

1038
00:42:43,600 --> 00:42:45,250
left vacant simply because

1039
00:42:45,250 --> 00:42:46,930
the population was so

1040
00:42:46,930 --> 00:42:48,520
had thinned out so much.

1041
00:42:48,520 --> 00:42:52,795
Okay. So you ended up with

1042
00:42:52,795 --> 00:42:55,000
a lot of vacant and
abandoned housing

1043
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:56,380
in the seventies
and eighties

1044
00:42:56,380 --> 00:42:57,609
and some of these
neighborhoods,

1045
00:42:57,609 --> 00:43:00,520
absentee ownership
again, and slum lord is,

1046
00:43:00,520 --> 00:43:03,654
um, so people are,
who own these homes.

1047
00:43:03,654 --> 00:43:06,039
White people who left,

1048
00:43:06,039 --> 00:43:08,440
for example, left
their homes,

1049
00:43:08,440 --> 00:43:10,719
went and bought a nicer
house in the suburbs.

1050
00:43:10,719 --> 00:43:12,279
They can foresee
that this area

1051
00:43:12,279 --> 00:43:13,674
wouldn't be invested in.

1052
00:43:13,674 --> 00:43:16,095
They would just
keep their home.

1053
00:43:16,095 --> 00:43:17,749
Wouldn't sell it, wouldn't

1054
00:43:17,749 --> 00:43:19,460
engage in a private
contract to

1055
00:43:19,460 --> 00:43:20,824
sell it because
they couldn't get

1056
00:43:20,824 --> 00:43:23,509
conventional financing
to sell it that way.

1057
00:43:23,509 --> 00:43:25,160
Or at least the buyer,

1058
00:43:25,160 --> 00:43:27,050
black buyers
couldn't get it.

1059
00:43:27,050 --> 00:43:31,655
So there would be a lot of

1060
00:43:31,655 --> 00:43:33,740
a lot more renters rather

1061
00:43:33,740 --> 00:43:36,679
than than homeowners
in an area.

1062
00:43:36,679 --> 00:43:38,644
Okay. And the slumlords,

1063
00:43:38,644 --> 00:43:41,659
they're there to
make a profit and to

1064
00:43:41,659 --> 00:43:43,189
not invest money and

1065
00:43:43,189 --> 00:43:45,320
fixing up the places, okay.

1066
00:43:45,320 --> 00:43:48,170
And oftentimes
intimidating renters

1067
00:43:48,170 --> 00:43:49,519
who have few choices.

1068
00:43:49,519 --> 00:43:55,595
The other thing that
but that was allowed,

1069
00:43:55,595 --> 00:43:58,729
that house disinvest
and destroy a community

1070
00:43:58,729 --> 00:44:00,019
or a devalue community

1071
00:44:00,019 --> 00:44:01,909
are our Vice activities.

1072
00:44:01,909 --> 00:44:03,424
And I'm going to
talk about that,

1073
00:44:03,424 --> 00:44:04,880
you know, drugs,
prostitution,

1074
00:44:04,880 --> 00:44:10,699
crime was designated
for albino areas.

1075
00:44:10,699 --> 00:44:14,640
Okay. Next place.

1076
00:44:15,250 --> 00:44:18,350
So this is the
Memorial Coliseum

1077
00:44:18,350 --> 00:44:20,629
that was developed in 960,

1078
00:44:20,629 --> 00:44:23,239
that is part of the
classic redevelopment.

1079
00:44:23,239 --> 00:44:26,270
I mentioned 46% of

1080
00:44:26,270 --> 00:44:28,580
the 476 housing units

1081
00:44:28,580 --> 00:44:31,339
were black owned
or block occupied.

1082
00:44:31,339 --> 00:44:34,699
And there was
a black doctor

1083
00:44:34,699 --> 00:44:36,049
who actually had
been brought here,

1084
00:44:36,049 --> 00:44:38,794
I believe in the
30s to administer

1085
00:44:38,794 --> 00:44:42,260
medical care to the
black population.

1086
00:44:42,260 --> 00:44:45,170
His off medical
offices were relocated

1087
00:44:45,170 --> 00:44:46,760
along with other businesses

1088
00:44:46,760 --> 00:44:48,425
and black institutions.

1089
00:44:48,425 --> 00:44:51,005
People, when we talk
about urban renewal,

1090
00:44:51,005 --> 00:44:52,069
we often talk about

1091
00:44:52,069 --> 00:44:53,600
the loss of housing units,

1092
00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:54,980
which is true, and the loss

1093
00:44:54,980 --> 00:44:56,480
of neighborhood community.

1094
00:44:56,480 --> 00:44:58,190
But we also have
to remember that

1095
00:44:58,190 --> 00:44:59,929
the loss of businesses and

1096
00:44:59,929 --> 00:45:04,639
commercial wealth developed
is, is humungous.

1097
00:45:04,639 --> 00:45:07,699
Commute commercial areas
that are destroyed.

1098
00:45:07,699 --> 00:45:09,950
People lose all their
investment in there,

1099
00:45:09,950 --> 00:45:12,185
but businesses are in,

1100
00:45:12,185 --> 00:45:15,629
in their businesses.
Okay, next place.

1101
00:45:16,180 --> 00:45:18,649
The second urban
renewal was

1102
00:45:18,649 --> 00:45:20,420
Emmanuel Hospital
at pointed

1103
00:45:20,420 --> 00:45:21,950
that out on the map.

1104
00:45:21,950 --> 00:45:24,530
That's legacy, a manual.

1105
00:45:24,530 --> 00:45:29,090
This is a photo of
folks protesting

1106
00:45:29,090 --> 00:45:31,279
Panthers protesting

1107
00:45:31,279 --> 00:45:33,589
against the
manual hospital,

1108
00:45:33,589 --> 00:45:36,259
which took forever
to redevelop.

1109
00:45:36,259 --> 00:45:37,670
And as I showed you,

1110
00:45:37,670 --> 00:45:40,350
some of the land
is still bacon.

1111
00:45:41,740 --> 00:45:45,410
And 76 acres were

1112
00:45:45,410 --> 00:45:48,860
cleared for that
development up in in

1113
00:45:48,860 --> 00:45:51,844
the Elliot's
neighborhood and

1114
00:45:51,844 --> 00:45:53,960
people were promised jobs,

1115
00:45:53,960 --> 00:45:56,330
those never materialized.

1116
00:45:56,330 --> 00:45:59,359
And I'd like, and this

1117
00:45:59,359 --> 00:46:00,200
was where the heart of

1118
00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:01,970
the black community
was destroyed.

1119
00:46:01,970 --> 00:46:05,509
And so, you know,

1120
00:46:05,509 --> 00:46:08,569
the photo says stop that
stretch. I'm sorry.

1121
00:46:08,569 --> 00:46:10,789
The second poster says stop

1122
00:46:10,789 --> 00:46:13,340
the destruction until
you hire poor people.

1123
00:46:13,340 --> 00:46:15,740
Poverty was high and

1124
00:46:15,740 --> 00:46:17,629
unemployment was
a huge problem.

1125
00:46:17,629 --> 00:46:19,219
We also have to
remember how

1126
00:46:19,219 --> 00:46:20,899
much that contributed to

1127
00:46:20,899 --> 00:46:22,730
decline in the area

1128
00:46:22,730 --> 00:46:28,024
because employment
discrimination and,

1129
00:46:28,024 --> 00:46:31,099
and an overall
economic recessions

1130
00:46:31,099 --> 00:46:32,599
that occurred in
the seventies and

1131
00:46:32,599 --> 00:46:38,915
eighties really did not
help folks get ahead.

1132
00:46:38,915 --> 00:46:41,929
So. Jobs were promised,

1133
00:46:41,929 --> 00:46:43,820
but not, they did

1134
00:46:43,820 --> 00:46:47,519
not materialize.
Next please.

1135
00:46:48,640 --> 00:46:51,499
So in redlining was

1136
00:46:51,499 --> 00:46:54,380
exposed by the
orogeny, a newspaper.

1137
00:46:54,380 --> 00:46:56,659
Okay, It had been going
on and people knew

1138
00:46:56,659 --> 00:46:59,389
and been going on
for years, decades.

1139
00:46:59,389 --> 00:47:03,529
But this expose a,

1140
00:47:03,529 --> 00:47:05,930
hit the newspaper and 990,

1141
00:47:05,930 --> 00:47:10,234
and it showed that lending
wasn't being done.

1142
00:47:10,234 --> 00:47:11,270
Just 10 percent of

1143
00:47:11,270 --> 00:47:12,919
the average lending was

1144
00:47:12,919 --> 00:47:15,454
happening in the
albino community.

1145
00:47:15,454 --> 00:47:18,245
So most people, when
they bought homes,

1146
00:47:18,245 --> 00:47:19,999
initially people had to

1147
00:47:19,999 --> 00:47:22,249
get whites to buy
homes for them.

1148
00:47:22,249 --> 00:47:23,870
And then if you
bought homes,

1149
00:47:23,870 --> 00:47:25,579
you often the seller had

1150
00:47:25,579 --> 00:47:27,934
to go into a
contract with you,

1151
00:47:27,934 --> 00:47:29,629
okay, to sell their home

1152
00:47:29,629 --> 00:47:31,399
and take back the
loan themselves,

1153
00:47:31,399 --> 00:47:33,349
often at higher
interest rates.

1154
00:47:33,349 --> 00:47:35,719
But this is where you folks

1155
00:47:35,719 --> 00:47:39,034
stepped in with
predatory loans.

1156
00:47:39,034 --> 00:47:42,409
So there were small
biggest businesses like

1157
00:47:42,409 --> 00:47:44,719
Lincoln loan that
stepped into

1158
00:47:44,719 --> 00:47:47,524
the void and offered loans,

1159
00:47:47,524 --> 00:47:51,439
mortgages on their 100
homes they might own,

1160
00:47:51,439 --> 00:47:53,059
like alone owned more than

1161
00:47:53,059 --> 00:47:55,190
a 100 homes and would

1162
00:47:55,190 --> 00:47:57,290
sell the homes that were in

1163
00:47:57,290 --> 00:47:58,879
the worst condition
and then give

1164
00:47:58,879 --> 00:48:01,010
you a loan to fix
up the house.

1165
00:48:01,010 --> 00:48:02,629
And then little did you

1166
00:48:02,629 --> 00:48:04,535
know at the end
of the contract,

1167
00:48:04,535 --> 00:48:05,779
if you tried to sell,

1168
00:48:05,779 --> 00:48:07,894
you found out you didn't
really own the home

1169
00:48:07,894 --> 00:48:09,349
because there was a double

1170
00:48:09,349 --> 00:48:10,729
lock and the contract.

1171
00:48:10,729 --> 00:48:12,229
In fact, I testified for

1172
00:48:12,229 --> 00:48:14,060
a family up on behalf of

1173
00:48:14,060 --> 00:48:16,249
a family who tried to sell

1174
00:48:16,249 --> 00:48:17,960
their home and found

1175
00:48:17,960 --> 00:48:19,685
out they didn't
really own it.

1176
00:48:19,685 --> 00:48:22,939
And the court it took years

1177
00:48:22,939 --> 00:48:25,910
for the court to
side with them.

1178
00:48:25,910 --> 00:48:29,059
The judge in my
initial case said,

1179
00:48:29,059 --> 00:48:30,140
you should have
known better,

1180
00:48:30,140 --> 00:48:32,015
you should have
read the contract.

1181
00:48:32,015 --> 00:48:36,500
Okay? And then an
example of lending,

1182
00:48:36,500 --> 00:48:38,180
you know, of the
neighborhoods

1183
00:48:38,180 --> 00:48:40,834
being bled and wealth.

1184
00:48:40,834 --> 00:48:43,490
And this prevented
wealth accumulation.

1185
00:48:43,490 --> 00:48:44,539
This one man, there

1186
00:48:44,539 --> 00:48:45,754
was an article in the paper

1187
00:48:45,754 --> 00:48:48,590
about how he could buy
a $25 thousand car.

1188
00:48:48,590 --> 00:48:49,999
Buddy, he tried to buy

1189
00:48:49,999 --> 00:48:51,440
a $16 thousand house

1190
00:48:51,440 --> 00:48:53,374
and he couldn't get alone.

1191
00:48:53,374 --> 00:48:56,300
So a lot of this was
intentional, right?

1192
00:48:56,300 --> 00:48:59,789
It's again part
of subjugation.

1193
00:49:00,700 --> 00:49:03,080
Racial subjugation.

1194
00:49:03,080 --> 00:49:04,490
Okay. White supremacy.

1195
00:49:04,490 --> 00:49:06,809
Alright, next place.

1196
00:49:12,370 --> 00:49:15,260
I interviewed or a heart

1197
00:49:15,260 --> 00:49:17,299
or I've talked
to or a heart.

1198
00:49:17,299 --> 00:49:20,070
She was a realtor
that lived there.

1199
00:49:20,200 --> 00:49:24,004
And she said, I
can guarantee you.

1200
00:49:24,004 --> 00:49:26,120
They they are paying
more and rent than

1201
00:49:26,120 --> 00:49:26,900
they would to buy

1202
00:49:26,900 --> 00:49:28,205
a house in this
neighborhood.

1203
00:49:28,205 --> 00:49:31,325
So see, this is, this
is what's going on.

1204
00:49:31,325 --> 00:49:34,444
People can't get
money to buy homes.

1205
00:49:34,444 --> 00:49:35,840
Where it would
be, you'd get

1206
00:49:35,840 --> 00:49:37,849
a better rate on
the mortgage than

1207
00:49:37,849 --> 00:49:41,179
you would by
paying to rent.

1208
00:49:41,179 --> 00:49:42,679
So this is where slumlords,

1209
00:49:42,679 --> 00:49:44,615
that this is a form of

1210
00:49:44,615 --> 00:49:49,190
extracting wealth from
community members by,

1211
00:49:49,190 --> 00:49:51,800
by making them
remain renters.

1212
00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:54,770
Okay. The worst slumlords,

1213
00:49:54,770 --> 00:49:56,179
like I said,
Lincoln loan had

1214
00:49:56,179 --> 00:49:58,349
more than a 100 houses.

1215
00:49:58,349 --> 00:50:00,070
In the late eighties,

1216
00:50:00,070 --> 00:50:01,555
this is when, you know,

1217
00:50:01,555 --> 00:50:03,369
the community members wagon

1218
00:50:03,369 --> 00:50:05,260
black had been
complaining for years

1219
00:50:05,260 --> 00:50:06,850
and years about
the conditions

1220
00:50:06,850 --> 00:50:08,784
and how the city was

1221
00:50:08,784 --> 00:50:11,604
ignoring or neglecting

1222
00:50:11,604 --> 00:50:15,040
the needs of the community.

1223
00:50:15,040 --> 00:50:18,910
Okay. And finally, in

1224
00:50:18,910 --> 00:50:21,369
the late eighties when
but car was taking

1225
00:50:21,369 --> 00:50:25,180
over as mayor was
this liberal guy.

1226
00:50:25,180 --> 00:50:28,420
And finally, when some of

1227
00:50:28,420 --> 00:50:31,375
the black politicians,
like think Bogle,

1228
00:50:31,375 --> 00:50:32,964
who was a city counselor,

1229
00:50:32,964 --> 00:50:35,949
and I forget the
woman's name,

1230
00:50:35,949 --> 00:50:39,709
who was on the normal
County Commission.

1231
00:50:40,720 --> 00:50:43,189
They started instigating

1232
00:50:43,189 --> 00:50:44,870
some revitalization
efforts.

1233
00:50:44,870 --> 00:50:46,909
Right. So my point is,

1234
00:50:46,909 --> 00:50:48,349
I don't have time
to go through

1235
00:50:48,349 --> 00:50:50,029
that in this presentation,

1236
00:50:50,029 --> 00:50:52,010
but all along, there was

1237
00:50:52,010 --> 00:50:54,545
resistance to these
disinvestment efforts.

1238
00:50:54,545 --> 00:50:56,839
Okay. There were successes.

1239
00:50:56,839 --> 00:50:59,149
The Irving to in home
ownership rate like

1240
00:50:59,149 --> 00:51:03,769
home ownership rate
was 81%, okay.

1241
00:51:03,769 --> 00:51:07,100
In the 70s. And
so there were

1242
00:51:07,100 --> 00:51:09,200
successes and there were,

1243
00:51:09,200 --> 00:51:11,284
there was resistance.

1244
00:51:11,284 --> 00:51:14,720
But some of these forces
are so overwhelming.

1245
00:51:14,720 --> 00:51:17,810
But Edna Robinson Robertson

1246
00:51:17,810 --> 00:51:19,370
was a community organizer.

1247
00:51:19,370 --> 00:51:21,215
And so there was 900

1248
00:51:21,215 --> 00:51:23,165
vacant and
abandoned buildings

1249
00:51:23,165 --> 00:51:25,519
she counted and
about 980 8.

1250
00:51:25,519 --> 00:51:26,914
So that's what I'm
talking about.

1251
00:51:26,914 --> 00:51:30,170
Like the the height of
disinvestment, okay.

1252
00:51:30,170 --> 00:51:31,700
And real estate fraud

1253
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:33,890
was practice
without penalty.

1254
00:51:33,890 --> 00:51:35,629
This one company
was finally

1255
00:51:35,629 --> 00:51:39,515
busted and that the state
got them for fraud.

1256
00:51:39,515 --> 00:51:43,849
They would fell
or quote unquote,

1257
00:51:43,849 --> 00:51:47,660
sell or rent 250 homes

1258
00:51:47,660 --> 00:51:49,580
in the lending and
appraisal spam.

1259
00:51:49,580 --> 00:51:52,099
So you had all aspects

1260
00:51:52,099 --> 00:51:53,119
of the industry, right?

1261
00:51:53,119 --> 00:51:54,799
They bore, they'd
say the hump,

1262
00:51:54,799 --> 00:51:55,820
we kinda what you hear

1263
00:51:55,820 --> 00:51:57,934
Donald Trump doing now
they'd say them all,

1264
00:51:57,934 --> 00:51:59,450
depending on who they
were talking to,

1265
00:51:59,450 --> 00:52:01,669
that home was worth a
different value, right?

1266
00:52:01,669 --> 00:52:04,234
So for taxes it's
a lower value for,

1267
00:52:04,234 --> 00:52:07,130
for getting loans as
collateral to get loans,

1268
00:52:07,130 --> 00:52:09,995
the houses were more okay.

1269
00:52:09,995 --> 00:52:12,949
Anyway, they finally
got busted and

1270
00:52:12,949 --> 00:52:15,289
a non-profit housing
organization,

1271
00:52:15,289 --> 00:52:17,539
Portland Community
Reinvestment initiatives

1272
00:52:17,539 --> 00:52:19,039
was created to take over

1273
00:52:19,039 --> 00:52:20,870
those homes and many
of them are still

1274
00:52:20,870 --> 00:52:24,215
rentals in Northeast
Portland today.

1275
00:52:24,215 --> 00:52:28,850
But this fraudulent
real estate activity

1276
00:52:28,850 --> 00:52:30,320
was not.

1277
00:52:30,320 --> 00:52:32,059
Consumers were
not protected.

1278
00:52:32,059 --> 00:52:33,560
And that's partly
what the 14th

1279
00:52:33,560 --> 00:52:35,119
Amendment is
supposed to do.

1280
00:52:35,119 --> 00:52:39,020
Okay. I need to hurry up.

1281
00:52:39,020 --> 00:52:41,910
Let's go next side.

1282
00:52:46,480 --> 00:52:49,860
Next slide, please.

1283
00:52:58,450 --> 00:53:00,469
Concern there might be

1284
00:53:00,469 --> 00:53:03,119
an Internet issue here.

1285
00:53:07,980 --> 00:53:12,230
Hey, my slide
up there. Yeah.

1286
00:53:21,270 --> 00:53:24,460
Okay. Yeah, I'm
nearly done.

1287
00:53:24,460 --> 00:53:26,155
So this are just
a couple of

1288
00:53:26,155 --> 00:53:28,000
quotes that I
throw in that show

1289
00:53:28,000 --> 00:53:30,910
how neighborhood
residents perceived

1290
00:53:30,910 --> 00:53:33,519
what was going on
and around 1988.

1291
00:53:33,519 --> 00:53:35,589
So that's the rock
bottom period.

1292
00:53:35,589 --> 00:53:38,305
Okay. In terms of
disinvestment,

1293
00:53:38,305 --> 00:53:40,690
that's the turning
point after ADA,

1294
00:53:40,690 --> 00:53:42,669
things started to change.

1295
00:53:42,669 --> 00:53:44,350
There started to
be improvement.

1296
00:53:44,350 --> 00:53:46,819
Okay, next slide.

1297
00:53:54,010 --> 00:53:58,294
So reinvestment lead
to gentrification.

1298
00:53:58,294 --> 00:54:02,899
Next slide. So this

1299
00:54:02,899 --> 00:54:04,894
is what I wanted
to show you.

1300
00:54:04,894 --> 00:54:06,829
Just the increase in

1301
00:54:06,829 --> 00:54:10,309
property values,
median home values.

1302
00:54:10,309 --> 00:54:12,679
You could see how by

1303
00:54:12,679 --> 00:54:15,424
now the browns,
the brown one,

1304
00:54:15,424 --> 00:54:20,000
was in 990 values
were about six,

1305
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:22,474
two-thirds of the cities.

1306
00:54:22,474 --> 00:54:25,130
They rose to about 87% of

1307
00:54:25,130 --> 00:54:26,959
the cities there
in 2 thousand.

1308
00:54:26,959 --> 00:54:32,135
And then in the
20052009 period,

1309
00:54:32,135 --> 00:54:36,290
they actually exceeded
the city median.

1310
00:54:36,290 --> 00:54:37,790
And that is the result of

1311
00:54:37,790 --> 00:54:39,710
finally reinvestment.

1312
00:54:39,710 --> 00:54:42,095
When white folks moved in,

1313
00:54:42,095 --> 00:54:44,360
when the city said
the green light

1314
00:54:44,360 --> 00:54:47,585
and mortgage lending
started to occur,

1315
00:54:47,585 --> 00:54:50,660
they flooded the area
with mortgage money.

1316
00:54:50,660 --> 00:54:55,310
Housing, real estate
industry came in and

1317
00:54:55,310 --> 00:54:58,580
the city had interstate
urban renewal

1318
00:54:58,580 --> 00:54:59,779
put the train in.

1319
00:54:59,779 --> 00:55:01,370
There was a lot and lot of

1320
00:55:01,370 --> 00:55:04,100
investment started
flooding into this area

1321
00:55:04,100 --> 00:55:06,019
that had been
disinvested for

1322
00:55:06,019 --> 00:55:08,330
so long and housing values

1323
00:55:08,330 --> 00:55:10,519
had been suppressed.

1324
00:55:10,519 --> 00:55:13,039
And so I've talked to
folks who said Why

1325
00:55:13,039 --> 00:55:14,239
couldn't had
been fixed step

1326
00:55:14,239 --> 00:55:15,994
when we lived there.

1327
00:55:15,994 --> 00:55:21,319
And well, we know
the answer to that.

1328
00:55:21,319 --> 00:55:24,479
And so if next slide face.

1329
00:55:25,330 --> 00:55:30,109
So my conclusion
is that even

1330
00:55:30,109 --> 00:55:32,194
though the city and
community fault

1331
00:55:32,194 --> 00:55:34,084
tried to revitalize stuff,

1332
00:55:34,084 --> 00:55:35,674
given the legacy of

1333
00:55:35,674 --> 00:55:39,694
the systematic devaluation
of the district,

1334
00:55:39,694 --> 00:55:43,955
right, with ghettoization,
disinvestment.

1335
00:55:43,955 --> 00:55:46,144
And then a reinvestment

1336
00:55:46,144 --> 00:55:48,349
here geared toward
market profits

1337
00:55:48,349 --> 00:55:50,194
which gentrification

1338
00:55:50,194 --> 00:55:51,709
benefits the city's

1339
00:55:51,709 --> 00:55:53,300
benefits the
private actors,

1340
00:55:53,300 --> 00:55:55,519
the banks, realtors, right?

1341
00:55:55,519 --> 00:55:59,255
So that cities are
for gentrification.

1342
00:55:59,255 --> 00:56:02,240
So, but that approach

1343
00:56:02,240 --> 00:56:06,080
precluded community
ownership and control.

1344
00:56:06,080 --> 00:56:09,080
And wealth inequality
increased.

1345
00:56:09,080 --> 00:56:12,590
The unemployment was
never addressed.

1346
00:56:12,590 --> 00:56:15,290
And the result is a loss

1347
00:56:15,290 --> 00:56:17,599
of community,
history, place,

1348
00:56:17,599 --> 00:56:22,919
and identity.
Okay. Thank you.

1349
00:56:42,120 --> 00:56:44,709
And now we have MR. Ed.

1350
00:56:44,709 --> 00:56:48,110
Washington. Speak
speak with us.

1351
00:56:49,770 --> 00:56:54,070
Good evening or
late afternoon,

1352
00:56:54,070 --> 00:56:55,629
everybody. My name
is Ed Washington.

1353
00:56:55,629 --> 00:56:57,489
I'm going to talk with you

1354
00:56:57,489 --> 00:57:04,375
a little bit
about Dan board.

1355
00:57:04,375 --> 00:57:07,150
I'm going to talk
you talk to you

1356
00:57:07,150 --> 00:57:08,829
about the Portland State

1357
00:57:08,829 --> 00:57:10,765
connection to the Angkor.

1358
00:57:10,765 --> 00:57:14,489
And I'm going to go
back a little bit.

1359
00:57:14,830 --> 00:57:18,214
Because I think
in order for

1360
00:57:18,214 --> 00:57:21,770
to really appreciate
my vent port story,

1361
00:57:21,770 --> 00:57:22,459
I'm just going to pull

1362
00:57:22,459 --> 00:57:24,080
back a little bit in time

1363
00:57:24,080 --> 00:57:25,129
and tell you just
a little bit

1364
00:57:25,129 --> 00:57:26,899
about where I came from.

1365
00:57:26,899 --> 00:57:28,235
My family.

1366
00:57:28,235 --> 00:57:30,004
We're all from
Birmingham, Alabama.

1367
00:57:30,004 --> 00:57:34,369
And my dad came to Portman

1368
00:57:34,369 --> 00:57:39,005
in 1942 to work in
a Kaiser shipyards.

1369
00:57:39,005 --> 00:57:42,530
And the due to

1370
00:57:42,530 --> 00:57:44,644
the Second World
War that has it,

1371
00:57:44,644 --> 00:57:47,479
that particular
situation had

1372
00:57:47,479 --> 00:57:51,710
a tremendous impact on
the city of Portland,

1373
00:57:51,710 --> 00:57:53,854
particularly for
African Americans.

1374
00:57:53,854 --> 00:57:56,210
And also, there's
a connection

1375
00:57:56,210 --> 00:57:57,364
between band poor,

1376
00:57:57,364 --> 00:57:59,584
important State University.

1377
00:57:59,584 --> 00:58:04,849
When, when we moved
here in 1942,

1378
00:58:04,849 --> 00:58:12,210
housing Gibbs Jin's work.

1379
00:58:14,560 --> 00:58:19,639
Because there
was no housing

1380
00:58:19,639 --> 00:58:21,935
here from or at worst
a certain sub u.

1381
00:58:21,935 --> 00:58:23,839
And so that was one of

1382
00:58:23,839 --> 00:58:27,379
the big reasons
for that was

1383
00:58:27,379 --> 00:58:30,290
because there was just
so many people coming

1384
00:58:30,290 --> 00:58:33,484
to work in the shipyards
During that time.

1385
00:58:33,484 --> 00:58:35,539
And the fact that
African-Americans

1386
00:58:35,539 --> 00:58:37,820
just couldn't go
live anywhere.

1387
00:58:37,820 --> 00:58:41,929
The 940 senses for
the state of Oregon,

1388
00:58:41,929 --> 00:58:43,745
the entire state of Oregon,

1389
00:58:43,745 --> 00:58:46,310
there was less than
2500 African-Americans

1390
00:58:46,310 --> 00:58:48,170
in the entire
state of Oregon.

1391
00:58:48,170 --> 00:58:52,220
And, and Dr. Milner
explained to you about

1392
00:58:52,220 --> 00:58:54,215
the laws that did not allow

1393
00:58:54,215 --> 00:58:56,990
blacks to settle in
the Oregon territory.

1394
00:58:56,990 --> 00:58:59,599
Though they came in
stay here and there was

1395
00:58:59,599 --> 00:59:08,979
not thousands of
African Americans.

1396
00:59:08,979 --> 00:59:11,174
Black people flock into

1397
00:59:11,174 --> 00:59:13,035
Oregon back in
the 18 fifties.

1398
00:59:13,035 --> 00:59:14,909
But those that
can stay here,

1399
00:59:14,909 --> 00:59:18,149
they just cross your
fast-forward to

1400
00:59:18,149 --> 00:59:22,109
the 19 forties
and we're still

1401
00:59:22,109 --> 00:59:24,075
feel any impact of

1402
00:59:24,075 --> 00:59:27,000
the 850 air because

1403
00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:28,049
of the fact that there was

1404
00:59:28,049 --> 00:59:30,030
just so few African
Americans in

1405
00:59:30,030 --> 00:59:39,135
in in Mr. Washington State.

1406
00:59:39,135 --> 00:59:40,740
The alkene started out

1407
00:59:40,740 --> 00:59:42,849
originally, it
was dumbed down.

1408
00:59:43,850 --> 00:59:47,760
Okay. Mr. Mr. Washington,

1409
00:59:47,760 --> 00:59:49,769
Let's do this.
I can hit you.

1410
00:59:49,769 --> 00:59:50,459
Good.

1411
00:59:50,459 --> 00:59:51,209
We're having a little bit

1412
00:59:51,209 --> 00:59:52,364
of internet trouble.

1413
00:59:52,364 --> 00:59:54,629
Can you just
mute your camera

1414
00:59:54,629 --> 00:59:57,524
just for a moment?
Come back to us.

1415
00:59:57,524 --> 01:00:01,359
Okay. All right.

1416
01:00:04,730 --> 01:00:07,245
Okay. How's that?

1417
01:00:07,245 --> 01:00:08,970
Let's take it from
here. It's, it's,

1418
01:00:08,970 --> 01:00:10,020
it's tough all over

1419
01:00:10,020 --> 01:00:11,249
out there, but
let's go from here.

1420
01:00:11,249 --> 01:00:17,340
Thank you, Mr. Washington.
Okay. All right.

1421
01:00:17,340 --> 01:00:18,495
Sorry about that.

1422
01:00:18,495 --> 01:00:22,050
So the African-American
community in

1423
01:00:22,050 --> 01:00:23,759
the 1940s in

1424
01:00:23,759 --> 01:00:25,259
downtown Portland
really went from

1425
01:00:25,259 --> 01:00:26,549
the Willamette River on

1426
01:00:26,549 --> 01:00:29,949
the East up to
roughly tenth Avenue,

1427
01:00:31,700 --> 01:00:34,649
west side, and really

1428
01:00:34,649 --> 01:00:36,840
from the Broadway bridge.

1429
01:00:36,840 --> 01:00:38,970
And that was a
community that was

1430
01:00:38,970 --> 01:00:40,020
a community started back

1431
01:00:40,020 --> 01:00:41,189
in the late 18 hundreds.

1432
01:00:41,189 --> 01:00:43,230
However, in the 30s,

1433
01:00:43,230 --> 01:00:45,644
when the depression hit,

1434
01:00:45,644 --> 01:00:47,459
the City of
Portland decided

1435
01:00:47,459 --> 01:00:49,259
that where are the
African Americans

1436
01:00:49,259 --> 01:00:50,325
were living downtown.

1437
01:00:50,325 --> 01:00:52,035
They needed that land.

1438
01:00:52,035 --> 01:00:54,315
And so they in
essence took it,

1439
01:00:54,315 --> 01:00:55,679
then relocate

1440
01:00:55,679 --> 01:00:56,909
that the African
American community

1441
01:00:56,909 --> 01:00:58,440
over into the area where

1442
01:00:58,440 --> 01:01:00,630
that Memorial
Coliseum yesterday.

1443
01:01:00,630 --> 01:01:02,640
And then by the 1940s

1444
01:01:02,640 --> 01:01:04,214
when my family moved here,

1445
01:01:04,214 --> 01:01:05,640
the area down where

1446
01:01:05,640 --> 01:01:06,990
the Colosseum yesterday

1447
01:01:06,990 --> 01:01:08,340
that was the predominant,

1448
01:01:08,340 --> 01:01:10,290
That was the
African-American community,

1449
01:01:10,290 --> 01:01:12,315
with a few scattered

1450
01:01:12,315 --> 01:01:15,029
over in the area
of Hi Annie

1451
01:01:15,029 --> 01:01:17,669
manual hospital down from

1452
01:01:17,669 --> 01:01:20,325
roughly Williams Avenue
down to interstate.

1453
01:01:20,325 --> 01:01:23,370
And so when we came here,

1454
01:01:23,370 --> 01:01:24,689
we had to live in Dan for

1455
01:01:24,689 --> 01:01:27,195
it was the only place
that we could live.

1456
01:01:27,195 --> 01:01:29,880
But it's still
interesting that these

1457
01:01:29,880 --> 01:01:33,089
kinds of things that
go on with people,

1458
01:01:33,089 --> 01:01:34,379
they tend to carry

1459
01:01:34,379 --> 01:01:35,999
them no matter
where they go.

1460
01:01:35,999 --> 01:01:37,650
When Van port was built

1461
01:01:37,650 --> 01:01:38,834
as a war housing project,

1462
01:01:38,834 --> 01:01:42,330
ban port was started in 941

1463
01:01:42,330 --> 01:01:47,385
and then moved into that

1464
01:01:47,385 --> 01:01:52,290
import 940 2 and
housing in Banpurwa,

1465
01:01:52,290 --> 01:01:53,745
most larger

1466
01:01:53,745 --> 01:01:56,694
apartment upstairs
and downstairs.

1467
01:01:56,694 --> 01:02:01,324
And it was not it was

1468
01:02:01,324 --> 01:02:06,170
eight upstairs
and downstairs.

1469
01:02:06,170 --> 01:02:07,280
And sixth note where

1470
01:02:07,280 --> 01:02:09,950
the Pullman
raceway is rough,

1471
01:02:09,950 --> 01:02:12,620
leave from the present
day i 5 0 all the

1472
01:02:12,620 --> 01:02:16,310
way west to the
railroad tracks.

1473
01:02:16,310 --> 01:02:19,129
And Columbia slew on
the south in roughly

1474
01:02:19,129 --> 01:02:22,699
Expo the boundaries
of Expo on the North,

1475
01:02:22,699 --> 01:02:25,010
that was a city
of Van port.

1476
01:02:25,010 --> 01:02:26,509
And the city of Van

1477
01:02:26,509 --> 01:02:27,829
poured a lot of
people think that

1478
01:02:27,829 --> 01:02:30,230
baneful it was all
African-American city.

1479
01:02:30,230 --> 01:02:31,219
It was not.

1480
01:02:31,219 --> 01:02:33,620
It was just a sit bee

1481
01:02:33,620 --> 01:02:35,480
that had the
largest number,

1482
01:02:35,480 --> 01:02:38,269
roughly 8 thousand
African-Americans

1483
01:02:38,269 --> 01:02:40,259
lived in Banpurwa because

1484
01:02:40,259 --> 01:02:42,600
there was no other
place that taken with

1485
01:02:42,600 --> 01:02:44,550
the laws and the rules that

1486
01:02:44,550 --> 01:02:47,099
were in play and pull
and at that time,

1487
01:02:47,099 --> 01:02:50,729
but van pool, it was
a city that had I

1488
01:02:50,729 --> 01:02:52,320
think when the
Kaiser company in

1489
01:02:52,320 --> 01:02:54,675
federal government
built van port,

1490
01:02:54,675 --> 01:02:56,370
they wanted to make

1491
01:02:56,370 --> 01:02:58,080
sure that the
citizens there

1492
01:02:58,080 --> 01:02:59,699
had all the amenities

1493
01:02:59,699 --> 01:03:01,574
that they would have
somewhere else.

1494
01:03:01,574 --> 01:03:04,470
So they were excellent
schools in Van port.

1495
01:03:04,470 --> 01:03:06,329
The schools went from

1496
01:03:06,329 --> 01:03:08,070
kindergarten all the way

1497
01:03:08,070 --> 01:03:10,020
up to junior high school.

1498
01:03:10,020 --> 01:03:11,910
During the war period,

1499
01:03:11,910 --> 01:03:13,380
there were 24 hour

1500
01:03:13,380 --> 01:03:15,195
day care centers
in vain board,

1501
01:03:15,195 --> 01:03:17,759
as well as 24
hour nurseries.

1502
01:03:17,759 --> 01:03:21,105
There were two large
shopping center.

1503
01:03:21,105 --> 01:03:23,055
In Van port city,

1504
01:03:23,055 --> 01:03:27,495
there was had its
own fire department.

1505
01:03:27,495 --> 01:03:30,029
Police protection
for van port was

1506
01:03:30,029 --> 01:03:32,010
provided on the contract

1507
01:03:32,010 --> 01:03:33,764
them all NOMA county.

1508
01:03:33,764 --> 01:03:35,730
And this is when you
start getting some of

1509
01:03:35,730 --> 01:03:38,790
the first things for
African Americans.

1510
01:03:38,790 --> 01:03:40,949
Like one of the
first was that

1511
01:03:40,949 --> 01:03:42,959
when the schools
opening band port,

1512
01:03:42,959 --> 01:03:45,315
there were no
African-American teachers.

1513
01:03:45,315 --> 01:03:46,649
That I think there
may have been

1514
01:03:46,649 --> 01:03:49,110
one lady named Mrs. Stone.

1515
01:03:49,110 --> 01:03:52,140
Her husband was a pastor of

1516
01:03:52,140 --> 01:03:55,769
a bull small Episcopal

1517
01:03:55,769 --> 01:03:57,480
Church in the African
American community,

1518
01:03:57,480 --> 01:03:59,460
and I think she was
the first teacher,

1519
01:03:59,460 --> 01:04:00,765
Howard important.

1520
01:04:00,765 --> 01:04:03,435
But I went to Van
port, was built,

1521
01:04:03,435 --> 01:04:06,389
hired about five
additional teachers,

1522
01:04:06,389 --> 01:04:09,849
both full-time
and substitute.

1523
01:04:10,010 --> 01:04:13,169
There were three of

1524
01:04:13,169 --> 01:04:16,139
the county sheriffs that

1525
01:04:16,139 --> 01:04:19,425
took care of safety
issues in BAM port.

1526
01:04:19,425 --> 01:04:20,609
Three of those were

1527
01:04:20,609 --> 01:04:21,929
African Americans

1528
01:04:21,929 --> 01:04:24,180
and Mac discipline,
Mr. Matt,

1529
01:04:24,180 --> 01:04:26,730
dish men who, if you've
ever been to the mat

1530
01:04:26,730 --> 01:04:29,909
different Center over
in Northeast Portland.

1531
01:04:29,909 --> 01:04:31,560
Missed edition.

1532
01:04:31,560 --> 01:04:34,229
Started out as a
police officer

1533
01:04:34,229 --> 01:04:37,080
for non accounting
and Van toward and so

1534
01:04:37,080 --> 01:04:39,629
it was a very
interesting place and

1535
01:04:39,629 --> 01:04:42,600
I I was just looking

1536
01:04:42,600 --> 01:04:44,909
at and listening
to the kinds of

1537
01:04:44,909 --> 01:04:48,150
things that Dr.
Gibson talked about.

1538
01:04:48,150 --> 01:04:51,630
And and just there's
this connection

1539
01:04:51,630 --> 01:04:57,180
between van port Portman,
state of Oregon.

1540
01:04:57,180 --> 01:04:59,250
Well, one of the most
interesting things I

1541
01:04:59,250 --> 01:05:01,199
think for me
that happened in

1542
01:05:01,199 --> 01:05:02,999
Banpurwa was the fact

1543
01:05:02,999 --> 01:05:04,890
that Portland
State University

1544
01:05:04,890 --> 01:05:06,450
started in Banpurwa.

1545
01:05:06,450 --> 01:05:08,804
It started to inbound port.

1546
01:05:08,804 --> 01:05:11,715
It was called a damn
poor Extension Center.

1547
01:05:11,715 --> 01:05:13,920
And I wanted to
share a little bit

1548
01:05:13,920 --> 01:05:16,424
with you about that now
because this is a 70,

1549
01:05:16,424 --> 01:05:19,710
we're coming up
on a seven year

1550
01:05:19,710 --> 01:05:22,755
of Portland
State University

1551
01:05:22,755 --> 01:05:25,380
as a college of
higher education.

1552
01:05:25,380 --> 01:05:27,390
When it first started
in band port,

1553
01:05:27,390 --> 01:05:29,849
it started out as a
two-year college.

1554
01:05:29,849 --> 01:05:32,039
When the war ended,
there was a gentleman,

1555
01:05:32,039 --> 01:05:34,469
his name was Dr.
Stephen F. Blue Dot

1556
01:05:34,469 --> 01:05:37,200
the Ambler did work
with veterans.

1557
01:05:37,200 --> 01:05:39,374
And so when the veterans

1558
01:05:39,374 --> 01:05:42,015
returned from the
Second World War,

1559
01:05:42,015 --> 01:05:45,360
they all had the GI bill,

1560
01:05:45,360 --> 01:05:47,219
whether it was women
are a man, veterans,

1561
01:05:47,219 --> 01:05:48,824
they all have the GI Bill,

1562
01:05:48,824 --> 01:05:50,639
but most of them did not

1563
01:05:50,639 --> 01:05:52,319
have a place where
they could get

1564
01:05:52,319 --> 01:05:54,359
their education because
most of them cannot

1565
01:05:54,359 --> 01:05:55,859
afford to go to Lewis and

1566
01:05:55,859 --> 01:05:58,005
Clark or the University
of Portland.

1567
01:05:58,005 --> 01:05:59,849
And those were
probably the two are

1568
01:05:59,849 --> 01:06:00,899
the closest schools here

1569
01:06:00,899 --> 01:06:02,055
in the city appointment.

1570
01:06:02,055 --> 01:06:05,250
And they, most of
them could not afford

1571
01:06:05,250 --> 01:06:06,839
to go to Oregon State

1572
01:06:06,839 --> 01:06:08,385
or the University
of Oregon.

1573
01:06:08,385 --> 01:06:09,749
Oregon State in Corvallis,

1574
01:06:09,749 --> 01:06:10,830
University of Oregon.

1575
01:06:10,830 --> 01:06:11,850
As well as there were

1576
01:06:11,850 --> 01:06:12,990
the three teacher colleges

1577
01:06:12,990 --> 01:06:15,195
and one in Le Grand
one and Ashlyn,

1578
01:06:15,195 --> 01:06:19,364
N1 and west and
see Western ways

1579
01:06:19,364 --> 01:06:21,749
and can't think of the
city right out and say

1580
01:06:21,749 --> 01:06:22,439
it was right close to

1581
01:06:22,439 --> 01:06:24,119
Salem, where Western was.

1582
01:06:24,119 --> 01:06:25,799
And so they had

1583
01:06:25,799 --> 01:06:28,020
the opportunity to they

1584
01:06:28,020 --> 01:06:30,224
had money for education,

1585
01:06:30,224 --> 01:06:33,119
but they didn't have
a place to, to using.

1586
01:06:33,119 --> 01:06:35,730
So that was the beginning

1587
01:06:35,730 --> 01:06:37,709
of Portland State
University.

1588
01:06:37,709 --> 01:06:41,280
It started out with
a two-year program.

1589
01:06:41,280 --> 01:06:45,735
And so the GIs
would have enough.

1590
01:06:45,735 --> 01:06:49,079
Time to get their first
two years of college.

1591
01:06:49,079 --> 01:06:50,399
And back then, if you

1592
01:06:50,399 --> 01:06:51,810
had two years of college,

1593
01:06:51,810 --> 01:06:54,825
you could do a little bit

1594
01:06:54,825 --> 01:06:57,075
better in the work market,

1595
01:06:57,075 --> 01:06:59,174
then you can today.

1596
01:06:59,174 --> 01:07:01,229
And so that's where

1597
01:07:01,229 --> 01:07:03,210
that's how van
port started.

1598
01:07:03,210 --> 01:07:05,520
And it went well
and you know,

1599
01:07:05,520 --> 01:07:07,080
it's interesting
thing a lot

1600
01:07:07,080 --> 01:07:08,220
of people think
that van pool,

1601
01:07:08,220 --> 01:07:09,390
it was an all black
city, but there's

1602
01:07:09,390 --> 01:07:10,739
about 8 thousand
African-Americans

1603
01:07:10,739 --> 01:07:11,505
in Banpurwa.

1604
01:07:11,505 --> 01:07:12,810
And the number of GIs,

1605
01:07:12,810 --> 01:07:15,419
it wasn't lots of GIs
going to college,

1606
01:07:15,419 --> 01:07:17,445
but as well as GIs,

1607
01:07:17,445 --> 01:07:19,635
students that
graduated from

1608
01:07:19,635 --> 01:07:21,389
the high schools in
the city of Portland

1609
01:07:21,389 --> 01:07:22,439
that could not afford to

1610
01:07:22,439 --> 01:07:25,365
go to Eugene Acropolis.

1611
01:07:25,365 --> 01:07:27,269
They also, many
of them came

1612
01:07:27,269 --> 01:07:36,795
out import Extension
Center trust Gilmore,

1613
01:07:36,795 --> 01:07:39,630
her husband was
a minister of

1614
01:07:39,630 --> 01:07:43,560
a small Lutheran Church
and the albino area,

1615
01:07:43,560 --> 01:07:45,164
and it's African American.

1616
01:07:45,164 --> 01:07:47,475
And B, went to

1617
01:07:47,475 --> 01:07:49,380
the van port
extension soon as she

1618
01:07:49,380 --> 01:07:52,829
graduated from Roosevelt
High School in 950.

1619
01:07:52,829 --> 01:07:56,100
And she was one of the
first was the first

1620
01:07:56,100 --> 01:07:59,250
African-American
to graduate from

1621
01:07:59,250 --> 01:08:01,904
the University of
Oregon nursing program.

1622
01:08:01,904 --> 01:08:03,630
But she got her start

1623
01:08:03,630 --> 01:08:07,750
inland port at the van
port Extension Center.

1624
01:08:12,710 --> 01:08:15,735
Night. When I
look back over,

1625
01:08:15,735 --> 01:08:17,099
asked me what was it like,

1626
01:08:17,099 --> 01:08:18,869
what was Pullman
state like for me?

1627
01:08:18,869 --> 01:08:19,770
Well, I didn't go to court

1628
01:08:19,770 --> 01:08:21,659
and state ban poor.

1629
01:08:21,659 --> 01:08:23,999
I was introduced to

1630
01:08:23,999 --> 01:08:25,740
college as a result

1631
01:08:25,740 --> 01:08:27,600
of the band toward
Extension Center.

1632
01:08:27,600 --> 01:08:29,789
There was a
gentleman who had

1633
01:08:29,789 --> 01:08:33,030
a responsibility for
a grey wire program,

1634
01:08:33,030 --> 01:08:34,259
which is a great school.

1635
01:08:34,259 --> 01:08:37,709
Why NCA Pru ran.

1636
01:08:37,709 --> 01:08:41,670
And I remember him
taking us over

1637
01:08:41,670 --> 01:08:45,420
to Portland State
when evening for

1638
01:08:45,420 --> 01:08:48,240
one of our meetings
in the purpose of

1639
01:08:48,240 --> 01:08:56,549
that was

1640
01:08:56,549 --> 01:09:02,205
to introduce us to college.

1641
01:09:02,205 --> 01:09:04,229
And for me personally,

1642
01:09:04,229 --> 01:09:08,580
my mother raised fix.

1643
01:09:08,580 --> 01:09:11,490
I have four brothers
and sisters,

1644
01:09:11,490 --> 01:09:15,340
so there were six of us
and my mother raised

1645
01:09:32,570 --> 01:09:37,605
to be able to contribute
to our well-being.

1646
01:09:37,605 --> 01:09:41,710
And so I finished
high school.

1647
01:10:05,210 --> 01:10:08,920
Okay. Can you all
hear me again?

1648
01:10:08,930 --> 01:10:11,250
You're looking and
sounding bad and

1649
01:10:11,250 --> 01:10:13,514
Mr. Washington, keep gone.

1650
01:10:13,514 --> 01:10:18,975
Okay. Okay. So when I
finished high school,

1651
01:10:18,975 --> 01:10:22,590
I knew that the only
place that I was

1652
01:10:22,590 --> 01:10:24,330
going to be able to go to

1653
01:10:24,330 --> 01:10:26,625
school was at Portland
State University.

1654
01:10:26,625 --> 01:10:29,339
So it's very fortunate

1655
01:10:29,339 --> 01:10:32,144
that university
started in Dan port.

1656
01:10:32,144 --> 01:10:34,229
I was introduced to it at

1657
01:10:34,229 --> 01:10:39,430
a very early age and it
was even better that

1658
01:10:49,760 --> 01:10:51,359
state.

1659
01:10:51,359 --> 01:10:53,100
But I graduated high
school with paper.

1660
01:10:53,100 --> 01:10:55,799
Make an American at
Portland State because I

1661
01:10:55,799 --> 01:10:58,140
started stayed

1662
01:10:58,140 --> 01:11:07,860
at home.

1663
01:11:07,860 --> 01:11:10,989
I have, I
disappeared again.

1664
01:11:11,030 --> 01:11:13,199
It will be muted

1665
01:11:13,199 --> 01:11:16,140
your video so you
would be able to

1666
01:11:16,140 --> 01:11:18,255
hear you better just

1667
01:11:18,255 --> 01:11:20,370
because what seems
like an issue.

1668
01:11:20,370 --> 01:11:21,689
So keep talking if

1669
01:11:21,689 --> 01:11:23,535
you were to
place. Thank you.

1670
01:11:23,535 --> 01:11:27,630
Okay. So when I started at

1671
01:11:27,630 --> 01:11:31,665
Portland State
University potency,

1672
01:11:31,665 --> 01:11:32,820
that that was long after

1673
01:11:32,820 --> 01:11:34,349
vamp or not that
many years,

1674
01:11:34,349 --> 01:11:36,870
but after the van
port flood pool

1675
01:11:36,870 --> 01:11:38,639
and state during

1676
01:11:38,639 --> 01:11:40,739
the first year of

1677
01:11:40,739 --> 01:11:41,999
the Flood pureness
they'd had

1678
01:11:41,999 --> 01:11:43,589
that finished that school

1679
01:11:43,589 --> 01:11:45,600
year at Grant High School.

1680
01:11:45,600 --> 01:11:47,940
Important, and then
they move to one of

1681
01:11:47,940 --> 01:11:50,070
the former areas where

1682
01:11:50,070 --> 01:11:51,299
Kaiser had a shipyards

1683
01:11:51,299 --> 01:11:52,680
called the Oregon shipyard,

1684
01:11:52,680 --> 01:11:54,194
which was in
North Portland,

1685
01:11:54,194 --> 01:11:55,649
very close to the

1686
01:11:55,649 --> 01:11:57,449
St. John's bridge
in that area.

1687
01:11:57,449 --> 01:11:59,205
And then ultimately
after that,

1688
01:11:59,205 --> 01:12:00,389
they spend about three of

1689
01:12:00,389 --> 01:12:01,725
three or four years there.

1690
01:12:01,725 --> 01:12:05,219
And in 950, I believe
it was relocated to

1691
01:12:05,219 --> 01:12:08,864
the park blocks
in Lincoln hall.

1692
01:12:08,864 --> 01:12:10,499
And at that time,

1693
01:12:10,499 --> 01:12:13,545
it was not call Portland
State University,

1694
01:12:13,545 --> 01:12:15,120
Portland State College.

1695
01:12:15,120 --> 01:12:16,979
It was the it was

1696
01:12:16,979 --> 01:12:19,020
a Portland State
Extension Center

1697
01:12:19,020 --> 01:12:20,775
steal a two-year college.

1698
01:12:20,775 --> 01:12:22,154
Couple of years later,

1699
01:12:22,154 --> 01:12:23,280
they were able to become

1700
01:12:23,280 --> 01:12:26,505
a four-year college
and grant degrees.

1701
01:12:26,505 --> 01:12:29,159
And then about a couple

1702
01:12:29,159 --> 01:12:30,419
of years after
that it became

1703
01:12:30,419 --> 01:12:31,799
Portland State University.

1704
01:12:31,799 --> 01:12:37,169
So for me, the experience
of of growing up in

1705
01:12:37,169 --> 01:12:39,299
a place where
appointment Sage started

1706
01:12:39,299 --> 01:12:42,615
and to go to college.

1707
01:12:42,615 --> 01:12:45,149
And having no idea that

1708
01:12:45,149 --> 01:12:46,485
years later I would

1709
01:12:46,485 --> 01:12:48,360
be working at
Portland State.

1710
01:12:48,360 --> 01:12:51,990
I still am going for a
couple of more days.

1711
01:12:51,990 --> 01:12:55,814
It has been a wonderful
experience for me.

1712
01:12:55,814 --> 01:12:58,950
Sometimes people not
sometimes people ask me,

1713
01:12:58,950 --> 01:13:00,059
what was it like for me

1714
01:13:00,059 --> 01:13:01,590
as an African American?

1715
01:13:01,590 --> 01:13:04,740
Well, you know, for

1716
01:13:04,740 --> 01:13:08,160
me was not really
a big issue.

1717
01:13:08,160 --> 01:13:11,520
And importantly,
simply because I

1718
01:13:11,520 --> 01:13:13,004
was only at Portland State

1719
01:13:13,004 --> 01:13:15,254
long enough to
take my classes.

1720
01:13:15,254 --> 01:13:17,144
And then I went to work.

1721
01:13:17,144 --> 01:13:18,929
And that was the life

1722
01:13:18,929 --> 01:13:21,569
of most of the students
at Portland State.

1723
01:13:21,569 --> 01:13:23,699
It's been in it
last few years,

1724
01:13:23,699 --> 01:13:26,744
last maybe 10 or
15 years of that.

1725
01:13:26,744 --> 01:13:28,110
You have had housing

1726
01:13:28,110 --> 01:13:29,339
and you have a much more of

1727
01:13:29,339 --> 01:13:32,010
a social situation
at Portland State?

1728
01:13:32,010 --> 01:13:33,120
I did not have

1729
01:13:33,120 --> 01:13:35,849
that opportunity because I

1730
01:13:35,849 --> 01:13:38,220
was by that time
I got married.

1731
01:13:38,220 --> 01:13:42,030
And and so I would

1732
01:13:42,030 --> 01:13:45,870
come forward and state
work to take my class,

1733
01:13:45,870 --> 01:13:47,745
let's just say
ending, go to work.

1734
01:13:47,745 --> 01:13:50,429
And so, but in

1735
01:13:50,429 --> 01:13:52,604
talking with African
American students,

1736
01:13:52,604 --> 01:13:55,050
I know that sometimes there

1737
01:13:55,050 --> 01:13:58,694
are issues that they
have to deal with,

1738
01:13:58,694 --> 01:14:00,390
but there are
additional issues

1739
01:14:00,390 --> 01:14:02,789
that as an
African American,

1740
01:14:02,789 --> 01:14:03,630
you have to deal with

1741
01:14:03,630 --> 01:14:05,309
all the tags unfortunately.

1742
01:14:05,309 --> 01:14:07,020
But till I can say
personally for

1743
01:14:07,020 --> 01:14:09,159
me, it has finished goods.

1744
01:14:09,159 --> 01:14:11,240
And, and working
in the office of

1745
01:14:11,240 --> 01:14:14,749
global diversity and
inclusion has been very,

1746
01:14:14,749 --> 01:14:16,280
very special for me.

1747
01:14:16,280 --> 01:14:18,094
I don't do investigations

1748
01:14:18,094 --> 01:14:19,490
or anything like that.

1749
01:14:19,490 --> 01:14:21,049
But it has allowed me the

1750
01:14:21,049 --> 01:14:22,789
opportunity to get to

1751
01:14:22,789 --> 01:14:26,479
know a lot of different
people on campus.

1752
01:14:26,479 --> 01:14:28,760
And one of the
things that I do at

1753
01:14:28,760 --> 01:14:30,679
the Office of Global
Diversity Inclusion

1754
01:14:30,679 --> 01:14:30,950
visit,

1755
01:14:30,950 --> 01:14:34,069
I I do an outreach program

1756
01:14:34,069 --> 01:14:36,214
to kids that are
in grade school.

1757
01:14:36,214 --> 01:14:37,910
Bring them to campus

1758
01:14:37,910 --> 01:14:40,159
and introduce them
to the campus.

1759
01:14:40,159 --> 01:14:41,690
You're thinking
the same way

1760
01:14:41,690 --> 01:14:44,000
that someone took
time when I was

1761
01:14:44,000 --> 01:14:46,309
about 10 or 11 years of

1762
01:14:46,309 --> 01:14:49,550
age to introduce
me to the campus.

1763
01:14:49,550 --> 01:14:55,334
And so I'm, It's very
pleased that we have

1764
01:14:55,334 --> 01:14:58,319
a university here
where people can

1765
01:14:58,319 --> 01:15:02,369
go and able to go and
get their education.

1766
01:15:02,369 --> 01:15:04,110
And I'm very pleased

1767
01:15:04,110 --> 01:15:06,510
that potent
state has come a

1768
01:15:06,510 --> 01:15:11,160
long ways from 1775 years.

1769
01:15:11,160 --> 01:15:15,720
And to lose everything.

1770
01:15:15,720 --> 01:15:17,880
Also with the van put loud,

1771
01:15:17,880 --> 01:15:19,979
I think along
with everybody

1772
01:15:19,979 --> 01:15:22,245
else and Dan port
port and state laws,

1773
01:15:22,245 --> 01:15:25,050
everything except for
I know a few books.

1774
01:15:25,050 --> 01:15:28,469
So I I I'm

1775
01:15:28,469 --> 01:15:29,700
not going to say
I'm looking forward

1776
01:15:29,700 --> 01:15:31,334
to the next 75 years.

1777
01:15:31,334 --> 01:15:34,049
She febrile
around that long.

1778
01:15:34,049 --> 01:15:37,050
Do however much time

1779
01:15:37,050 --> 01:15:39,539
I spend at the university.

1780
01:15:39,539 --> 01:15:41,250
I'm looking
forward to that.

1781
01:15:41,250 --> 01:15:43,454
And I, and I really do.

1782
01:15:43,454 --> 01:15:47,474
I really enjoy the people
that I worked with.

1783
01:15:47,474 --> 01:15:51,209
And in our office and
outside of our office,

1784
01:15:51,209 --> 01:15:52,560
it's just been wonderful to

1785
01:15:52,560 --> 01:15:54,299
experience them in clothes

1786
01:15:54,299 --> 01:15:56,774
because I think that
i'm I'm just so

1787
01:15:56,774 --> 01:16:00,990
impressed how Dr. Milner,

1788
01:16:00,990 --> 01:16:06,105
dr. Gibson, dr. Emma ratio,

1789
01:16:06,105 --> 01:16:08,864
are really the three
of my favorite people.

1790
01:16:08,864 --> 01:16:11,759
I've known. Dr. Gibson

1791
01:16:11,759 --> 01:16:16,029
in longer than I've known.

1792
01:16:16,300 --> 01:16:21,710
Octo Maharishi and
I've known Dr. Milner.

1793
01:16:21,710 --> 01:16:24,140
I love, I love
listening to Dr.

1794
01:16:24,140 --> 01:16:29,719
Milner's lectures
and talks.

1795
01:16:29,719 --> 01:16:31,984
And we, he and I
have had a chance

1796
01:16:31,984 --> 01:16:34,130
to serve on panels

1797
01:16:34,130 --> 01:16:36,109
before and it's
always a pleasure.

1798
01:16:36,109 --> 01:16:39,080
But yeah, no, I was
looking at some of

1799
01:16:39,080 --> 01:16:42,484
the pictures
that Dr. Gibson

1800
01:16:42,484 --> 01:16:46,700
showed and I have been
doing some work on

1801
01:16:46,700 --> 01:16:50,749
my family's history
back in Birmingham.

1802
01:16:50,749 --> 01:16:53,210
And I decided to go back

1803
01:16:53,210 --> 01:16:55,280
and look at my
family places.

1804
01:16:55,280 --> 01:16:56,780
I was trying to figure
out where we lay

1805
01:16:56,780 --> 01:16:58,460
up when I left him and

1806
01:16:58,460 --> 01:17:01,829
19 44 and where

1807
01:17:01,829 --> 01:17:04,920
my grandparents and
great grandparents live.

1808
01:17:04,920 --> 01:17:08,669
And, you know,
it's all gone.

1809
01:17:08,669 --> 01:17:10,755
Everything that's gone.

1810
01:17:10,755 --> 01:17:14,564
And none of the
houses are latch.

1811
01:17:14,564 --> 01:17:16,319
The freeway ran

1812
01:17:16,319 --> 01:17:18,074
right through the
neighborhood.

1813
01:17:18,074 --> 01:17:20,579
So it's so very
interesting as

1814
01:17:20,579 --> 01:17:24,525
75 years later refined

1815
01:17:24,525 --> 01:17:27,990
these common experiences of

1816
01:17:27,990 --> 01:17:31,215
everything that Dr. Milner,

1817
01:17:31,215 --> 01:17:34,995
dr. Gibson knocked them

1818
01:17:34,995 --> 01:17:39,809
while EDA talked about.

1819
01:17:39,809 --> 01:17:42,884
So again, I'll say

1820
01:17:42,884 --> 01:17:47,025
happy birthday,
important state 75.

1821
01:17:47,025 --> 01:17:49,904
Thanks a lot for

1822
01:17:49,904 --> 01:17:53,350
letting me be a
part of this.

1823
01:17:53,360 --> 01:17:58,710
And it is always a
pleasure to be able

1824
01:17:58,710 --> 01:18:03,945
to sit on a panel
with Dr. Miller,

1825
01:18:03,945 --> 01:18:07,499
Dr. Molina, not the Gibson.

1826
01:18:07,499 --> 01:18:09,359
Thank you very
much. That's all

1827
01:18:09,359 --> 01:18:11,530
I have to save the day.

1828
01:18:17,390 --> 01:18:20,610
Thank you so much,
Mr. Washington,

1829
01:18:20,610 --> 01:18:23,640
for sharing your
wisdom and knowledge,

1830
01:18:23,640 --> 01:18:26,169
as well as your
life experience.

1831
01:18:26,480 --> 01:18:28,724
Those wonderful.

1832
01:18:28,724 --> 01:18:31,710
So now we will
transition to

1833
01:18:31,710 --> 01:18:35,189
the Q&A portion of our gut.

1834
01:18:35,189 --> 01:18:39,180
So we want to buy
back on Dr. Milner,

1835
01:18:39,180 --> 01:18:41,909
as well as Dr.
Karen Gibson,

1836
01:18:41,909 --> 01:18:45,599
to answer a few
questions from our Q and

1837
01:18:45,599 --> 01:18:47,550
a that had questions

1838
01:18:47,550 --> 01:18:50,025
that have been
submitted by attendees.

1839
01:18:50,025 --> 01:18:53,789
The first beliefs will

1840
01:18:53,789 --> 01:18:56,534
be directed to Dr. Gibson.

1841
01:18:56,534 --> 01:18:59,580
How might disinvestment and

1842
01:18:59,580 --> 01:19:03,670
white flight interact
with food deserts?

1843
01:19:07,240 --> 01:19:08,990
If you could please

1844
01:19:08,990 --> 01:19:11,189
unmute yourself,
Dr. Gibson.

1845
01:19:13,150 --> 01:19:16,144
I bet you you can
just read my lips.

1846
01:19:16,144 --> 01:19:19,984
Okay. I said good question.

1847
01:19:19,984 --> 01:19:22,759
Disinvestment and
white flight.

1848
01:19:22,759 --> 01:19:25,220
Interact with food deserts?

1849
01:19:25,220 --> 01:19:28,805
Yeah, well, yeah,

1850
01:19:28,805 --> 01:19:32,615
grocery stores
require, you know,

1851
01:19:32,615 --> 01:19:34,879
they do their market
research and they

1852
01:19:34,879 --> 01:19:38,045
require a certain amount of

1853
01:19:38,045 --> 01:19:40,819
the standard
answer would be

1854
01:19:40,819 --> 01:19:45,319
that they require certain
amount of wealth,

1855
01:19:45,319 --> 01:19:47,225
right, in their
customer base.

1856
01:19:47,225 --> 01:19:52,230
And so you may not get as

1857
01:19:52,230 --> 01:19:54,299
many grocery stores where

1858
01:19:54,299 --> 01:19:57,690
the customer base is
not as affluent as,

1859
01:19:57,690 --> 01:20:01,690
as, as white
areas actually.

1860
01:20:02,300 --> 01:20:05,474
So, yeah.

1861
01:20:05,474 --> 01:20:07,454
And then white flight,

1862
01:20:07,454 --> 01:20:09,134
population decline,

1863
01:20:09,134 --> 01:20:11,890
the way that it
did so much.

1864
01:20:12,020 --> 01:20:15,670
In the buying a district.

1865
01:20:15,710 --> 01:20:18,494
Certainly you might lose

1866
01:20:18,494 --> 01:20:20,310
grocery stores because of

1867
01:20:20,310 --> 01:20:23,230
that population decline.

1868
01:20:24,440 --> 01:20:27,569
I haven't done a whole
lot of research myself

1869
01:20:27,569 --> 01:20:31,689
personally on food deserts.

1870
01:20:33,520 --> 01:20:36,469
Often a desert might

1871
01:20:36,469 --> 01:20:39,079
be not that
there's no stores,

1872
01:20:39,079 --> 01:20:42,170
but that there
are stores that

1873
01:20:42,170 --> 01:20:44,270
even the stores that

1874
01:20:44,270 --> 01:20:47,314
exists have prices
that are out of reach.

1875
01:20:47,314 --> 01:20:53,699
So yeah, that's my answer.

1876
01:20:56,710 --> 01:21:02,240
Thank you. We also
have a question.

1877
01:21:02,240 --> 01:21:04,340
This could be directed for

1878
01:21:04,340 --> 01:21:05,659
any of the panelists,

1879
01:21:05,659 --> 01:21:09,409
but aside from red lining,

1880
01:21:09,409 --> 01:21:11,554
what were other
policies in place

1881
01:21:11,554 --> 01:21:15,930
to to direct people
to the district?

1882
01:21:19,640 --> 01:21:23,309
Well, I'll I'll take
a stab at that.

1883
01:21:23,309 --> 01:21:25,319
And one thing I'd
like to point out is

1884
01:21:25,319 --> 01:21:28,019
that red lining does

1885
01:21:28,019 --> 01:21:30,405
not pertain to segregation.

1886
01:21:30,405 --> 01:21:32,459
So how red lining

1887
01:21:32,459 --> 01:21:36,674
pertains specifically
to lending,

1888
01:21:36,674 --> 01:21:39,525
mortgage lending, areas of

1889
01:21:39,525 --> 01:21:41,100
red lines were drawn on

1890
01:21:41,100 --> 01:21:43,769
maps after the
Great Depression.

1891
01:21:43,769 --> 01:21:46,304
In order to jumpstart
the market,

1892
01:21:46,304 --> 01:21:49,184
the banking and
mortgage market right?

1893
01:21:49,184 --> 01:21:51,705
To get us out of the
Great Depression,

1894
01:21:51,705 --> 01:21:52,859
we created the Federal

1895
01:21:52,859 --> 01:21:54,645
Housing Administration,

1896
01:21:54,645 --> 01:21:57,554
the Homeowner's
Loan Corporation.

1897
01:21:57,554 --> 01:21:59,640
Cuz there were,
had been a lot of

1898
01:21:59,640 --> 01:22:01,200
foreclosures and
the depression.

1899
01:22:01,200 --> 01:22:02,340
And to get us out of there,

1900
01:22:02,340 --> 01:22:04,919
they had to make a
systematic means

1901
01:22:04,919 --> 01:22:07,080
of lending money for homes.

1902
01:22:07,080 --> 01:22:11,579
And so they
created maps that

1903
01:22:11,579 --> 01:22:14,759
had that decided where it

1904
01:22:14,759 --> 01:22:18,329
was risky to where you
should invest money,

1905
01:22:18,329 --> 01:22:19,305
where you should lend

1906
01:22:19,305 --> 01:22:21,209
30-year mortgages,
how do you?

1907
01:22:21,209 --> 01:22:23,220
Most mortgages were
only about five or

1908
01:22:23,220 --> 01:22:25,515
10 years prior to the,

1909
01:22:25,515 --> 01:22:28,110
the end of the
Great Depression.

1910
01:22:28,110 --> 01:22:29,490
And to get us out of it,

1911
01:22:29,490 --> 01:22:31,649
they created the
30 year mortgage.

1912
01:22:31,649 --> 01:22:32,910
And in order to have

1913
01:22:32,910 --> 01:22:34,860
a 30 year mortgage
on a house,

1914
01:22:34,860 --> 01:22:36,210
you had to try to

1915
01:22:36,210 --> 01:22:37,709
forecast whether
or not that

1916
01:22:37,709 --> 01:22:39,269
has would retain its value

1917
01:22:39,269 --> 01:22:40,980
over a 30-year life.

1918
01:22:40,980 --> 01:22:43,830
And what they
decided was to map

1919
01:22:43,830 --> 01:22:45,659
all the areas that
they thought would be

1920
01:22:45,659 --> 01:22:48,195
safe for these
30 year loans.

1921
01:22:48,195 --> 01:22:52,470
And green lines
were drawn around

1922
01:22:52,470 --> 01:22:53,969
areas that were considered

1923
01:22:53,969 --> 01:22:56,834
safe, bet, low risk.

1924
01:22:56,834 --> 01:23:00,015
Okay. So you lent
in green areas,

1925
01:23:00,015 --> 01:23:02,999
red lines were and
there was great.

1926
01:23:02,999 --> 01:23:04,619
There was a yellow grade,

1927
01:23:04,619 --> 01:23:05,850
a blue grade, and then a

1928
01:23:05,850 --> 01:23:07,394
red grade was the worst.

1929
01:23:07,394 --> 01:23:11,430
Most black areas,
Mexican areas,

1930
01:23:11,430 --> 01:23:13,724
areas where
foreigners lived,

1931
01:23:13,724 --> 01:23:17,640
areas with industry,
pollution,

1932
01:23:17,640 --> 01:23:19,320
those kinds of things were

1933
01:23:19,320 --> 01:23:22,005
considered red line areas.

1934
01:23:22,005 --> 01:23:24,135
And so landing did
not go to them.

1935
01:23:24,135 --> 01:23:26,220
That's very different
from segregation.

1936
01:23:26,220 --> 01:23:28,289
There's multiple,
multiple means

1937
01:23:28,289 --> 01:23:30,525
of housing discrimination.

1938
01:23:30,525 --> 01:23:33,510
But the real estate
industry was

1939
01:23:33,510 --> 01:23:36,915
organized and basically
said, though,

1940
01:23:36,915 --> 01:23:39,569
Oregon apartment
homeowners association,

1941
01:23:39,569 --> 01:23:40,410
for example,

1942
01:23:40,410 --> 01:23:44,295
was an organized
body of renters.

1943
01:23:44,295 --> 01:23:45,914
Home renters, right?

1944
01:23:45,914 --> 01:23:47,549
They had properties and

1945
01:23:47,549 --> 01:23:49,035
they went and ran
to black people.

1946
01:23:49,035 --> 01:23:50,939
Okay. Because the thought

1947
01:23:50,939 --> 01:23:52,170
was that if black people

1948
01:23:52,170 --> 01:23:53,580
moved into your
neighborhood than

1949
01:23:53,580 --> 01:23:55,710
the property values
would decline.

1950
01:23:55,710 --> 01:24:01,350
Okay. And So there's
multiple means,

1951
01:24:01,350 --> 01:24:03,149
whether it's
individuals does

1952
01:24:03,149 --> 01:24:05,759
denying people to
rent when they

1953
01:24:05,759 --> 01:24:08,099
show up and they're
a person of

1954
01:24:08,099 --> 01:24:10,530
color or somebody
that they don't want,

1955
01:24:10,530 --> 01:24:12,809
like Orientals or Asian

1956
01:24:12,809 --> 01:24:15,569
Americans were
considered undesirable.

1957
01:24:15,569 --> 01:24:18,075
In Portland, there were

1958
01:24:18,075 --> 01:24:19,919
areas that were
designated by

1959
01:24:19,919 --> 01:24:22,230
the Real Estate
Board as areas where

1960
01:24:22,230 --> 01:24:23,880
black people can relocate

1961
01:24:23,880 --> 01:24:25,409
and outside of
those boundaries,

1962
01:24:25,409 --> 01:24:26,849
you did not though,
you did not

1963
01:24:26,849 --> 01:24:29,879
go what is it east of,

1964
01:24:29,879 --> 01:24:32,444
you know, williams
avenue for awhile.

1965
01:24:32,444 --> 01:24:34,050
And then it extended to

1966
01:24:34,050 --> 01:24:37,440
MLK and then an
extended further out.

1967
01:24:37,440 --> 01:24:41,260
But there's multiple
means of doing this.

1968
01:24:41,860 --> 01:24:44,989
And I suggest I

1969
01:24:44,989 --> 01:24:47,150
refer you to my
paper and there's

1970
01:24:47,150 --> 01:24:49,250
a book I sight by

1971
01:24:49,250 --> 01:24:52,069
rows helper and
check out that book.

1972
01:24:52,069 --> 01:24:53,990
And it talks in
detail about

1973
01:24:53,990 --> 01:24:56,884
the myriad ways that
people go about,

1974
01:24:56,884 --> 01:25:00,169
you know, steering
people away

1975
01:25:00,169 --> 01:25:04,144
from certain areas
and into others.

1976
01:25:04,144 --> 01:25:06,454
I hope that helps.

1977
01:25:06,454 --> 01:25:09,710
I would also like to add,

1978
01:25:09,710 --> 01:25:12,529
you have to make
distinctions between

1979
01:25:12,529 --> 01:25:16,115
public policies and
private behavior.

1980
01:25:16,115 --> 01:25:18,875
The public policies
of the finance,

1981
01:25:18,875 --> 01:25:21,140
financial institution
certainly had

1982
01:25:21,140 --> 01:25:23,480
a big part to play.

1983
01:25:23,480 --> 01:25:25,649
But we're also matters

1984
01:25:25,649 --> 01:25:27,989
of safety and security.

1985
01:25:27,989 --> 01:25:30,450
If a black person
bought a home in,

1986
01:25:30,450 --> 01:25:31,740
in a neighborhood in which

1987
01:25:31,740 --> 01:25:33,000
they weren't welcome.

1988
01:25:33,000 --> 01:25:35,489
They were subject
to personal attack.

1989
01:25:35,489 --> 01:25:37,319
They were subject
to racial violence,

1990
01:25:37,319 --> 01:25:39,359
they were subject
to vandalism.

1991
01:25:39,359 --> 01:25:41,639
They were subject to
receiving death threats.

1992
01:25:41,639 --> 01:25:42,704
All of those kinds of

1993
01:25:42,704 --> 01:25:45,315
practices were
very much a part

1994
01:25:45,315 --> 01:25:48,449
of creating a space

1995
01:25:48,449 --> 01:25:49,620
in which black people could

1996
01:25:49,620 --> 01:25:51,389
feel stay safe and secure.

1997
01:25:51,389 --> 01:25:52,965
That is the
black community.

1998
01:25:52,965 --> 01:25:54,570
Rather than
living in some of

1999
01:25:54,570 --> 01:25:55,890
these other locations where

2000
01:25:55,890 --> 01:25:58,155
their security was
not guaranteed it.

2001
01:25:58,155 --> 01:26:00,569
Now, there's also
a blending of

2002
01:26:00,569 --> 01:26:01,680
public policy and

2003
01:26:01,680 --> 01:26:03,689
private prejudice
and behavior.

2004
01:26:03,689 --> 01:26:05,460
When, for example,
you're dealing with

2005
01:26:05,460 --> 01:26:07,889
the police force
who were racially

2006
01:26:07,889 --> 01:26:10,605
profile and harass a
black person who was

2007
01:26:10,605 --> 01:26:12,870
simply in a neighborhood

2008
01:26:12,870 --> 01:26:14,400
in which they were not
supposed to be there,

2009
01:26:14,400 --> 01:26:15,824
much less living there.

2010
01:26:15,824 --> 01:26:19,109
So very complicated
but very

2011
01:26:19,109 --> 01:26:21,344
effective program

2012
01:26:21,344 --> 01:26:23,669
from many different
components,

2013
01:26:23,669 --> 01:26:25,619
many different
directions to

2014
01:26:25,619 --> 01:26:27,450
let black people know
where they could

2015
01:26:27,450 --> 01:26:31,799
safely live and to
enforce those boundaries,

2016
01:26:31,799 --> 01:26:35,350
sometimes officially,
sometimes unofficially.

2017
01:26:39,100 --> 01:26:42,859
Even when my thing up
quickly add, you know,

2018
01:26:42,859 --> 01:26:46,340
about in Detroit where
the eight mile road

2019
01:26:46,340 --> 01:26:48,860
IS and that there's

2020
01:26:48,860 --> 01:26:50,150
that summoned by
that wrapper.

2021
01:26:50,150 --> 01:26:53,900
I'm forgetting his name.
Anyway. They built,

2022
01:26:53,900 --> 01:26:55,954
there is actually a wall.

2023
01:26:55,954 --> 01:26:57,289
There's a great book about

2024
01:26:57,289 --> 01:26:59,240
this called
crabgrass Frontier.

2025
01:26:59,240 --> 01:27:01,880
I highly recommend it
by Kenneth Jackson.

2026
01:27:01,880 --> 01:27:07,220
But he talks about in
Detroit by eight mile,

2027
01:27:07,220 --> 01:27:09,649
they wouldn't neighborhood
actually built

2028
01:27:09,649 --> 01:27:12,320
a physical brick
wall so that

2029
01:27:12,320 --> 01:27:14,630
the black folks from

2030
01:27:14,630 --> 01:27:16,100
the black
neighborhoods to not

2031
01:27:16,100 --> 01:27:18,519
spill over into the
white neighborhoods.

2032
01:27:18,519 --> 01:27:21,270
And actually they
were entitled to

2033
01:27:21,270 --> 01:27:24,609
better loans because
they put up that wall.

2034
01:27:25,040 --> 01:27:28,260
Though that's how red
lighting intersex

2035
01:27:28,260 --> 01:27:31,589
red lining is not about
how you bound people.

2036
01:27:31,589 --> 01:27:34,124
It's about where
you let money flow.

2037
01:27:34,124 --> 01:27:37,110
But it intersects
with segregation.

2038
01:27:37,110 --> 01:27:39,014
Discrimination,

2039
01:27:39,014 --> 01:27:41,519
housing discrimination,
but there's multiple,

2040
01:27:41,519 --> 01:27:44,160
multiple means of
discrimination

2041
01:27:44,160 --> 01:27:45,509
and that's I discuss

2042
01:27:45,509 --> 01:27:47,129
those in bleeding
up ionized.

2043
01:27:47,129 --> 01:27:51,000
Well, I have a
comment to make.

2044
01:27:51,000 --> 01:27:54,330
Can you hear me?
Yes, we can.

2045
01:27:54,330 --> 01:27:55,980
Okay. You know,

2046
01:27:55,980 --> 01:27:57,449
it's interesting
when you talk

2047
01:27:57,449 --> 01:28:01,859
about segregation
of import was,

2048
01:28:01,859 --> 01:28:03,509
was really not segregated.

2049
01:28:03,509 --> 01:28:05,399
It was never supposed
to be segregated.

2050
01:28:05,399 --> 01:28:08,009
However, the housing
authority of

2051
01:28:08,009 --> 01:28:12,060
Portland ran the
city of Van court.

2052
01:28:12,060 --> 01:28:16,200
They managed the city
housing in Van court on

2053
01:28:16,200 --> 01:28:18,030
behalf of the federal
government and

2054
01:28:18,030 --> 01:28:21,060
the Kaiser shipyard.
And guess what?

2055
01:28:21,060 --> 01:28:24,210
They segregated
it initially.

2056
01:28:24,210 --> 01:28:29,579
But people start by 941,

2057
01:28:29,579 --> 01:28:32,940
940 two people were
coming into van port

2058
01:28:32,940 --> 01:28:35,730
so fast that they

2059
01:28:35,730 --> 01:28:37,335
thought I had
to give it up.

2060
01:28:37,335 --> 01:28:39,509
Still, they
stopped doing it.

2061
01:28:39,509 --> 01:28:41,340
And, you know, It's
interesting if

2062
01:28:41,340 --> 01:28:43,169
you read the book,

2063
01:28:43,169 --> 01:28:45,720
I think it's called the
color of the color of

2064
01:28:45,720 --> 01:28:49,890
law by Richard Rothstein.

2065
01:28:49,890 --> 01:28:51,419
I think that's his name.

2066
01:28:51,419 --> 01:28:54,329
He talks about
exactly what Dr.

2067
01:28:54,329 --> 01:28:57,255
Gibson just shared
with you, given up.

2068
01:28:57,255 --> 01:28:59,009
They may even be a picture

2069
01:28:59,009 --> 01:29:00,375
of the wall in the book.

2070
01:29:00,375 --> 01:29:02,295
But it's amazing that

2071
01:29:02,295 --> 01:29:04,440
governments and people
who are supposed

2072
01:29:04,440 --> 01:29:07,064
to be taking care
of our well-being

2073
01:29:07,064 --> 01:29:09,959
sometimes are the creators

2074
01:29:09,959 --> 01:29:12,194
of some of the most
ridiculous stuff.

2075
01:29:12,194 --> 01:29:13,965
And so, not only did

2076
01:29:13,965 --> 01:29:17,249
the housing
authority segregate

2077
01:29:17,249 --> 01:29:18,750
the housing and baneful,

2078
01:29:18,750 --> 01:29:20,639
but likes it, that
didn't last very long

2079
01:29:20,639 --> 01:29:23,460
because people
were just moving.

2080
01:29:23,460 --> 01:29:25,439
They can segregate
fast enough.

2081
01:29:25,439 --> 01:29:27,389
But when they
open the schools,

2082
01:29:27,389 --> 01:29:31,319
they also they told
the superintendent of

2083
01:29:31,319 --> 01:29:33,899
schools that the schools

2084
01:29:33,899 --> 01:29:36,480
in Van port would
be segregated.

2085
01:29:36,480 --> 01:29:38,550
And fortunately,
the superintendent

2086
01:29:38,550 --> 01:29:40,934
says that's not
going to happen.

2087
01:29:40,934 --> 01:29:42,990
So it never did.

2088
01:29:42,990 --> 01:29:44,789
And I found out

2089
01:29:44,789 --> 01:29:47,114
about both of those
things years later.

2090
01:29:47,114 --> 01:29:50,429
But, you know, the
city is supposed to

2091
01:29:50,429 --> 01:29:54,495
be working on behalf
of its citizen.

2092
01:29:54,495 --> 01:29:56,294
But in many cases,

2093
01:29:56,294 --> 01:29:59,340
they do the
ridiculous things.

2094
01:29:59,340 --> 01:30:02,289
Yeah, it's crazy.

2095
01:30:07,090 --> 01:30:09,920
Thank you all. And we

2096
01:30:09,920 --> 01:30:13,175
have a question
from the Q&A,

2097
01:30:13,175 --> 01:30:15,304
puts it in present times,

2098
01:30:15,304 --> 01:30:17,165
what can we do as younger,

2099
01:30:17,165 --> 01:30:19,174
myelinated or

2100
01:30:19,174 --> 01:30:20,885
black indigenous
people of color,

2101
01:30:20,885 --> 01:30:23,315
students to promote
reentry vacation

2102
01:30:23,315 --> 01:30:25,339
into the air is
our ancestors.

2103
01:30:25,339 --> 01:30:28,470
What's occupied
here important?

2104
01:30:29,890 --> 01:30:33,949
Well, I would say one
thing you could do is

2105
01:30:33,949 --> 01:30:37,519
make so many be successful
in your career.

2106
01:30:37,519 --> 01:30:40,460
General gentrification
is driven by

2107
01:30:40,460 --> 01:30:43,729
an imbalance of well
in American society.

2108
01:30:43,729 --> 01:30:45,889
And so you need to
put yourself in

2109
01:30:45,889 --> 01:30:48,129
a position where you
can make a decision.

2110
01:30:48,129 --> 01:30:49,529
About where you
want to deal with.

2111
01:30:49,529 --> 01:30:51,299
And that often
requires you to have

2112
01:30:51,299 --> 01:30:53,339
some kind of
monetary resources.

2113
01:30:53,339 --> 01:30:55,829
So be success comes
important to state,

2114
01:30:55,829 --> 01:30:57,330
get your degree
and go on and have

2115
01:30:57,330 --> 01:31:00,000
a successful career would

2116
01:31:00,000 --> 01:31:01,199
be the fundamental thing.

2117
01:31:01,199 --> 01:31:03,314
And the second
thing would be,

2118
01:31:03,314 --> 01:31:05,970
I think not to
let yourself be

2119
01:31:05,970 --> 01:31:08,685
captured by these notions

2120
01:31:08,685 --> 01:31:11,130
of where you should

2121
01:31:11,130 --> 01:31:13,199
be in a position to make

2122
01:31:13,199 --> 01:31:15,165
those decisions
on your own.

2123
01:31:15,165 --> 01:31:18,105
And don't be,

2124
01:31:18,105 --> 01:31:19,560
don't be bound by

2125
01:31:19,560 --> 01:31:21,510
the past or by
what other people

2126
01:31:21,510 --> 01:31:22,769
think about where
you should be

2127
01:31:22,769 --> 01:31:24,209
able to make those
decisions on your

2128
01:31:24,209 --> 01:31:26,100
own and have the resources

2129
01:31:26,100 --> 01:31:28,930
to make those
decisions in reality.

2130
01:31:49,510 --> 01:31:59,419
Thank you for
that. Are there

2131
01:31:59,419 --> 01:32:01,610
anymore questions
anyone would like to

2132
01:32:01,610 --> 01:32:04,919
submit via the Q and a.

2133
01:32:12,860 --> 01:32:15,210
What has been
some of the more

2134
01:32:15,210 --> 01:32:17,009
successful efforts
to educate

2135
01:32:17,009 --> 01:32:20,520
port lenders as to the
city's black history.

2136
01:32:20,520 --> 01:32:26,489
And I like to

2137
01:32:26,489 --> 01:32:28,769
think that the
continued existence of

2138
01:32:28,769 --> 01:32:30,224
the Black Studies
Department

2139
01:32:30,224 --> 01:32:32,834
is one of those
successful efforts.

2140
01:32:32,834 --> 01:32:34,679
There are not many
places in the country

2141
01:32:34,679 --> 01:32:36,570
that can say what?

2142
01:32:36,570 --> 01:32:38,070
Portland can say
that they've had

2143
01:32:38,070 --> 01:32:40,620
a Black Studies
Department since the 970,

2144
01:32:40,620 --> 01:32:42,029
that's still alive and

2145
01:32:42,029 --> 01:32:43,860
well and full of energy.

2146
01:32:43,860 --> 01:32:46,664
So I think that would
be in my mind anyway,

2147
01:32:46,664 --> 01:32:48,510
one of the significant
victory for

2148
01:32:48,510 --> 01:32:50,639
the local communities
supporting

2149
01:32:50,639 --> 01:32:54,280
that and providing
for its survival.

2150
01:32:55,900 --> 01:33:00,649
And I think also

2151
01:33:00,649 --> 01:33:07,100
the opportunity
to, to share with,

2152
01:33:07,100 --> 01:33:11,330
with people and the
opportunity to, you know,

2153
01:33:11,330 --> 01:33:14,360
a lot of times there
will be you'll be

2154
01:33:14,360 --> 01:33:15,919
invited out to to

2155
01:33:15,919 --> 01:33:17,990
speak and I think
you should do that.

2156
01:33:17,990 --> 01:33:20,869
10, take the opportunity.

2157
01:33:20,869 --> 01:33:26,029
And and I think that
you should never be

2158
01:33:26,029 --> 01:33:28,774
afraid to tell people

2159
01:33:28,774 --> 01:33:31,789
what your experiences
have been.

2160
01:33:31,789 --> 01:33:33,485
And we all know that

2161
01:33:33,485 --> 01:33:34,850
we always have to do that

2162
01:33:34,850 --> 01:33:37,730
in a way that
that, you know,

2163
01:33:37,730 --> 01:33:40,215
they understand what
you're talking about

2164
01:33:40,215 --> 01:33:44,114
and and encouraged
him that too.

2165
01:33:44,114 --> 01:33:47,385
That's just that's an
appropriate mission.

2166
01:33:47,385 --> 01:33:50,640
People should not
shouldn't have

2167
01:33:50,640 --> 01:33:53,955
to go to bed at night,

2168
01:33:53,955 --> 01:33:56,519
worried about waking
up the next morning.

2169
01:33:56,519 --> 01:34:00,015
Based on what area?
That's just ridiculous.

2170
01:34:00,015 --> 01:34:02,040
But I don't
think you should

2171
01:34:02,040 --> 01:34:04,920
always always speak up.

2172
01:34:04,920 --> 01:34:07,185
Don't be afraid
to speak up.

2173
01:34:07,185 --> 01:34:09,599
And I think you know,

2174
01:34:09,599 --> 01:34:11,640
you need to the opportunity

2175
01:34:11,640 --> 01:34:13,725
and organizations
like the NAACP,

2176
01:34:13,725 --> 01:34:16,709
the Urban League,
you need support

2177
01:34:16,709 --> 01:34:20,520
and many churches do
when things are they.

2178
01:34:20,520 --> 01:34:22,859
One of them at
food programs,

2179
01:34:22,859 --> 01:34:24,510
senior citizens as

2180
01:34:24,510 --> 01:34:27,990
smooth senior
citizen centers

2181
01:34:27,990 --> 01:34:29,414
and the African
American community,

2182
01:34:29,414 --> 01:34:31,410
you know, find
your way over

2183
01:34:31,410 --> 01:34:36,119
there and give back
to the community.

2184
01:34:36,119 --> 01:34:38,280
I think that if
you do that,

2185
01:34:38,280 --> 01:34:40,335
it'll take you to
that next step.

2186
01:34:40,335 --> 01:34:42,599
I would say that Dr. Milner

2187
01:34:42,599 --> 01:34:44,880
stay the fact that
potent state has one of

2188
01:34:44,880 --> 01:34:48,134
the longest Black Studies

2189
01:34:48,134 --> 01:34:50,475
program going
into a country.

2190
01:34:50,475 --> 01:34:52,890
Take some classes
over there.

2191
01:34:52,890 --> 01:34:55,410
Or I think most
of us know a lot,

2192
01:34:55,410 --> 01:34:57,480
but There's still
a lot to learn.

2193
01:34:57,480 --> 01:34:59,565
And there's still a
lot we don't know.

2194
01:34:59,565 --> 01:35:01,499
But we have the
opportunity and

2195
01:35:01,499 --> 01:35:03,494
especially for someone as

2196
01:35:03,494 --> 01:35:07,139
this this good as
Dr. Milner and and

2197
01:35:07,139 --> 01:35:08,940
the other kit block

2198
01:35:08,940 --> 01:35:10,109
the gifts and
she's not teach in

2199
01:35:10,109 --> 01:35:13,229
and I'm are you
should take a class,

2200
01:35:13,229 --> 01:35:17,100
get over there and get
that under your belt.

2201
01:35:17,100 --> 01:35:20,050
Think that really helps?

2202
01:35:22,940 --> 01:35:26,640
Yeah. In terms of

2203
01:35:26,640 --> 01:35:31,275
more successful efforts
to educate the city.

2204
01:35:31,275 --> 01:35:33,974
And some of those
are efforts I,

2205
01:35:33,974 --> 01:35:37,125
professor Milner and
Professor Murray shag

2206
01:35:37,125 --> 01:35:40,619
going around on
an annual basis,

2207
01:35:40,619 --> 01:35:43,080
giving talks,
invited talks,

2208
01:35:43,080 --> 01:35:44,520
number of community groups

2209
01:35:44,520 --> 01:35:45,899
and bite people for talks.

2210
01:35:45,899 --> 01:35:49,709
And then the Oregon
Historical Society

2211
01:35:49,709 --> 01:35:51,240
put on events.

2212
01:35:51,240 --> 01:35:53,130
You have the black pioneers

2213
01:35:53,130 --> 01:35:54,299
that puts on events.

2214
01:35:54,299 --> 01:35:56,309
So there's a number
of organizations that

2215
01:35:56,309 --> 01:35:59,355
put on events. I would say.

2216
01:35:59,355 --> 01:36:01,409
Even the City of Portland

2217
01:36:01,409 --> 01:36:04,410
has put some things up on

2218
01:36:04,410 --> 01:36:07,380
their website in with

2219
01:36:07,380 --> 01:36:09,764
regard to planning
and planning,

2220
01:36:09,764 --> 01:36:12,255
but planning in the
black community.

2221
01:36:12,255 --> 01:36:14,250
Okay, So they've, they've

2222
01:36:14,250 --> 01:36:17,099
done some
historical efforts.

2223
01:36:17,099 --> 01:36:19,769
I think Professor
Milner was involved

2224
01:36:19,769 --> 01:36:23,820
in the history about
buying a building's.

2225
01:36:23,820 --> 01:36:27,360
I think it was called
the Urban League puts

2226
01:36:27,360 --> 01:36:31,755
out it was annual State
of Black or again.

2227
01:36:31,755 --> 01:36:33,959
So there's a femme
institutions

2228
01:36:33,959 --> 01:36:35,850
that do this on
a regular basis,

2229
01:36:35,850 --> 01:36:40,125
Lewis and Clark sometimes
as taught events.

2230
01:36:40,125 --> 01:36:45,900
Opb has created that
film Lift Every Voice.

2231
01:36:45,900 --> 01:36:47,865
Is that it? Yeah. So yeah,

2232
01:36:47,865 --> 01:36:48,959
Lift every Is that it?

2233
01:36:48,959 --> 01:36:50,925
Yeah. Civil Rights film

2234
01:36:50,925 --> 01:36:52,574
about Portland history.

2235
01:36:52,574 --> 01:36:54,990
There's an older film
called local color,

2236
01:36:54,990 --> 01:36:56,639
if he'd been fine that

2237
01:36:56,639 --> 01:37:00,194
that they used to get
circulated quite a bit.

2238
01:37:00,194 --> 01:37:02,819
I think it's up on
OPB website now.

2239
01:37:02,819 --> 01:37:06,449
And that's an earlier
film featuring auto

2240
01:37:06,449 --> 01:37:10,410
Rutherford discussing
Portland history.

2241
01:37:10,410 --> 01:37:11,250
I think that was made in

2242
01:37:11,250 --> 01:37:13,185
the early 90s or something.

2243
01:37:13,185 --> 01:37:17,295
Anyway. So there's
some yeah.

2244
01:37:17,295 --> 01:37:21,539
Some efforts by my folks
that are dedicated.

2245
01:37:21,539 --> 01:37:24,090
Yeah. Especially, you know,

2246
01:37:24,090 --> 01:37:27,524
Dr. Milner and we'll EDA.

2247
01:37:27,524 --> 01:37:30,180
I would say, take advantage

2248
01:37:30,180 --> 01:37:32,340
of the Oregon
Historical Society.

2249
01:37:32,340 --> 01:37:33,960
They have both printed

2250
01:37:33,960 --> 01:37:35,970
material and video material

2251
01:37:35,970 --> 01:37:37,665
and online material.

2252
01:37:37,665 --> 01:37:40,785
Join this society,
get there,

2253
01:37:40,785 --> 01:37:43,634
did their quarterly
publication

2254
01:37:43,634 --> 01:37:44,940
in almost every issue.

2255
01:37:44,940 --> 01:37:47,190
Now they have some
issue of interest

2256
01:37:47,190 --> 01:37:50,295
and relevance to the
black experience here.

2257
01:37:50,295 --> 01:37:52,410
And also they have

2258
01:37:52,410 --> 01:37:54,990
an online encyclopedia that

2259
01:37:54,990 --> 01:37:57,540
has sections that deal
with Black history.

2260
01:37:57,540 --> 01:37:59,159
Look up the black
is the section

2261
01:37:59,159 --> 01:38:01,485
of their online
encyclopedia.

2262
01:38:01,485 --> 01:38:03,479
So take advantage of

2263
01:38:03,479 --> 01:38:04,950
that resource
they really are

2264
01:38:04,950 --> 01:38:06,750
trying to offer
to the community

2265
01:38:06,750 --> 01:38:09,639
access to this kind
of information.

2266
01:38:12,340 --> 01:38:16,279
Also, Dr. Milton,

2267
01:38:16,279 --> 01:38:17,780
everybody I'd
like to just I

2268
01:38:17,780 --> 01:38:19,550
serve on a board for
the state of Oregon.

2269
01:38:19,550 --> 01:38:21,230
It's called the Oregon
traveling experience.

2270
01:38:21,230 --> 01:38:24,604
And part of that
part of the job.

2271
01:38:24,604 --> 01:38:27,590
The three subcommittees,
one about

2272
01:38:27,590 --> 01:38:29,735
heritage trees
and another one

2273
01:38:29,735 --> 01:38:32,705
about those
historical markers.

2274
01:38:32,705 --> 01:38:36,664
And we found out I had
never heard of it.

2275
01:38:36,664 --> 01:38:38,225
Most people don't know

2276
01:38:38,225 --> 01:38:40,339
that during the
Second World War,

2277
01:38:40,339 --> 01:38:45,395
there was a black
contingent paratroopers

2278
01:38:45,395 --> 01:38:49,279
that workstation in
Pendleton, Oregon.

2279
01:38:49,279 --> 01:38:53,560
And they they were
called the triple Nicole

2280
01:38:53,560 --> 01:38:55,410
because they're
insignia were

2281
01:38:55,410 --> 01:38:57,090
three nipples

2282
01:38:57,090 --> 01:38:59,130
with the Buffalo
soldiers on him.

2283
01:38:59,130 --> 01:39:02,654
And those, they were
all African Americans.

2284
01:39:02,654 --> 01:39:06,420
And so they were able
to persuade the army to

2285
01:39:06,420 --> 01:39:08,430
allow them to become

2286
01:39:08,430 --> 01:39:10,770
paratroopers
because they said,

2287
01:39:10,770 --> 01:39:12,089
Oh no, black people are

2288
01:39:12,089 --> 01:39:14,145
afraid the jump and
they proved them wrong.

2289
01:39:14,145 --> 01:39:17,430
But when it came time
to assign them to

2290
01:39:17,430 --> 01:39:21,074
the European theater
with the 101st Airborne.

2291
01:39:21,074 --> 01:39:23,145
And back at that time,

2292
01:39:23,145 --> 01:39:25,049
the army was segregated.

2293
01:39:25,049 --> 01:39:28,920
They refuse to let
them go to year,

2294
01:39:28,920 --> 01:39:31,245
end up with the 101st.

2295
01:39:31,245 --> 01:39:33,359
And so they kept
them here in

2296
01:39:33,359 --> 01:39:36,809
the US and they brought
him out to the west,

2297
01:39:36,809 --> 01:39:38,474
to the Pacific Northwest.

2298
01:39:38,474 --> 01:39:40,589
And they jump forest fires.

2299
01:39:40,589 --> 01:39:43,455
They put out forest
fires that was there.

2300
01:39:43,455 --> 01:39:45,899
That's what they
did during the war.

2301
01:39:45,899 --> 01:39:50,595
And but when the war ended,

2302
01:39:50,595 --> 01:39:53,850
their commanding
officer obviously

2303
01:39:53,850 --> 01:39:55,259
was a white general.

2304
01:39:55,259 --> 01:39:58,935
And he said to the
army, he said,

2305
01:39:58,935 --> 01:40:02,369
these men have been

2306
01:40:02,369 --> 01:40:04,289
great in what
they had to do

2307
01:40:04,289 --> 01:40:07,034
because they were
jumping on 45,

2308
01:40:07,034 --> 01:40:08,519
because the Japanese
were floating

2309
01:40:08,519 --> 01:40:10,950
the those
firebombs over and

2310
01:40:10,950 --> 01:40:12,270
they figured they'd
set the force

2311
01:40:12,270 --> 01:40:13,830
on fire, et
cetera, et cetera.

2312
01:40:13,830 --> 01:40:16,619
So he said that when
was all said and done.

2313
01:40:16,619 --> 01:40:18,794
He said, These young man

2314
01:40:18,794 --> 01:40:21,210
should have been
in Europe and

2315
01:40:21,210 --> 01:40:23,144
would have been in Europe

2316
01:40:23,144 --> 01:40:25,980
had you not denied
the pieces.

2317
01:40:25,980 --> 01:40:27,569
So they will get

2318
01:40:27,569 --> 01:40:31,874
every metal that the
10 first got in your.

2319
01:40:31,874 --> 01:40:34,230
And he said They will
also the March in

2320
01:40:34,230 --> 01:40:36,930
the victory parade
in New York.

2321
01:40:36,930 --> 01:40:41,129
And and you know,
they did it.

2322
01:40:41,129 --> 01:40:42,449
He said because he said,

2323
01:40:42,449 --> 01:40:44,294
these are our brothers

2324
01:40:44,294 --> 01:40:47,760
and they know what to do.

2325
01:40:47,760 --> 01:40:51,120
But you kept him
from doing it.

2326
01:40:51,120 --> 01:40:53,459
And so it's a
bit of history.

2327
01:40:53,459 --> 01:40:56,084
And they were based
in Pendleton, Oregon.

2328
01:40:56,084 --> 01:40:57,659
And they spent time

2329
01:40:57,659 --> 01:40:59,160
down and met Ford, Oregon.

2330
01:40:59,160 --> 01:41:00,299
And if you know
anything about

2331
01:41:00,299 --> 01:41:03,104
the history of level
of the state of Oregon

2332
01:41:03,104 --> 01:41:05,190
met FRD and parts of

2333
01:41:05,190 --> 01:41:06,389
eastern Oregon was not

2334
01:41:06,389 --> 01:41:08,399
places that welcomed
African-Americans,

2335
01:41:08,399 --> 01:41:11,669
but but we were able
to do our work to

2336
01:41:11,669 --> 01:41:15,269
get a sign install
in Pendleton,

2337
01:41:15,269 --> 01:41:16,770
honoring those young man.

2338
01:41:16,770 --> 01:41:20,835
One of them was killed
here in Oregon,

2339
01:41:20,835 --> 01:41:22,289
jumping the forest fires.

2340
01:41:22,289 --> 01:41:25,920
He jumped out of

2341
01:41:25,920 --> 01:41:29,099
the plane and
landed in a tree.

2342
01:41:29,099 --> 01:41:31,049
And usually, and that

2343
01:41:31,049 --> 01:41:33,090
happens when you're
parachuting.

2344
01:41:33,090 --> 01:41:35,340
And they normally
they're supposed to

2345
01:41:35,340 --> 01:41:38,219
have like about a
150 feet of rope.

2346
01:41:38,219 --> 01:41:39,840
They can get
out of the tree

2347
01:41:39,840 --> 01:41:41,715
and for whatever reasons,

2348
01:41:41,715 --> 01:41:43,649
they had only
given those black,

2349
01:41:43,649 --> 01:41:45,869
so just 58 feet of

2350
01:41:45,869 --> 01:41:48,600
rope until they
fell to his death.

2351
01:41:48,600 --> 01:41:49,919
And that's a
bit of history.

2352
01:41:49,919 --> 01:41:52,245
I never heard of the
triple integrals.

2353
01:41:52,245 --> 01:41:55,110
So it's, and there's
lots of others.

2354
01:41:55,110 --> 01:41:56,549
Is Miss Gibson said there's

2355
01:41:56,549 --> 01:41:59,565
a lot of history about

2356
01:41:59,565 --> 01:42:02,190
blacks sprinkled all over

2357
01:42:02,190 --> 01:42:05,745
this state and that
Black Pioneers,

2358
01:42:05,745 --> 01:42:10,230
tremendous resource
and a half story.

2359
01:42:10,230 --> 01:42:11,969
Some other time
I'll tell you

2360
01:42:11,969 --> 01:42:14,414
about the black coal
miners in Coos Bay,

2361
01:42:14,414 --> 01:42:17,084
but I'll save that
for another day.

2362
01:42:17,084 --> 01:42:27,330
Okay. Thank you.

2363
01:42:27,330 --> 01:42:29,730
Our next question would be,

2364
01:42:29,730 --> 01:42:31,605
is was

2365
01:42:31,605 --> 01:42:34,304
the import considered
predominantly black?

2366
01:42:34,304 --> 01:42:36,914
Particular because of
where it was situated?

2367
01:42:36,914 --> 01:42:40,380
It people thought it was
predominantly black.

2368
01:42:40,380 --> 01:42:42,120
It was not that it was

2369
01:42:42,120 --> 01:42:44,399
about 8 thousand blacks

2370
01:42:44,399 --> 01:42:45,749
that different than port.

2371
01:42:45,749 --> 01:42:47,595
But there were
a few Chinese

2372
01:42:47,595 --> 01:42:48,599
and then port they

2373
01:42:48,599 --> 01:42:51,690
were people from Europe,

2374
01:42:51,690 --> 01:42:53,010
you know, people
that came over

2375
01:42:53,010 --> 01:42:56,084
from immigrants
from various parts.

2376
01:42:56,084 --> 01:42:57,975
You're escaping the war.

2377
01:42:57,975 --> 01:42:59,624
Did there, there were

2378
01:42:59,624 --> 01:43:03,014
Native Americans that
lived in Banpurwa.

2379
01:43:03,014 --> 01:43:06,299
There were
Hispanics and they

2380
01:43:06,299 --> 01:43:07,320
import people from

2381
01:43:07,320 --> 01:43:08,880
the Philippines
and ban Board.

2382
01:43:08,880 --> 01:43:10,860
But the largest
minority in damp,

2383
01:43:10,860 --> 01:43:12,720
what was African Americans?

2384
01:43:12,720 --> 01:43:14,400
There were no
Japanese living in

2385
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:16,694
damper until after the,

2386
01:43:16,694 --> 01:43:20,819
after the war ended
because the Japanese

2387
01:43:20,819 --> 01:43:25,664
had all been put in the
concentration camps.

2388
01:43:25,664 --> 01:43:28,409
And so once he got out,

2389
01:43:28,409 --> 01:43:29,685
about two hundred,

2390
01:43:29,685 --> 01:43:31,500
three hundred
Japanese families

2391
01:43:31,500 --> 01:43:33,299
In moved in-demand port.

2392
01:43:33,299 --> 01:43:37,949
So it was a fairly
integrated city.

2393
01:43:37,949 --> 01:43:40,650
Really. And with the

2394
01:43:40,650 --> 01:43:44,349
same could be said
for Banpo, college.

2395
01:43:44,360 --> 01:43:47,220
Damp or college was
not segregated.

2396
01:43:47,220 --> 01:43:49,109
So as many
African-Americans

2397
01:43:49,109 --> 01:43:50,985
that wanted to
go there could.

2398
01:43:50,985 --> 01:43:52,769
I don't know the
exact number.

2399
01:43:52,769 --> 01:43:55,109
I think there was
probably less than

2400
01:43:55,109 --> 01:43:57,719
a 100 African-Americans
attending

2401
01:43:57,719 --> 01:43:59,535
the the Extension Center.

2402
01:43:59,535 --> 01:44:01,214
I'm sure it was
less than a 100,

2403
01:44:01,214 --> 01:44:03,900
probably more somewhere
between 25 and 50.

2404
01:44:03,900 --> 01:44:05,669
But there was no there

2405
01:44:05,669 --> 01:44:06,869
was no rule that say they

2406
01:44:06,869 --> 01:44:08,565
can go if they

2407
01:44:08,565 --> 01:44:11,310
had the GI bill,
they could go.

2408
01:44:11,310 --> 01:44:14,769
So that was that
was never an issue.

2409
01:44:14,860 --> 01:44:18,364
All right. Yes.
Thank you so much.

2410
01:44:18,364 --> 01:44:21,349
Our next question is,

2411
01:44:21,349 --> 01:44:23,479
what were some similarities
and differences

2412
01:44:23,479 --> 01:44:25,339
between the Black
Panther Party?

2413
01:44:25,339 --> 01:44:27,020
Importantly, in
comparison to

2414
01:44:27,020 --> 01:44:30,510
the chapters in Oakland
and 10 Francisco.

2415
01:44:32,020 --> 01:44:34,250
While leader are
you still with

2416
01:44:34,250 --> 01:44:40,760
this essay will
lead to one of

2417
01:44:40,760 --> 01:44:42,260
the contributions
he made to

2418
01:44:42,260 --> 01:44:44,329
the Black Studies
Department was to

2419
01:44:44,329 --> 01:44:45,814
initiate and

2420
01:44:45,814 --> 01:44:49,130
organize the first
Black Panther class,

2421
01:44:49,130 --> 01:44:50,929
which we will be
teaching again

2422
01:44:50,929 --> 01:44:52,519
in the, in the spring.

2423
01:44:52,519 --> 01:44:54,050
And I think, well lead is

2424
01:44:54,050 --> 01:44:56,244
the best person to
answer this question.

2425
01:44:56,244 --> 01:44:58,424
You're teaching the
class in the spring.

2426
01:44:58,424 --> 01:45:00,284
We did Peter Milner.

2427
01:45:00,284 --> 01:45:03,120
I'm just hold med
place for you.

2428
01:45:03,120 --> 01:45:05,340
You're also a former member

2429
01:45:05,340 --> 01:45:06,990
of the Black Panther Party,

2430
01:45:06,990 --> 01:45:09,609
but that is true.

2431
01:45:11,270 --> 01:45:15,990
Well, yes, briefly and
I'll put in the chat,

2432
01:45:15,990 --> 01:45:18,419
There's actually
a great essay

2433
01:45:18,419 --> 01:45:19,380
that was written about

2434
01:45:19,380 --> 01:45:21,435
the Black Panther chapter.

2435
01:45:21,435 --> 01:45:25,440
The Black Panther
chapter in Portland and

2436
01:45:25,440 --> 01:45:27,630
similarities with
other chapters

2437
01:45:27,630 --> 01:45:30,390
across the country
and differences.

2438
01:45:30,390 --> 01:45:33,240
One of the, the sort

2439
01:45:33,240 --> 01:45:36,419
of markers for it
was that it had

2440
01:45:36,419 --> 01:45:38,490
the first dental
clinic and one of

2441
01:45:38,490 --> 01:45:40,485
the longest running
dental clinics

2442
01:45:40,485 --> 01:45:41,969
from the Black
Panther Party.

2443
01:45:41,969 --> 01:45:43,725
It was a free program.

2444
01:45:43,725 --> 01:45:45,450
All of the panther survival

2445
01:45:45,450 --> 01:45:46,799
programs were free.

2446
01:45:46,799 --> 01:45:48,090
And that dental clinic

2447
01:45:48,090 --> 01:45:49,199
was actually taken over

2448
01:45:49,199 --> 01:45:51,600
by Oregon Health
Sciences University.

2449
01:45:51,600 --> 01:45:54,389
Oh, us you, and it's
still running today.

2450
01:45:54,389 --> 01:45:56,340
So because of the
Black Panther Party

2451
01:45:56,340 --> 01:45:57,750
that neighborhood
has had under

2452
01:45:57,750 --> 01:46:00,689
the Panthers free dental
care and under wages

2453
01:46:00,689 --> 01:46:03,795
you low-income ductile
care for 50 years.

2454
01:46:03,795 --> 01:46:05,999
And I think that's an
incredible example

2455
01:46:05,999 --> 01:46:07,739
of what happens when
the leadership,

2456
01:46:07,739 --> 01:46:10,259
the vision and the

2457
01:46:10,259 --> 01:46:14,339
the work of black
communities is,

2458
01:46:14,339 --> 01:46:15,630
is centralized,

2459
01:46:15,630 --> 01:46:18,105
that we create
incredible institutions.

2460
01:46:18,105 --> 01:46:20,519
I think one of the, the,

2461
01:46:20,519 --> 01:46:23,430
the Black Panther
Party in Portland also

2462
01:46:23,430 --> 01:46:27,254
faced police repression

2463
01:46:27,254 --> 01:46:29,370
and media demineralization,

2464
01:46:29,370 --> 01:46:31,095
as did the Black
Panther Party

2465
01:46:31,095 --> 01:46:32,864
across the nation.

2466
01:46:32,864 --> 01:46:35,879
And so they were
dealing with a lot of

2467
01:46:35,879 --> 01:46:39,119
the same issues and

2468
01:46:39,119 --> 01:46:42,359
pressures that
were happening.

2469
01:46:42,359 --> 01:46:45,149
There's also Kent Ford,

2470
01:46:45,149 --> 01:46:46,800
who was one of the
co-founders of

2471
01:46:46,800 --> 01:46:49,334
the Black Panther Party
here in Portland.

2472
01:46:49,334 --> 01:46:52,019
He actually does
walking tours,

2473
01:46:52,019 --> 01:46:53,519
obviously not now in

2474
01:46:53,519 --> 01:46:55,110
the middle of the
snow stalker,

2475
01:46:55,110 --> 01:46:56,820
Um, but, you know,

2476
01:46:56,820 --> 01:46:58,544
when the weather is nicer,

2477
01:46:58,544 --> 01:47:01,439
I he does walking tours of

2478
01:47:01,439 --> 01:47:03,870
the Black Panther Party so

2479
01:47:03,870 --> 01:47:06,315
folks can be on the
outlook for that.

2480
01:47:06,315 --> 01:47:08,565
He has done them with

2481
01:47:08,565 --> 01:47:10,590
the important mosaic and

2482
01:47:10,590 --> 01:47:12,555
other organizations
in the past.

2483
01:47:12,555 --> 01:47:14,339
So I'll drop some links

2484
01:47:14,339 --> 01:47:16,034
in the chat
related to that,

2485
01:47:16,034 --> 01:47:17,250
but I'll I'll
turn it back to

2486
01:47:17,250 --> 01:47:19,410
Dr. Milner if he
wants to add more.

2487
01:47:19,410 --> 01:47:22,349
Well, I think I think we're

2488
01:47:22,349 --> 01:47:23,940
leaders talked about some

2489
01:47:23,940 --> 01:47:25,499
of the important
similarities,

2490
01:47:25,499 --> 01:47:28,724
but one of the
primary differences

2491
01:47:28,724 --> 01:47:31,034
is related to the
history of Oregon.

2492
01:47:31,034 --> 01:47:32,610
Oregon traditionally had

2493
01:47:32,610 --> 01:47:35,430
a very small black
occupation and probably.

2494
01:47:35,430 --> 01:47:38,610
The Panther effort in
the Portland area was

2495
01:47:38,610 --> 01:47:41,880
much more inter racial and

2496
01:47:41,880 --> 01:47:43,574
international than

2497
01:47:43,574 --> 01:47:46,379
in many other
Panther chapters

2498
01:47:46,379 --> 01:47:47,609
across the country simply

2499
01:47:47,609 --> 01:47:49,575
because of where
it was located.

2500
01:47:49,575 --> 01:47:51,210
So I would say that
would be one of

2501
01:47:51,210 --> 01:47:53,819
the primary differences in

2502
01:47:53,819 --> 01:47:55,875
terms of the kind of
issues that they face.

2503
01:47:55,875 --> 01:47:58,799
They face the same
kind of hostility from

2504
01:47:58,799 --> 01:48:01,830
social institutions
and from

2505
01:48:01,830 --> 01:48:03,780
the police
community here that

2506
01:48:03,780 --> 01:48:05,009
all the Panther chapters

2507
01:48:05,009 --> 01:48:07,079
see it all across
the country.

2508
01:48:07,079 --> 01:48:10,290
So both similarities and

2509
01:48:10,290 --> 01:48:14,535
differences. Thank you.

2510
01:48:14,535 --> 01:48:16,499
And with our last question,

2511
01:48:16,499 --> 01:48:18,390
which I am posing to all of

2512
01:48:18,390 --> 01:48:21,479
our panelists to
answer briefly,

2513
01:48:21,479 --> 01:48:24,899
is, what do you find
beautiful about

2514
01:48:24,899 --> 01:48:25,919
the work you do and have

2515
01:48:25,919 --> 01:48:29,529
done around important?

2516
01:48:32,270 --> 01:48:35,910
Well, I guess I can
start out by saying,

2517
01:48:35,910 --> 01:48:38,219
I'm never considered it
to be work and that's

2518
01:48:38,219 --> 01:48:41,070
probably the the
best position for

2519
01:48:41,070 --> 01:48:42,749
an individual to
be in which you

2520
01:48:42,749 --> 01:48:44,700
think is what you think

2521
01:48:44,700 --> 01:48:46,440
it's valuable and useful to

2522
01:48:46,440 --> 01:48:48,449
you that you will
be doing anyway,

2523
01:48:48,449 --> 01:48:50,010
if you get paid for it s

2524
01:48:50,010 --> 01:48:51,329
probably the best
arrangements

2525
01:48:51,329 --> 01:48:53,139
you can hope for.

2526
01:49:02,350 --> 01:49:12,004
Well, I would say

2527
01:49:12,004 --> 01:49:14,540
that what's most beautiful

2528
01:49:14,540 --> 01:49:16,024
about the work that I do,

2529
01:49:16,024 --> 01:49:19,775
I would think
that learning,

2530
01:49:19,775 --> 01:49:22,799
learning history is,

2531
01:49:22,960 --> 01:49:25,985
is beautiful because
it's enlightening.

2532
01:49:25,985 --> 01:49:28,250
It helps me
answer questions.

2533
01:49:28,250 --> 01:49:30,079
It helps us understand,

2534
01:49:30,079 --> 01:49:32,090
as Professor Molnar said,

2535
01:49:32,090 --> 01:49:33,529
looking at history

2536
01:49:33,529 --> 01:49:35,555
helps understand
the present.

2537
01:49:35,555 --> 01:49:37,969
So it was beautiful

2538
01:49:37,969 --> 01:49:39,994
when I first went
back to grad school

2539
01:49:39,994 --> 01:49:41,570
and my sat in

2540
01:49:41,570 --> 01:49:43,220
microeconomics classes

2541
01:49:43,220 --> 01:49:44,930
in the Public
Policy program

2542
01:49:44,930 --> 01:49:47,580
and could not get
answers as to why there

2543
01:49:47,580 --> 01:49:50,429
was so much racial
economic inequality,

2544
01:49:50,429 --> 01:49:52,905
why there was so
much black poverty.

2545
01:49:52,905 --> 01:49:56,159
And because they'll
hopefully were doing,

2546
01:49:56,159 --> 01:49:57,644
was looking at the present.

2547
01:49:57,644 --> 01:49:59,669
Why didn't neighborhoods
look that way?

2548
01:49:59,669 --> 01:50:02,399
Why was there so much
concentrated poverty,

2549
01:50:02,399 --> 01:50:03,885
so on and so forth?

2550
01:50:03,885 --> 01:50:06,809
I had to look, I got
my answers by going

2551
01:50:06,809 --> 01:50:08,369
over to the
History Department

2552
01:50:08,369 --> 01:50:09,809
and taking history classes,

2553
01:50:09,809 --> 01:50:13,035
urban history, and reading

2554
01:50:13,035 --> 01:50:15,690
material by and for

2555
01:50:15,690 --> 01:50:19,125
people who have lived
this experience.

2556
01:50:19,125 --> 01:50:21,375
Historians who have

2557
01:50:21,375 --> 01:50:24,179
steady black
community formation

2558
01:50:24,179 --> 01:50:27,615
and the political
economy of,

2559
01:50:27,615 --> 01:50:32,549
of housing and
employment and so forth.

2560
01:50:32,549 --> 01:50:34,305
I was very much
interested in

2561
01:50:34,305 --> 01:50:36,735
alleviating poverty
when I first started.

2562
01:50:36,735 --> 01:50:38,759
So it was beautiful to

2563
01:50:38,759 --> 01:50:41,385
study this stuff
and find answers.

2564
01:50:41,385 --> 01:50:43,109
At the same time as

2565
01:50:43,109 --> 01:50:46,209
beautiful as can be
very depressing.

2566
01:50:46,430 --> 01:50:48,749
But it's beautiful to learn

2567
01:50:48,749 --> 01:50:52,665
about African
American resistance.

2568
01:50:52,665 --> 01:51:00,430
And despite all the
odds and achievement.

2569
01:51:01,850 --> 01:51:04,695
And yeah,

2570
01:51:04,695 --> 01:51:06,840
it's beautiful to get paid

2571
01:51:06,840 --> 01:51:10,630
for it. Darrow said.

2572
01:51:12,560 --> 01:51:15,360
Well, probably for me,

2573
01:51:15,360 --> 01:51:19,139
the the best thing

2574
01:51:19,139 --> 01:51:21,299
that has happened
for me is that

2575
01:51:21,299 --> 01:51:23,880
I'm able to free ma ma,

2576
01:51:23,880 --> 01:51:25,365
and unable to speak.

2577
01:51:25,365 --> 01:51:27,735
I my freely.

2578
01:51:27,735 --> 01:51:32,009
And I cannot help
but think back

2579
01:51:32,009 --> 01:51:34,050
to perhaps a days of

2580
01:51:34,050 --> 01:51:37,604
my parents who
their parents.

2581
01:51:37,604 --> 01:51:39,480
And they didn't have

2582
01:51:39,480 --> 01:51:41,625
they didn't have
that for you.

2583
01:51:41,625 --> 01:51:45,570
But they encourage
all of us.

2584
01:51:45,570 --> 01:51:47,895
So it's just to,

2585
01:51:47,895 --> 01:51:51,900
to have a mind that
you can speak freely.

2586
01:51:51,900 --> 01:51:55,050
And I know you have to use

2587
01:51:55,050 --> 01:51:56,910
common sense and then

2588
01:51:56,910 --> 01:51:59,400
you have to be
aware of who,

2589
01:51:59,400 --> 01:52:01,935
when what you are

2590
01:52:01,935 --> 01:52:04,379
talking about and who
you're talking to.

2591
01:52:04,379 --> 01:52:09,599
But the fact that I can
do it and and not be

2592
01:52:09,599 --> 01:52:11,280
afraid of not have

2593
01:52:11,280 --> 01:52:14,130
someone riding by my house

2594
01:52:14,130 --> 01:52:16,799
at my two on the torch
through the window.

2595
01:52:16,799 --> 01:52:19,710
That's what's important to

2596
01:52:19,710 --> 01:52:21,524
them. And the people.

2597
01:52:21,524 --> 01:52:24,120
Just denote that,
that university,

2598
01:52:24,120 --> 01:52:27,104
all the wonderful people
you get a chance to

2599
01:52:27,104 --> 01:52:31,724
meet students and we
hear what they're doing.

2600
01:52:31,724 --> 01:52:36,510
And hello, future.

2601
01:52:36,510 --> 01:52:38,889
You are the future.

2602
01:52:39,320 --> 01:52:44,970
So let's split it

2603
01:52:44,970 --> 01:52:50,520
rules to yes,

2604
01:52:50,520 --> 01:52:53,579
thank you so much for
all of your answers

2605
01:52:53,579 --> 01:52:57,045
and taking the time to
be with us here today.

2606
01:52:57,045 --> 01:52:59,655
And as we come to the
conclusion of our bet,

2607
01:52:59,655 --> 01:53:01,889
I want to finally

2608
01:53:01,889 --> 01:53:05,205
thank Dr. Darrell
manner, Mr. Washington,

2609
01:53:05,205 --> 01:53:06,900
and Dr. Karen Gibson

2610
01:53:06,900 --> 01:53:09,209
for their time
and their words,

2611
01:53:09,209 --> 01:53:11,325
and as well as
their experiences.

2612
01:53:11,325 --> 01:53:15,670
If we could put up
hard last two slides.

2613
01:53:15,920 --> 01:53:18,180
All right, Well, we are

2614
01:53:18,180 --> 01:53:19,769
going to go ahead
and close this out.

2615
01:53:19,769 --> 01:53:20,969
We don't need the slideshow

2616
01:53:20,969 --> 01:53:22,829
to this particular piece.

2617
01:53:22,829 --> 01:53:24,899
We included some links in

2618
01:53:24,899 --> 01:53:28,154
the chat on our
upcoming events.

2619
01:53:28,154 --> 01:53:30,090
So our next event,
Yvonne myths,

2620
01:53:30,090 --> 01:53:31,469
naming and identity

2621
01:53:31,469 --> 01:53:33,494
across the
African diaspora.

2622
01:53:33,494 --> 01:53:35,520
This event was
we reschedule

2623
01:53:35,520 --> 01:53:38,024
to February 16th at six PM.

2624
01:53:38,024 --> 01:53:40,215
We also have
being like a PSU,

2625
01:53:40,215 --> 01:53:42,975
which is on February
19th at two PM.

2626
01:53:42,975 --> 01:53:45,089
We're doing a slide
show and we really

2627
01:53:45,089 --> 01:53:46,590
encourage you
to participate

2628
01:53:46,590 --> 01:53:48,105
if you like, if
you're black,

2629
01:53:48,105 --> 01:53:51,749
faculty or staff
who wants to submit

2630
01:53:51,749 --> 01:53:53,939
a written or video
submission on

2631
01:53:53,939 --> 01:53:55,170
your experience of what

2632
01:53:55,170 --> 01:53:56,894
it's like being like a PSU.

2633
01:53:56,894 --> 01:53:58,470
We're giving
awesome gift cards.

2634
01:53:58,470 --> 01:54:00,240
So if you click on the
link in the flyer,

2635
01:54:00,240 --> 01:54:02,384
it will show you
how to submit.

2636
01:54:02,384 --> 01:54:03,869
We are also having

2637
01:54:03,869 --> 01:54:05,579
a character
professionals panel

2638
01:54:05,579 --> 01:54:07,904
on February the
24th for PN,

2639
01:54:07,904 --> 01:54:09,540
along with the anger of

2640
01:54:09,540 --> 01:54:11,039
black women as resistance

2641
01:54:11,039 --> 01:54:12,480
against police violence on

2642
01:54:12,480 --> 01:54:14,639
February 26th at two PM.

2643
01:54:14,639 --> 01:54:16,140
All of the leaks and

2644
01:54:16,140 --> 01:54:17,669
all of the Zoom meeting IDs

2645
01:54:17,669 --> 01:54:20,319
are located on the flyer.

2646
01:54:20,420 --> 01:54:23,639
We also have some
information here on how to

2647
01:54:23,639 --> 01:54:25,200
stay connected with sulfur

2648
01:54:25,200 --> 01:54:26,279
pin African comments.

2649
01:54:26,279 --> 01:54:27,509
We have a Facebook account,

2650
01:54:27,509 --> 01:54:29,219
PSU Pan African comment.

2651
01:54:29,219 --> 01:54:31,485
We have an Instagram
account at PECC,

2652
01:54:31,485 --> 01:54:32,640
yet we also have

2653
01:54:32,640 --> 01:54:34,950
a newsletter and
black studies.

2654
01:54:34,950 --> 01:54:38,440
You can go ahead
and take over.

2655
01:54:39,800 --> 01:54:42,029
Great, Thanks Courtney.

2656
01:54:42,029 --> 01:54:44,579
So blacks study
first beforehand.

2657
01:54:44,579 --> 01:54:45,600
I just really want to thank

2658
01:54:45,600 --> 01:54:46,860
all of the panelists.

2659
01:54:46,860 --> 01:54:50,159
This was incredible
and personally,

2660
01:54:50,159 --> 01:54:53,040
my work has been
inspired and

2661
01:54:53,040 --> 01:54:54,419
rest upon the work

2662
01:54:54,419 --> 01:54:55,949
you all have been
doing for decades.

2663
01:54:55,949 --> 01:54:58,019
So it's such an
honor to get to hear

2664
01:54:58,019 --> 01:55:00,119
you all speak and share

2665
01:55:00,119 --> 01:55:01,800
your knowledge and wisdom

2666
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:03,510
and decades of experience

2667
01:55:03,510 --> 01:55:05,835
and you're a treasure

2668
01:55:05,835 --> 01:55:08,279
for Portland and
for, for PSUs.

2669
01:55:08,279 --> 01:55:10,919
And thank you to all
of our panelists.

2670
01:55:10,919 --> 01:55:14,129
And if you are interested
in learning more

2671
01:55:14,129 --> 01:55:16,290
about many of the topics

2672
01:55:16,290 --> 01:55:17,834
that were talked
about tonight.

2673
01:55:17,834 --> 01:55:19,409
As we've said throughout,

2674
01:55:19,409 --> 01:55:21,449
we teach classes
in black studies

2675
01:55:21,449 --> 01:55:23,520
about Oregon
African-American history,

2676
01:55:23,520 --> 01:55:25,094
which will run
in the spring.

2677
01:55:25,094 --> 01:55:26,849
The history of the
Black Panther Party,

2678
01:55:26,849 --> 01:55:28,244
which will run
in the spring.

2679
01:55:28,244 --> 01:55:29,729
We have tons of classes,

2680
01:55:29,729 --> 01:55:31,560
so please definitely
check out

2681
01:55:31,560 --> 01:55:33,629
black studies.
You can see that.

2682
01:55:33,629 --> 01:55:36,240
Do that through
our website,

2683
01:55:36,240 --> 01:55:38,489
our email us directly if

2684
01:55:38,489 --> 01:55:40,905
you'd like, class listings.

2685
01:55:40,905 --> 01:55:43,484
We also have a Facebook
of that that we

2686
01:55:43,484 --> 01:55:46,559
update with our
upcoming events.

2687
01:55:46,559 --> 01:55:48,870
This is part of
the Black Studies

2688
01:55:48,870 --> 01:55:50,775
black bag speaker series.

2689
01:55:50,775 --> 01:55:52,350
And so we'll be doing

2690
01:55:52,350 --> 01:55:54,060
more events in
the spring as

2691
01:55:54,060 --> 01:55:56,489
well in the black
bag speaker series

2692
01:55:56,489 --> 01:55:58,649
related to Oregon
black history.

2693
01:55:58,649 --> 01:56:00,419
So please feel free to

2694
01:56:00,419 --> 01:56:02,954
check that they spoke
or our website.

2695
01:56:02,954 --> 01:56:05,970
Sign up for our listserv

2696
01:56:05,970 --> 01:56:07,320
if you're a student and

2697
01:56:07,320 --> 01:56:08,879
we will keep you
updated about

2698
01:56:08,879 --> 01:56:11,655
events as well as classes.

2699
01:56:11,655 --> 01:56:14,100
So thank you again to
all the panelists and

2700
01:56:14,100 --> 01:56:17,500
to Pan-African comments
for this event.

2701
01:56:20,690 --> 01:56:23,640
Awesome. Lastly,
we included

2702
01:56:23,640 --> 01:56:25,664
some links in the
chat for a survey,

2703
01:56:25,664 --> 01:56:27,360
I will go ahead
and relink that

2704
01:56:27,360 --> 01:56:29,579
here, things like that.

2705
01:56:29,579 --> 01:56:31,499
That concludes our
head. So thank you.

2706
01:56:31,499 --> 01:56:37,799
All right.

2707
01:56:37,799 --> 01:56:40,995
Here we hope to see
you at a future event.

2708
01:56:40,995 --> 01:56:45,130
Thank you, Courtney,
and we'll later Bye.