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David A. Horowitz: Well, good afternoon can everyone hear me.

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David A. Horowitz: Well, good afternoon can can everyone hear me if you could not okay very good, my name is David Horowitz I teach us, cultural and political history here at portland state.

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David A. Horowitz: And this is the US yo political policy in the modern era session, the young historians conference.

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David A. Horowitz: Let me explain a little bit how we're going to proceed.

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David A. Horowitz: and

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David A. Horowitz: I will be introducing the three of you, the three presenters.

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David A. Horowitz: One at a time.

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David A. Horowitz: And by the way, for those of you who are not presenting.

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David A. Horowitz: I think you're really fortunate these, this is the best batch of papers to this conference that I have moderated in the 30 years i've been doing this, these are excellent excellent papers and you're really fortunate to be present to be.

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David A. Horowitz: attending the session so.

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David A. Horowitz: Each of the presenters, as you well know, will have a 15 minutes to to deliver their papers and after that I will give a general commentary.

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David A. Horowitz: The commentary is not supposed to be a criticism of the papers it's just whereas some of the things that people discussed in their papers, where can we take that, where does it go what is some of the questions that might occur to another His story.

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David A. Horowitz: What we try to do in the sessions is to make this as close as possible to a professional history conference.

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David A. Horowitz: In a professional history conference, they would be three or four papers, they would be a commentator.

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David A. Horowitz: And then they would be questions and answers from the audience and that's what we tried to do that is what the academic protocol requires so that i'm after I give my comments and we will open up floor, so to speak, to questions which you can.

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David A. Horowitz: Present using your Q amp a.

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David A. Horowitz: So with that.

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David A. Horowitz: Let me present rosalyn day.

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David A. Horowitz: The cold war.

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David A. Horowitz: In October, in a case study of the ending of the Cold War, one is from lake Ridge high school.

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ROSELYN DAI: hello, thank you for that.

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ROSELYN DAI: So, to begin as Dr Horowitz said, my paper is on the ending of the Cold War, with specific focused on the Ronald Reagan Presidency in the Reagan doctrine.

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ROSELYN DAI: So August 11 1984 was nearly a marking of the end of mankind, it was on this day that the 45th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan.

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ROSELYN DAI: issue a statement that almost started World War three quote we began bombing in five minutes and quote.

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ROSELYN DAI: A miss the high tension of US obvious relations reagan's joke, of having signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever just about lead to the devastation of nuclear confrontation.

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ROSELYN DAI: were alive so luckily no missiles were fired but this instance symbolizes the US Soviet battle during the Cold War.

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ROSELYN DAI: The cold war, which began in 1947 was a strenuous conflict that dominated American politics until the beginning towards the beginning of.

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ROSELYN DAI: the turn of the 21st century, when it was finally ended the cause of its ending presents quite a challenging and dividing debate.

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ROSELYN DAI: Democrats often credit, the collapse of the Soviet economy and gorbachev's own willingness for peace for the ending of the war.

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ROSELYN DAI: If not, avoiding the topic entirely Republicans, on the other hand, insist that reagan's aggressive foreign policies, particularly the arms race, was what propelled the Gorbachev era and the fall of the Soviet Union.

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ROSELYN DAI: In my paper I analyze the US Defense conditions prior to and after the Reagan administration.

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ROSELYN DAI: reagan's original addresses and the Soviet economy, and from that it can be reasonably reasonably concluded that, although reagan's policies undoubtedly assertive pressure the internal factors within the Soviet Union played a much larger role in the ending of the Cold War.

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ROSELYN DAI: So throughout the Cold War, the US Soviet tensions waiver quite drastically peaked in the first time in 1960s, with the Cuban missile crisis.

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ROSELYN DAI: Calm somewhat during the 70s, with a strategic arm limitation treaties and the anti ballistic missile Treaties before which was referred to an era of detox and before taking another downturn with the Ronald Reagan administration.

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ROSELYN DAI: By then, the Soviets had just invaded Afghanistan and assault treaties were facing deterioration.

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ROSELYN DAI: reagan's presidency only served to expedite ending of detergent and ursa nation into a rapidly escalating arms race.

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ROSELYN DAI: reagan's foreign Defense a foreign policy approach, especially towards the Soviets was one that was quite aggressive.

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ROSELYN DAI: The Reagan doctrine stem from a belief that merely containing Communism was not enough and that the US must actively involve itself in dismantling Communism completely.

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ROSELYN DAI: In his famous evil empire speech he denounced the Soviet Union, as an evil empire and portrayed life under the Communist regime as one of totalitarian darkness.

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ROSELYN DAI: claiming it would eventually dominate all people Reagan rejected the idea of a nuclear freeze in America, because he believed it to be only an illusion of peace and that the reality is that peace is found through strength.

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ROSELYN DAI: Reagan strategy was an arms race to gain nuclear and conventional arms superiority over the Soviets to have to be able to negotiate from a position of strength.

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ROSELYN DAI: And to deter any possibility of attack So this was in parallel, of the ideas of previously sign ncs 68 a military buildup because Reagan.

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ROSELYN DAI: considered the present conditions of the military arsenal to be increasingly obsolete, for example, in the 1980s, the Soviet Union had an 11 year lead in investments so Reagan push through Congress massive Defense spending increases increasing one that total.

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ROSELYN DAI: Over $1.5 trillion.

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ROSELYN DAI: That included.

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ROSELYN DAI: That included a host of new button systems, one of these was reagan's most prominent and problematic proposals, the strategic Defense initiative or SDI or as the press dubbed it Star Wars.

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ROSELYN DAI: It was to fund research into a space based Missile Defense system as Reagan didn't believe in mutually assured destruction claiming it to be truly mad and claiming it to be mutual suicide.

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ROSELYN DAI: And reagan's insistence over SDI was what later cost the US it's relations with the Soviets and even potentially delaying the resolution to the decades long conflict of the Cold War.

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ROSELYN DAI: So by the mid 1980s, it was clear that both sides had grown tired of the conflict.

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ROSELYN DAI: The Soviet economy was at its lowest since the start of the decades long economic decline beginning shortly after World War Two.

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ROSELYN DAI: It was mutually established that there needed to be an arms reduction from both sides, there was a series of strategic arm reduction talks start.

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ROSELYN DAI: With one being the Geneva Conference of 1985 so in the beginning of the Conference, it was it was made clear that the Soviet sod 50% decrease in nuclear bombs and missiles, but the US was more intent on a more sustainable way to defer nuclear war and take reliance off of that.

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ROSELYN DAI: aiming to continue development of defensive weapon tree and specifically reagan's SDI proposal and this proved to be quite detrimental as the reagan's insistence over SDI was a cause for a stalemate in these.

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ROSELYN DAI: These talks, for example in the in the meeting score Bashar Gorbachev remarked that the USSR are realistic pragmatists who categorically opposed to dominate other countries and that the US overestimates the power of the Soviet Union.

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ROSELYN DAI: It was clear that Gorbachev was willing to negotiate, but was unwilling to compromise on SDI because of the belief that it was an attempt to weaponize space, and it would give the US a first strike advantage, however.

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ROSELYN DAI: STI aside the conversations were quite amiable as Reagan by that and had abandoned his quite hardline anti Communist stance, but.

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ROSELYN DAI: As Gorbachev put it, if the soap us and Soviets could agree to be and research and space, he would sign in two minutes.

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ROSELYN DAI: From this weekend see that had Reagan been more lenient on his SDI proposals and agreement for arms reduction and peace between the new two nations could have taken shape earlier.

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ROSELYN DAI: Despite these facts, there are still some who argue that reagan's are to build up policies force the Soviets to back down.

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ROSELYN DAI: However, data data doesn't support this, for example, a CIA report claim that there was virtually no effect caused by the US military buildup.

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ROSELYN DAI: In the 1980s on Soviet military spending.

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ROSELYN DAI: In fact gorbachev's and the Soviets willingness to negotiate and back down was not due to reagan's arms policy, but rather to the stagnating Soviet economy and the political and economic reforms within the Soviet Union.

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ROSELYN DAI: Gorbachev had was attempting to restructure the Soviet economy, using a Western capitalist model.

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ROSELYN DAI: He also loosened political restraints, for example, he amended to the Soviet Constitution so that the Communist Party was not the only acceptable political party.

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ROSELYN DAI: And these internal reforms was also a big factor in contributing to the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union and the overthrowing communists.

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ROSELYN DAI: So, and furthermore on it, the CIA data shows that the Soviet economy had been slowing down long before reagan's inauguration, in fact, it could be traced back to the 1950s due to.

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ROSELYN DAI: Due to long term issues within the Soviet economical structure itself and including mark slow Downs in the growth of Soviet industrial output, as well as.

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ROSELYN DAI: As well as a limited capacity to earn hard currency to pay for needed technology imports as as well as issues with couple productivity climate patterns Labor shortages oil shortages and depressed birth rates and this economic downfall has been seen and predicted.

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ROSELYN DAI: Throughout the Cold War and so these economic constraints lead to increased pressures within the Soviet to for reduce military expenditure.

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ROSELYN DAI: It was understood that high military expenditure was only harming Soviet by ability and economy and society, because the funds for the military were taken from critical, social services and.

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ROSELYN DAI: Educational programs, and it was evident that the economy of the Soviet could not be sustained, for a long term so it's not surprising that.

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ROSELYN DAI: Gorbachev was open for reform and arms reduction so to claim that reagan's policies with the arms race, was the sole factor, or what ultimately led to the fall of the Soviet Union is.

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ROSELYN DAI: Quite a false assumption, because although his policies would have put pressure on Soviet leadership to reciprocate militarily putting additional burdens on an already failing economy.

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ROSELYN DAI: The long term impacts of an insufficient economic structure itself within the Soviets and gorbachev's governmental and political changes were what finally prompted the ending of the Cold War, thank you.

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David A. Horowitz: Thank you roseland Thank you very much, our next paper is another at it deals with another aspect of the Cold War.

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David A. Horowitz: Was it Ronald Reagan landed the Cold War, or was it American jazz musicians.

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David A. Horowitz: Here is from coal powers from lake Ridge high school.

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David A. Horowitz: fighting for freedom jazz and the Cold War call you have the name of a jazz musician you could very well be one that wonderful may like.

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Cole Powers: Okay, plan to be.

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Cole Powers: well.

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Cole Powers: alright.

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Cole Powers: During the Cold War era, the US was involved in two fights for freedom on one front, the country saw itself is fighting a cold war for the victory of American democracy over the tyranny of communism.

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Cole Powers: On the other American citizens engaged in the civil rights movement seeking freedom for black Americans and for black people and nations across the globe.

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Cole Powers: When the US decided to send American jazz musicians abroad as part of a cold war propaganda effort, these two battles collided.

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Cole Powers: resulting intersection is a story of hypocrisy irony and contradiction jazz was perceived as a powerful symbol for freedom in both the Cold War and the civil rights contexts.

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Cole Powers: The State Department use this symbolism, to convince the world that the US supported freedom, even when evidence clearly pointed to the contrary jazz musicians use the same tours to push for more genuine vision of racial freedom.

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Cole Powers: This paper starts by describing the administrative tours leading up or administrative history leading up to the chest tours demonstrates the purpose of.

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Cole Powers: The United States information to agency, the USA and of the cultural programs that were carried out beneath it was to convince the world that the US supported freedom in the Cold War fight.

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Cole Powers: The remainder of the paper highlights six of the countless State Department tours in order to show how the USA and jazz musicians each use the tours to push their own agenda of freedom.

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Cole Powers: The story began with President Eisenhower Eisenhower is public statements demonstrate that, like so many other Americans during the 1950s, he saw the Cold War is a fight for freedom against tyranny.

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Cole Powers: He also understood that effective propaganda was crucial weapon in this fight.

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Cole Powers: In order to in his words when the minds and souls of men, he created the United States information agency, the USA.

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Cole Powers: A propaganda agency, which used a variety of media to spread information about us aims and values around the world, then in 1954 Congress authorized the creation of the cultural presentations program which administered tourism musical and performing artists.

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Cole Powers: It was clear from the beginning that USA officials agreed with eisenhower's claim that the Cold War was a fight against tyranny the view that America was fighting for freedom and peace was expressed again and again and documents, written by the agency's director good or straight bar.

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Cole Powers: Despite Eisenhower in St bart's conviction about the role of the US and the Cold War Eisenhower feared that other nations did not equate American victory with freedom.

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Cole Powers: Instead, he word, the growing civil rights movement in the United States would harm the country's image as it claimed it was fighting for freedom abroad.

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Cole Powers: Bus officials came to see the primary purpose of the USA as providing evidence to the world that America was on the right side of the fight.

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Cole Powers: USA documents describing early tours of performing artists reveal that this goal was a defining feature of cultural presentations program even before jazz was added to their repertoire.

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Cole Powers: Given the school, however jazz seem to be the perfect weapon of choice and African American music, which not only featured black band leaders and stars, but it was also powerfully symbolic of freedom.

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Cole Powers: jazz can be used to convince the world that the US had moved past its era of racism and segregation.

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Cole Powers: jazz first entered the picture with willis converse radio show which was aired on Voice of America radio.

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Cole Powers: The US funded international radio program conover himself saw his show as powerful propaganda in his eyes jazz was strongly symbolic of a uniquely American freedom and democracy, and then musicians agree on a broader structure within which they're free to improvise and express themselves.

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Cole Powers: It was ultimately Harlem democratic Congressman and civil rights activist Adam clayton Powell jr who brought jazz to the attention of the State Department.

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Cole Powers: Seeing symbolics power of jazz and the Cold War Pal suggested that the State Department incorporate the music into its cultural programs and then 1955 the State Department agreed a New York Times article and abstinence headline remote lands to hear old democracy boogie.

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Cole Powers: The first jazz musician to tour under the State Department was trumpeter and bandleader john dizzy gillespie gillespie his tour of Middle East immediately reveal the contradiction and hypocrisy which played the Program.

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Cole Powers: most notable is this time in Greece gillespie entered Greece during intense anti American protests over the US support greece's suppressive right wing dictatorship.

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Cole Powers: After his performance, the same protesters carried him out on their shoulders in appreciation event revealed a reality of the Cold War and of jazz diplomacy which different dramatically from officials idealistic statements about freedom in America.

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Cole Powers: US actions were not always in the interest of freedom abroad.

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Cole Powers: During the Cold War, the US repeatedly violated the freedom of other people's as it did when it supported greece's dictatorship and then sent jazz the ultimate symbol of American freedom and democracy to make the case that it was still on the right side of the fight.

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Cole Powers: gillespie returned home and found that his race prevented him from enjoying the freedom that he was sent abroad to advertise.

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Cole Powers: Many conservative Americans were quick to them that says music as primitive and black claiming that it was in comparable to what they considered high art form of European classical music.

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Cole Powers: Led by representative john Rooney Congressman focus their attacks on the high cost of the jazz tourists and succeeded and cutting funding substantially.

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Cole Powers: gillespie responded via email to Congressional attacks and esquire article titled jazz was too good for Americans he lamented the fact that while he was met with respect and admiration abroad his music was still not treated as illegitimate art form by his own country.

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Cole Powers: He pleaded that the US Government moved to memphis problem specifically if you're incorporating jazz into education.

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Cole Powers: gillespie saw the State Department tourism opportunity to reach for more the more genuine freedom than that which meant no more than American victory of communism instead.

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Cole Powers: gillespie sought freedom from the racial oppression which prevented his music from being recognized by American audiences government and institutions.

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Cole Powers: The State Department responded to upper over gillespie's trip by sending white musician benny Goodman and the next tour.

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Cole Powers: i'm good MINS trip to Thailand, the same hypocrisy that surrounded gillespie's to arose in state department's choice to target audiences of tie elite not citizens.

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Cole Powers: newspaper articles referring to mass audiences as unsophisticated reveal the public agreed with the vision that the elite, are the most important target of diplomacy by us rhetoric celebrated freedom for the masses policy focused on improving relations with the lead our.

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Cole Powers: Racial tension surrounding the tourists were inflamed in 1957 when Eisenhower refused to enforce court ordered desegregation of schools and little rock Arkansas the jazz world responded vehemently eisenhower's decision.

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Cole Powers: With louie Armstrong refusing to attend previously planted tours for the State Department.

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Cole Powers: was only after Eisenhower agreed to send troops to little rock to enforce desegregation that Armstrong indicated that he might reconsider playing the role of musical diplomat.

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Cole Powers: In 1958 Dave brubeck toward Poland in the Middle East, as with gillespie in Greece and Goodman in Thailand rubik's performances were designed to advance us interest not freedom.

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Cole Powers: You know the end of the year, the State Department extended webex trips suddenly and without warning to include engagements in Iran and Iraq.

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Cole Powers: He performed in Iran under partial sponsorship from the Iranian oil refinery company only weeks after brubeck left Iraq general abdel-karim cussing overthrew the Iraqi Government threatening us oil interests, given the situation, the reason behind remix tour was quite.

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Cole Powers: Despite this brubeck viewed his tour as a diplomatic and personal success upon returning home he published a statement in the New York Times, in which he commented on the power of jazz to transcend boundaries between different cultures and races.

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Cole Powers: and in doing so, to foster genuine understanding freedom and peace.

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Cole Powers: In 1960 louie Armstrong to with Africa, of all the jazz tours armstrong's 1960 trip most clearly demonstrated how jazz was used to achieve both the edge of the State Department and a musician.

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Cole Powers: Despite the contradictions between these names, the news reporting of the event clearly reveal the paradox of jazz diplomacy.

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Cole Powers: New York Times articles reporting on africa's response to the tour revealed three notable sentiments African officials were proud that a black man had achieve world fame.

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Cole Powers: armstrong's tourists signal that black Americans were moving rapidly towards equality and many African saw Armstrong as speaking for the rights of black people worldwide.

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Cole Powers: On one hand, the tour served America as a Cold War weapon convincing other nations that black Americans were progressing quickly towards equality some even achieving world fame.

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Cole Powers: On the other hand, armstrong's fame and his music spoke for black freedom and serve as a weapon in the fight for black civil rights and African sovereignty.

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Cole Powers: Like gillespie's engagement in Greece and rubik's and Iraq armstrong's visit to Africa to place against a tumultuous political backdrop in 1960 the Congo declared independence from Belgium, under the leadership of socialist Patrice emery remember.

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Cole Powers: The shift threatened us access to minerals and uranium reserves in the Congo, while opening these reserves, up to the Soviet Union, the US responded by detaining and then assassinating remember.

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Cole Powers: Armstrong was then sent into this crisis as proof that America was stone the side of freedom nowhere in the story of jazz diplomacy was irony as heavily President as when armstrong's music.

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Cole Powers: and music which spoke for the sovereignty of African nations was used towards the US aims of engineering African states.

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Cole Powers: Throughout the 1950s jazz grew increasingly more popular among Soviet you and the State Department decided to capitalize on the Soviets newfound appreciation of the music.

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Cole Powers: By sending tours into the Soviet Union benny Goodman was chosen for the first of these trips in New York Times reporting on the growing appreciation of jazz in the Soviet Union and on governments tour.

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Cole Powers: told the story of a Soviet youth which yearned for freedom and found it in American jazz that made its way past the restrictive Soviet regime.

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Cole Powers: To the press and the public jazz infiltration into the Soviet Union was powerful moment of symbolism it represented a great victory of American freedom over communism.

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Cole Powers: And late 1960s, yet another musician was sent abroad to compensate for US actions Duke ellington's tour targeted Syria and Iraq.

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Cole Powers: Not long before his tour of the US at support at successful accused by the by at this party.

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Cole Powers: Against the pro Communist government both countries, only three days after ellington left Iraqi forces performed a successful coup against the bias government.

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Cole Powers: Like brubeck Armstrong ellington was thrown into the battlefield of the Cold War, in order to push the narrative that the US still supported freedom after it violated the sovereignty of the Syrian Government.

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Cole Powers: Throughout the tour ellington spoke strongly against racism and elitism.

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Cole Powers: When he and his band were shipped between cities and the cargo plane ellington was furious calling the planet cattle car for negros he demanded better accommodations and send that awake orchestra would not have received such barbaric treatment.

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Cole Powers: When asked about race abroad ellington strongly condemned racism in the United States, he also complained that many of his audience works audiences were composed entirely of neo colonial elites, he argued that this defeated his own purpose of reaching new masses with his music.

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Cole Powers: Around the Cold War, the American public and the USA clung tightly to the belief that America American victory meant freedom.

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Cole Powers: jazz as seen by the American public and described by williston over perfectly symbolized this American freedom, so the US and jazz bands abroad to clear up what it saw as misconceptions that America was on the wrong side of the fight.

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Cole Powers: To USA officials and too many other Americans, the jazz tours were no more than affirmations of the truth, but the reality was that america's actions at home and abroad we're not always steps towards a for your world.

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Cole Powers: Bus the actual function of the jazz tours was different than that which was perceived by most Americans.

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Cole Powers: They served to quiet anger over us actions to convince the world the US was fighting for freedom, despite frequent violations of the sovereignty of other nations and the civil rights of its own people.

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Cole Powers: Only the musicians themselves could truly claim that they fought for freedom.

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Cole Powers: gillespie brubeck Armstrong ellington and countless other musicians department tourists spoke for recognition of the masses, rather than the elite respect for black people and black music sovereignty for African nations mutual understanding and peace.

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Cole Powers: Even as the US Government exploited them for its own interest, these musicians and ways to fight for freedom, not just American freedom, but real freedom, which included all peoples.

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Cole Powers: At times, with subtlety and, at times, with no offense they fought for a better world than the US I imagine.

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Cole Powers: Thank you.

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David A. Horowitz: Thank you cool.

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David A. Horowitz: Thank you very much.

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David A. Horowitz: Paper is going to be presented by him Rania van sickle of St mary's the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev.

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David A. Horowitz: And their effect on the USSR.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Thank you for the introduction, so the Soviet Union, the nation of communism of Stalinism enough the color red.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The Soviet Union had a brief brief stint during the 20th century, and today i'm going to be examining the root causes of failure to succeed as a country, specifically analyzing the history of what led to the Soviet coup of 1991 and the Union subsequent collapse.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The successive early 20th century leadership with the Union of Soviet socialist republics, the USSR.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): All use communism to enforce governance and safeguarding its national demise proverbs Soviet socialism, founded on Marxist Communism departed from his Marxist foundation and morphed into a party state that contradicted the very principles of communist ideology.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Throughout the Cold War, this modified Communism stood as the hallmark of the Soviet Union, when that separated us always from Russian allies over late 20th century USSR largely due to the influence of Mikhail Gorbachev was General Secretary of the Communist Party, the Soviet Union.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): fell away from socialism instead turns to capitalism and a more democratic form of leadership.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): influencing Communist Russia through is more liberal policies of glasnost and perestroika Mikhail Gorbachev upset the balance of Russian politics and threatened military power by weakening of the control and influence of the CPS you.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): As a result of this power struggle, a coup ensued on August 21 1991 and the Soviet Union collapsed shortly after.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): So, today I will be arguing that due to the Soviets creation of a party state of a socialist party state that contradicted Marxist ideology.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): gorbachev's liberalizing attempts to democratize the Union there was policies with glasnost and perestroika proved incompatible with the continuation of Soviet governance and this led to the downfall of the Soviet regime.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): For a little background on a Soviet Union, it was founded in early early 20th century why Vladimir Lenin in a group of revolutionaries.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): who rose up against the ruling elite and formed a coalition of republic's in the eastern in Eastern Europe.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): And it was founded on communism and Communism is a political ideology that are used for a classless stateless society.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): in which there is no perfect property all means of production are controlled by the proletariat the working class and each person gets paid according to their ability and needs.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Over this founding ideology of the Soviet Union shifted away from the founding idea throughout the years to an ideology notice Darwinism which shifted the union's governance to be stricter and to rely more on party authority.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Due to Stalinism and due to leadership from the beginning to later ends later end of the Union, there was a lot of corruption which Brett economic problems.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): By the time Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPS you in 1985.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The USSR was in the midst of an economic disaster and entire leader perform Gorbachev created two main policies.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): of glasnost and perestroika to achieve reform glasnost was a new willingness to tolerate dissident opinions and perestroika was the comprehensive reform of the Soviet political and economic system.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): glasnost openness and perestroika is restructuring became the tenants of gorbachev's reforms, because they're all attempts to democratize the Union were met with resistance, however, and ultimately at the end of the scene of the union's adherence to socialism.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): So the crux of the issue was that Soviet Socialism was a contradictory in perfect reflection of communism.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Marxist ideology as laid forth by Karl Marx call it for the stage of communism to be an to be a successor to the necessary development stage of capitalism.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): But the founder of the Union, Vladimir Lenin skipped the stage so traditional country might go from feudalism to capitalism to communism, but the Soviet Union went from feudalism over capitalism to communism.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Political scientists Valerie bonds notes that absent from the Russian experience was the development of private property.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Rational bureaucracy, the rule of law and an independent ability What this means is that the Russians never went through the stages of social and economic development, necessary to build a Communist nation.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Russia was mostly funeral nation, at the beginning of the 20th century, but the founders of the Union ingrained into this feudal nation, the ideology of one of the most progressive advanced ways of social organization communism.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): And inability to fulfill certain Marxist principles, but the installment of the corrupt party state which set the nation up for future failure.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): In theory, when Communism is enacted correctly, the state should wither away and leave into place a stateless society.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): But the Soviet Union Soviet state could not die out due to pressure from outside enemies, namely the West, countries such as Britain and the US.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The existence of the State defied the very tenants of the ideology that the State claims to uphold and led to the creation prevalence of a party state.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): party of the Union, the Communist Party, the Soviet Union it governed as a dictatorship of the proletariat it was comprised of 10% of a working class, which in turn comprised of only 10% of the total population.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The nation needed the party in order to function, the party manage everything from a planned economy and the economic sphere.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): And one party intraparty democracy in the political sphere to eventually no democracy at all, not even within the party.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The CPS You ran the government to such a degree in fact that there are merged two separate governments, the actual Soviet government and then behind it, a shadow government.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): That was comprised of only party members and ran the actual government, so we have socialism, because of its deviation from Marcus Communism into an all powerful two tiered or toxicity of shadow government actual government set the nation up for failure in future decades.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): In action, the survey regimes party state necessitated perform due to its corruption and ineffective this.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The years, corruption and bread and competence which bread economic disarray Mikhail Gorbachev due to this was a new position to refuse reform when he took office, as General Secretary in 1985.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Two minutes, the economic most and crises that Gorbachev encountered when he took office, he said about creating an agenda of reforms centered on making both government and economy more efficient he introduced his policies of glasnost and perestroika to do this in 1985.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): gorbachev's policy of glasnost we assumes the CPS us hold on mainstream thought and political on mainstream political thought by allowing new parties dissenting views and criticisms to be brought forward.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): perestroika, on the other hand, focus on regulate on deregulating and restructuring economics and politics.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): This included trying to fix the economic disarray handed to him by shifting from the command economy to marketers demand economy.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): or a striker which allowing for structural changes in the economy, enabled the beginning of capitalist markets and political reforms, like the creation of a new national legislature.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): And action glasnost appear to be quite liberating it lifted many government restrictions on the press and allowed for open criticism of the government and government sanctioned history.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Initially glasnost and perestroika would work well together, because there's still these became more vocal cost for democracy, increased which led to restructuring so glasnost is.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Affected perestroika which affected state.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): 1987, for example, the Communist Party central planning committee approved gorbachev's plan to allow voters to choose candidates and local elections and by 1989 the first free elections in over 70 years were held for the Congress of people step beauties the new national legislature.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): In addition to increase democracy perestroika relaxed trade restrictions and curtis Western investment and the 1988 allowed for the creation of limited cooperative business which shifted many businesses towards privatized towards privatization.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): However, despite gorbachev's best interests, the reforms fail to do, he intended.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): glasnost and perestroika though seemingly a symbiotic relationship were incompatible with each other.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The CPS you and, by extension, state socialism rely on unquestioning obedience that disappeared under glasnost.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): And contrast perestroika was a restructuring of state socialism and of the CP seo and that's needed the power and authority of the CPS you to work.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): glasnost threatened party control and Chris ducker could not exist or function without party control Gorbachev reformed away his own influence, essentially because by restructuring the USSR you broke a systems, giving him power.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): However, apart from the ability of glasnost and perestroika to work together, the reforms are generally ineffective in part because of pushback from all sides due to consequences like inflation and because of party lines.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): In the early months of 1991 strikes occurred frequently which force the government to create some concessions, even outside of the CPS you.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): For example, Boris Yeltsin President of Russia at the time granted striking writers, the freedom of selling 20% of the profits on the free market.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Other workers began wanting to sell their outfit for dollars, this increase in preference for a free market economy threatens party control over foreign foreign currency earnings which was a main source of the parties power.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The proletariat the working class in whose name the CPS who governed became dissatisfied and wanted the party removed from the workplace entirely a full 1.8 million members left a party in 1990 which still a hard blows with party influence.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The underlining impact of gorbachev's contradictory ineffective reforms on the CPS you said was subsequently meant a loss of party control over the military.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): By 1991 the party had ceased to be a party in any ideological sense, instead of clinging to this last vestiges of influence, by remaining a source of power and privilege for its Members.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): stuff yet military provided to see psu its final authority, the party depends more on the military industrial complex in fact that for its power, then, on its own members.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): In a survey conducted 1991 more than 60% of mid level officers wanted to remove the military from the parties influence the party last support and splintered and it's hold on a military dwindled.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The final days of the Soviet Union points to arbitrage reforms being the catalyst of a coup invest, ultimately, the end of the Soviet Union.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): was in charge of a party split between support for an opposition against a decentralized government and he couldn't wait everybody support.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): In March of 1991 our nationwide referendum voted to support gorbachev's plan for looser Union but six republic's boycotted the vote and anti Kremlin initiatives took hold and many other republic's.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The democracy, encouraged by corporate talks glasnost directly translated to a lessening of unity, but nonetheless in July of that year, a new Union trudy was drafted.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): This Treaty and gave unprecedented amount of federal power to the republic's and came close to creating a federation Gorbachev support of the Treaty, pointed towards more decentralization of power and the military did not want power to be decentralized any fruit that already was.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): To prevent for this Sunday to prevent further centralization of power, but still, for your army, the KGB Ministry of Interior and the rest of the military and industry.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): undertook a coup from August 18 to August 21 peaceful resistant efforts one out in the end, but party authority finally broke.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): A few months later, measured against his own ambitions, the USSR died a monumental failure.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): built on the grandest of ideologies, but on the shakiest foundations, the Soviet Union dissolved on December 25 1991.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The Soviet Union could not be reformed reforming the Union to align with gorbachev's goals lead in the end to a transformation of the Union into a different entity one no longer in accordance with this Communist beginnings.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The USSR state socialism required so many are forms to function efficiently without corruption that it changed entirely through his reforms Gorbachev found himself trying to reform away the very essence of the USSR and in the end, he succeeded.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Once perestroika got close to restructuring the state glasnost swept in dissolve the blind party obedience perestroika needed to build structure around.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): If the Soviets had not instituted state socialism, that would have been no state in need of restructuring, there would have been no state, and neither liberalisation or democratic efforts go gorbachev's reforms we're doomed from the start, because of this.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): And the end it was gorbachev's restructuring of the party and if governments in tandem with this openness to criticism that enabled the military to rise up in a coup and boss, and the Union, thank you.

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David A. Horowitz: Thank you very much for every year.

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David A. Horowitz: Thank you very much, I guess the moral is be careful what you wish for.

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David A. Horowitz: i'm now going to deliver some comments.

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David A. Horowitz: i'm very excited about all three of these papers, I think this is the highest quality of work and i'm not just saying that to make people feel good it's based on a certain amount of experience of dealing with a student papers.

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David A. Horowitz: roseland days paper on Reagan and the end of the Cold War is a wonderful summation of the scholarship that is out there on this intriguing period in in US history in the 1980s and Ronald Reagan and.

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David A. Horowitz: It seems as if she really gets to the heart of the matter.

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David A. Horowitz: When she quotes the CIA report.

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David A. Horowitz: That said.

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David A. Horowitz: reagan's military buildup.

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David A. Horowitz: had no effect.

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David A. Horowitz: On Soviet military spending in the 1980s that meant that it was a myth that the American military buildup simply force the Russians to go bankrupt and trying to equal the armaments structure that Reagan had negotiated with his own economy.

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David A. Horowitz: One of the interesting aspects.

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David A. Horowitz: Of the perception among American conservatives in the 1980s was that the Soviets had greater mega time.

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David A. Horowitz: Big nuclear weapons that there was a myth that was basically a nuclear weapons get.

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David A. Horowitz: That the Soviets mega Tom bombs were totally going to dominate the United States but later research shows that, while the Soviets did have an advantage of those heavy megaton bomb.

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David A. Horowitz: missiles that were aimed at Western Europe, the United States had more effective precision weapons so there wasn't such a tremendous gap as some conservatives said there was.

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David A. Horowitz: The other interesting thing.

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David A. Horowitz: That.

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David A. Horowitz: That Rosalind paper points out is that Reagan had actually begun to soften his stance.

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David A. Horowitz: toward the Soviet Union in 1983 which was 18 months before go Robert chef took power, so it wasn't just the opportunity that Gorbachev present that enabled Reagan becomes something like a peacemaker.

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David A. Horowitz: The Star Wars.

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David A. Horowitz: Star Wars factor is very interesting Gorbachev would have gone for a more complete arms deal if Reagan had given up Star Wars, but I wonder.

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David A. Horowitz: If Reagan was clinging to Star Wars as a way of assuring the American people.

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David A. Horowitz: That he could go about.

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David A. Horowitz: A certain level of nuclear disarmament, with the Soviets without jeopardizing the security of the American people.

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David A. Horowitz: The space satellite laser weapons were supposed to stop incoming missiles, maybe Star Wars was just part of reagan's strategy to move toward nuclear disarmament.

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David A. Horowitz: And it's so fascinating that Reagan lost faith in nuclear deterrence and mutual assured destruction that if you built up your nuclear weapons.

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David A. Horowitz: The other side wouldn't they are mess with you, he thought that was immoral that could be accidents and that it really wouldn't work.

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David A. Horowitz: and

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David A. Horowitz: there's a great irony in the story, I think.

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David A. Horowitz: And essentially roseland paper touched on it, and that is.

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David A. Horowitz: Reagan won the Cold War by making peace.

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David A. Horowitz: Reagan who often represented this militant kind of American nationalism.

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David A. Horowitz: Actually deprived Gorbachev.

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David A. Horowitz: Have any reason to fear the United States if the US was going to participate in this nuclear disarmament which eventually became the I n F treaty.

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David A. Horowitz: there's an anecdote that when Reagan and Gorbachev were at that first summit in in Cuba.

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David A. Horowitz: They were sitting in this room, with all of the technicians going back and forth on all of the intricacies of nuclear weapons and Reagan nudges Gorbachev, this is gonna be let's go out and get some fresh air, you know and they go take a walk.

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David A. Horowitz: And they come to some informal agreement that they want to work towards real disarmament an incredible moment.

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David A. Horowitz: reagan's advisors went crazy with that.

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David A. Horowitz: If what he was giving away the store but.

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David A. Horowitz: That as soon as Reagan earned the trust of Gorbachev.

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David A. Horowitz: The whole rationale for the Cold War collapsed and the whole rationale for the Soviet states collapse.

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David A. Horowitz: Because the Soviet leaders kept telling the people we've got to have this repression we've got to have unity we've got to put all of our resources into weapons because we're being surrounded by capitalists who want to take us over.

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David A. Horowitz: And once that rationale was gone for their own rule there was no rationale for their own maybe one of the reasons Soviet Union fell.

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David A. Horowitz: It is interesting.

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David A. Horowitz: The irony that you win the Cold War by making peace by emotionally disarming your adversaries panic.

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David A. Horowitz: Paul powers.

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David A. Horowitz: delivers a very interesting paper.

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David A. Horowitz: On jazz and the Cold War.

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David A. Horowitz: And I was taken by the fact that he introduces it by saying.

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David A. Horowitz: This story has elements of hypocrisy irony and contradiction.

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David A. Horowitz: And you know it occurred to me.

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David A. Horowitz: The policy irony and contradiction is about 90% of what history teachers profess it's what we do history, he made me is about.

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David A. Horowitz: Hypocrisy irony and.

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David A. Horowitz: He talks about these two these twin crusades one against communism in one against races sometimes they overlapped and sometimes they collide it.

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David A. Horowitz: But somewhere in the paper toward the end.

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David A. Horowitz: He invokes the sentiment of some of these African American musicians, who really believe that music spoke its own language, which is a beautiful thought.

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David A. Horowitz: And although kohl's paper.

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David A. Horowitz: very realistically dissects us intentions in the Cold War world and the end the use of these musicians to suggest that the United States stands for freedom, when, in many cases, it did not nevertheless.

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David A. Horowitz: The idea of these musicians.

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David A. Horowitz: going over and engaging people, even if they happen to be the elites of those countries.

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David A. Horowitz: As something in it that seems very rewarding.

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David A. Horowitz: and music does speak its own language, and I was reminded of the way swing music during World War Two help to energize and unify the American people in what was, to a certain extent.

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David A. Horowitz: i'd oh that's horrendous problems, a multi racial and multicultural democracy, fighting Nazis and Fascists and around the rhythms of swing music.

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David A. Horowitz: One of the questions that occurred to me was was there a difference in the Eisenhower State Department from the candidate State or in the use of these musicians and that that'd be something interesting to pursue.

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David A. Horowitz: In terms of government support for the arts, this was not the first example of US government support of the arts.

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David A. Horowitz: Government supported the arts included.

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David A. Horowitz: folk music recordings live orchestra and concert band performances.

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David A. Horowitz: Part of the new deals massive infrastructure program under the works progress administration in the 1930s, a theater project music project folklore.

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David A. Horowitz: a wonderful renaissance of American culture that occurred with a painting project with the Federal support in the 1930s.

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David A. Horowitz: In the longer version of the paper cold discusses the kind of controversial appointment of benny Goodman to be one of the emissaries who goes.

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David A. Horowitz: across to I guess the Soviet Union, as an emissary of American freedom and there were some resentment apparently on the part of some of the African American musicians why this safe white musician who's come in the 1930s was the one that was being.

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David A. Horowitz: presented to represent the United States and the idea that this this white band musician didn't really represent American jazz, but there is an irony there.

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David A. Horowitz: Because benny Goodman had been the first white band leader to retain African American musicians in the late 1930s, and I will name them.

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David A. Horowitz: Excuse me.

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David A. Horowitz: ganas Teddy Wilson.

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David A. Horowitz: Electric guitarist Charlie Christian and viper phone performer Lionel Hampton these were not just disorder musicians, these were the geniuses in their field, he broke the color barrier.

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David A. Horowitz: And swing band music in the late 1930s and the 1940s, and although his music may have gotten very mild and safe by the 1950s.

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David A. Horowitz: Is a giant figure in the history of jazz.

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David A. Horowitz: That Rania van sickles.

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David A. Horowitz: paper on gorbachev's reforms truly is a fascinating exploration of the inside of Soviet and Russian.

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David A. Horowitz: And there's so many on our knees in this.

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David A. Horowitz: little bit jeff's openness and his restructuring did encourage the transition from a command economy to a demand economy.

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David A. Horowitz: that's the essence of capitalism.

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David A. Horowitz: Is that supposedly consumers are supposed to demand the kind of products they want instead of commerce ours deciding what gets made this the old story that Russian factories in order to produce more shoes.

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David A. Horowitz: Just produce loads of shoes of the same size that way it looked good in the production quotas.

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David A. Horowitz: There was the other apocryphal story that rushing working people, used to say.

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David A. Horowitz: They pretend to pay us and we pretend to work.

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David A. Horowitz: But there's something here that I think is interesting.

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David A. Horowitz: today.

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David A. Horowitz: A lot of young Americans asked what's wrong with socialist.

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David A. Horowitz: Why can't I have free health insurance why can't I have free tuition for college.

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David A. Horowitz: And older Americans, many of them are aghast at the notion of a socialist economy, because it is older Americans who tend to to have experienced the Cold War.

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David A. Horowitz: And who saw.

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David A. Horowitz: The abuse of the economy and in a command economy like Soviet communism, but also.

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David A. Horowitz: There are many Americans who are immigrants from socialist countries who fled those countries because of the lack of opportunity because of a stagnant economy because of political operatives making the decisions about the economy, so it is interesting, it gives you some insight.

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David A. Horowitz: on them.

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David A. Horowitz: there's a section of for fed erroneous paper which describes the difficulties of restructuring, a system.

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David A. Horowitz: When powerful vested interests have a stake in keeping that system going.

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David A. Horowitz: and interesting.

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David A. Horowitz: The three sectors that she mentioned.

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David A. Horowitz: With the Soviet military industrial complex.

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David A. Horowitz: The agro industrial complex.

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David A. Horowitz: And the fuel and the complex curiously Those are three pockets.

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David A. Horowitz: of resistance to change in the United States, there are some similarities and then she mentions, of course, him to make it even more complicated in the Soviet Union ethnic rivalries, which we know something about as well in the United States.

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David A. Horowitz: Another interesting parallel that I found to the American experience.

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David A. Horowitz: those on the Right.

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David A. Horowitz: criticize gorbachev's reforms is too radical.

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David A. Horowitz: those on the Left criticize gorbachev's reforms as to incremental.

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David A. Horowitz: That gridlock that stalemate that comes when ideologies collide.

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David A. Horowitz: At any rate I thoroughly enjoyed all three of these papers, they are all infused with intelligence that makes me feel really good.

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David A. Horowitz: about young historians and they both deal with conventional wisdom and turning it on its side and all are beautifully expressed and well written.

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David A. Horowitz: This is really excellent so now.

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David A. Horowitz: What i'd like you to consider doing is using your Q amp a function.

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David A. Horowitz: and addressing questions, perhaps to particular presenters so we can open up our discussion.

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David A. Horowitz: To the audience and I will click and see what we've got going here.

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David A. Horowitz: Okay, this is a question for Mr powers.

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David A. Horowitz: From Zen green What would you say was the most important thing that the musicians got out of their experience.

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David A. Horowitz: and

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David A. Horowitz: i'll answer that.

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Cole Powers: yeah I don't.

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Cole Powers: I don't know I feel like it's hard to pinpoint a single important thing.

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Cole Powers: But definitely.

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Cole Powers: Like being able to speak for Racial freedom and having like a pulpit to do that from and being backed by the US while doing that was a hugely important part.

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Cole Powers: And then also just probably you know, like her what's you're talking about the government spending in the arts and.

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Cole Powers: That became before these programs, but I think they're also was kind of an increase in government spending in the arts and specifically with jazz jazz hasn't really received much attention from the US before so.

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Cole Powers: that's another important part they're getting out of it and, like go SP is advocating in his article that he wrote afterwards, for more government support for the arts so they're kind of.

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Cole Powers: They are for the first time, being funded and supported by the government.

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David A. Horowitz: You know.

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David A. Horowitz: One of the interesting sidelights was many of the bebop musicians had turned to.

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David A. Horowitz: Islam as a religion rejected Christianity and so, in terms of some of these tours that the Middle East, you know that probably had some residents as well.

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David A. Horowitz: Alright let's see what we have here.

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David A. Horowitz: This is from Nina sigh Dale, and this is Nicole lucky guy I was wondering if you could talk about how the effect of these tours as a tool of American cold war propaganda or different abroad versus in America.

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Cole Powers: i'm i'm not sure how much I can talk about that.

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The.

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Cole Powers: It was.

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Cole Powers: brubeck talks a little bit about it in his article where he talks about when he's in Europe.

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Cole Powers: People like meeting him backstage and saying why don't artists rule the world like this is your your being here, means that we have freedoms, there were definitely areas where it was powerfully symbolic.

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Cole Powers: In the Soviet Union.

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Cole Powers: There were.

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Cole Powers: It was the youth was turning especially to jazz us kind of this symbol of American freedom.

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Cole Powers: And of like.

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Cole Powers: that's what I guess one look at it i've also read articles that say youth, just like jazz and it wasn't really symbolizing freedom, so I think that's Another question is like how much.

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Cole Powers: Was this music just popular and how much did it actually.

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Cole Powers: Like professed what the State Department was trying to save it and convey the symbolism of freedom to other countries, I don't know I think that's a question that i've read both sides of.

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David A. Horowitz: I have a question from an anonymous attendee.

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David A. Horowitz: To roseland was the American public aware of the collapse within the USSR that into the Cold War, and if they were what were the responses.

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David A. Horowitz: sure.

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ROSELYN DAI: i'm.

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ROSELYN DAI: To be honest, this wasn't an aspect I looked too much into but from what I can tell.

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ROSELYN DAI: It was knowledge for a long time that the Soviet economy was not doing well, I think the extent of it, I stayed in the CIO reports was probably not known to the public, but they were aware of that and they were aware of the reforms to.

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ROSELYN DAI: Within the Soviet Union, and I think.

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ROSELYN DAI: The response to that, and the other quarter, I think, also.

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ROSELYN DAI: Had a factor of surprise for many people, including the American public in specific towards like what like the collapsing, of the USSR and what Reagan did to it, many of republican supporters were really displeased by his reactions to what was going on.

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ROSELYN DAI: And then I think addressing Dr Horowitz your idea about St, I think, maybe one of the reasons why Reagan was still so willing to cling on to that was for his republican base as well.

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David A. Horowitz: let's see i've got another anonymous attendee or maybe it's the same anonymous attendee.

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David A. Horowitz: To five Rania.

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David A. Horowitz: there's a long question.

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David A. Horowitz: Do you think there was a way to reform the Soviet Union, without complete collapse.

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David A. Horowitz: Or do you think it was inevitable and a new government was required for change, for instance slower reforms to put less stress on the system.

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David A. Horowitz: Or, more monumental changes to quickly change, this is the without the problematic transition.

399
01:03:10.020 --> 01:03:11.640
Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): So that's a really good question.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): There are multiple answers so Gorbachev could have taken different reformatted routes, you could have gone slower he could have gone he couldn't really have gone quicker because of pushback but he could have gone slower and if he hadn't gone.

401
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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): as fast as he did the state still would have collapsed in a few decades that's what my research showed due to the in effect.

402
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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): The ineffectiveness of the to government thing it was going to class anyway, whether or not he did anything, eventually, but what he made it collapse sooner, is what his reforms did he caused the coup, because of the conflict between perestroika and glasnost yeah.

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01:04:11.970 --> 01:04:25.290
David A. Horowitz: anonymous attendees back for a Rania why didn't go a bit chefs policy reforms focus on pushing the USSR two or more Marxist form of comedy.

404
01:04:28.440 --> 01:04:32.970
Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): That is because they had already done, the Marxist route in their eyes.

405
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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): They had looked at it, they had lived through it, they decided that it wasn't working.

406
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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): They had also done, I think, under crucial was a leader in the 16th of the Union, they had done experiments.

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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): Like simulated experiments on capitalist economies and they found that those worked better than what their current Communist economy is doing.

408
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Fevronia Van Sickle (she/her): So they looked at those experiments and they looked at what was happening with Communism currently and they concluded that a capitalist emotion would be better.

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David A. Horowitz: I think we've gotten to the end of our questions.

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David A. Horowitz: This is such a fascinating period, in my view, I just finished teaching Reagan in the 1980s.

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David A. Horowitz: and

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David A. Horowitz: it's so interesting.

413
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David A. Horowitz: How someone like Reagan who certainly was limited in many ways.

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David A. Horowitz: could nevertheless have this instinct.

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David A. Horowitz: That it was time to negotiate disarmament and that I an F Treaty, which was about intermediate missiles in Europe, and so forth.

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David A. Horowitz: It kind of broke the ice and it took away the rationale for the Soviet empire.

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David A. Horowitz: At least for a while.

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David A. Horowitz: and

419
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David A. Horowitz: i'm very much affected by a book by jack diggins john diggins on Reagan.

420
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David A. Horowitz: Who talks about Reagan is a great hero with peace.

421
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David A. Horowitz: As the President, who really did win the Cold War by abandoning it.

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David A. Horowitz: And there again we get to irony.

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David A. Horowitz: hypocrisy and contradiction of those elements of historical analysis.

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David A. Horowitz: which makes the enterprise so interesting.

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David A. Horowitz: let's see, I have oh there's some another question.

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David A. Horowitz: Thank you, sorry, excuse me.

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David A. Horowitz: Did Reagan tried to force the Star Wars issue because he thought the Soviets were more vulnerable at the time of their economic stress.

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David A. Horowitz: That would be for rosalie.

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ROSELYN DAI: yeah that's a good question I think Reagan was really intent on the Star Wars issue, not necessarily because.

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ROSELYN DAI: You wanted to push the Soviets further in like a time of crisis, for them, but more that he really wanted just assurance for nuclear like deterrence, because he didn't believe in mad, and he found it necessary to have some Defense against.

431
01:07:57.600 --> 01:08:00.690
ROSELYN DAI: Like weaponry and nuclear nuclear weaponry, in particular.

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David A. Horowitz: Well, I think we've come to the end of our run here I think it's been a very fruitful conversation.

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David A. Horowitz: It really helps me have thoughtful papers.

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David A. Horowitz: To be able to have an interesting conversation now, if you look at your your chat there's some instructions from our host Claire.

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David A. Horowitz: That some links to.

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David A. Horowitz: The next sessions that are available to you in this conference, otherwise I think we're going to wrap up Is there anyone.

437
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David A. Horowitz: Who has anything else to say.

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David A. Horowitz: Thank you very much for such wonderful papers.

439
01:09:08.040 --> 01:09:11.340
David A. Horowitz: And this is, as I say about the best session i've ever chair.

440
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David A. Horowitz: So I am going, you can check your chat for the rest of the afternoon.

441
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David A. Horowitz: and

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David A. Horowitz: Thank your teachers.

443
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David A. Horowitz: for helping you through this and producing these wonderful products are i'm going to leave the room now.

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David A. Horowitz: thanks for your attention audience.

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Okay Hello everyone welcome.

446
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Can you all hear me.

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Thomas Luckett: I think okay we're good so Thank you everyone for being here and and, as always, it seems kind of strange to be doing a conference i've done it several times now.

448
01:25:22.800 --> 01:25:28.920
Thomas Luckett: In recent months, but always seems strange to be doing a conference through zoom i'll do my best and.

449
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Thomas Luckett: We have today a panel, with three really wonderful papers i'll say more about why I think so afterwards, but wonderful papers all from grant high school.

450
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Thomas Luckett: With the panel title longer do you play of his of history history of global commodities and practices.

451
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Thomas Luckett: So.

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01:25:54.630 --> 01:26:03.090
Thomas Luckett: The the same as at once, global each of these papers examines topic on a worldwide scale, and also.

453
01:26:05.370 --> 01:26:13.620
Thomas Luckett: The long view, that is to say over very long period of time spanning indeed thousands of years.

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Thomas Luckett: And I want to remind everyone that, since I have to keep track of everyone's time.

455
01:26:21.570 --> 01:26:37.650
Thomas Luckett: You are expected to do your presentation in just 15 minutes each so with to leave time for comments and discussion at the end so let's take the panels or the the the papers in order.

456
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Thomas Luckett: That they're presented in the.

457
01:26:41.790 --> 01:26:50.790
Thomas Luckett: In the program and we'll begin with toby boudreaux of grants high school a brief history of footwear didn't want to be.

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Toby Boudreau: Everyone i'm toby Joe.

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Toby Boudreau: And I will do my presentation on my paper a brief history of footwear, but before I dive into my paper i'd like to give a little bit of background, as to why I chose this topic in particular.

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Toby Boudreau: i've always been very interested in fashion, culture and footwear culture in particular i've always enjoyed and always been interested in shoes and have many pairs myself.

461
01:27:20.250 --> 01:27:30.060
Toby Boudreau: And so, when my world civilization teacher gave my class in assignment to write a paper about a unit of analysis, we thought would be useful to world historians my mind immediately went to shoes.

462
01:27:30.720 --> 01:27:37.950
Toby Boudreau: And this may seem like an odd topic to write about at first, because it is such a common item but really I believe this is where it draws its strength from.

463
01:27:39.420 --> 01:27:47.730
Toby Boudreau: This is where the basis of my Paper came from, and it really just evolved from there, as I lengthened it and got feedback from peers and teachers.

464
01:27:48.420 --> 01:27:58.680
Toby Boudreau: As for the presentation itself i've decided that the best way to share all with you in regards to the time constraints, is just to share the sections, I feel, are the most important.

465
01:27:59.790 --> 01:28:02.340
Toby Boudreau: Without this is my brief history of footwear.

466
01:28:03.810 --> 01:28:12.720
Toby Boudreau: Often we take for granted the many commodities in our lives, you know you'd like to see the complex and frequently surprising histories that have led to the creation of everyday objects.

467
01:28:13.350 --> 01:28:23.070
Toby Boudreau: Of these objects fewer main more influential and all of human history than the shoe today hundreds if not thousands of styles of footwear, it can be seen within almost any major city.

468
01:28:23.730 --> 01:28:29.790
Toby Boudreau: matter your income background nationality, race or gender, you most likely own at least one pair of shoes.

469
01:28:30.270 --> 01:28:40.500
Toby Boudreau: The study of an artifact that is so common and dispersed across the entirety of our species both geographically and across time must help advance historians understandings of techno technological diffusion.

470
01:28:40.920 --> 01:28:47.280
Toby Boudreau: and its ties with the various cultures of the world, footwear is especially useful as it is an unbiased source of information.

471
01:28:47.700 --> 01:28:56.640
Toby Boudreau: and offers information that can be directly interpreted and analyzed the body of this paper is divided into four different periods pre history ancient Middle Ages and modern.

472
01:28:57.150 --> 01:29:06.660
Toby Boudreau: prehistory will clarify the origins of footwear and how the shoes first used the ancient segment delegates how'd footwear diffuse and evolves from its most significant birthplace.

473
01:29:07.050 --> 01:29:12.180
Toby Boudreau: The Middle Ages will focus on the shoes arrival in the West and comparisons are drawn from select regions of the world.

474
01:29:12.480 --> 01:29:21.030
Toby Boudreau: on how the idea of the shoe changes leading up to the restaurants, the final part of the essay will describe the role and influences of the shoe in the modern world.

475
01:29:21.360 --> 01:29:27.450
Toby Boudreau: and connect the various points of the essay into a cohesive summary of the topic pre history.

476
01:29:28.380 --> 01:29:36.000
Toby Boudreau: changes and foot shape and toe strength of skeletal remains indicate that humans first began wearing footwear with substantial souls almost 40,000 years ago.

477
01:29:36.330 --> 01:29:45.450
Toby Boudreau: Although the earliest official evidence cave paintings and covered in Spain depicting a Magdalena man and for boots dates back to CIRCA 14,000 BC.

478
01:29:45.990 --> 01:29:58.830
Toby Boudreau: The earliest archaeological findings of complete choose originate from Armenia during the choco with a period if i'm pronouncing that right and are made of a single piece of leather stuffed with loose unfastened grass which likely was included health issue.

479
01:30:00.000 --> 01:30:04.680
Toby Boudreau: Of discoveries a very mild varied models of footwear in the Swiss and Italian Alps.

480
01:30:04.920 --> 01:30:13.440
Toby Boudreau: As well as southern Israel help further prove the existence of footwear among old world societies, the materials are the shoemaker selected were chosen strictly for the ability to.

481
01:30:13.800 --> 01:30:19.920
Toby Boudreau: protect the feet from extreme conditions and a combination of fiber modem from various animals will most commonly use.

482
01:30:20.430 --> 01:30:29.340
Toby Boudreau: The design of this footwear have little consideration of fashion or stylistic choice as there were a few if any embellishments added in only basic materials were used.

483
01:30:29.610 --> 01:30:38.460
Toby Boudreau: As Murray, Joseph Busan puts it, he was only in antiquity, that the shoe would acquire an aesthetic and decorative dimension becoming a true indicator of social status.

484
01:30:38.940 --> 01:30:45.150
Toby Boudreau: Shifting over to the ancient time period, it is in the first grade civilizations have mesopotamian Egypt.

485
01:30:45.450 --> 01:30:56.190
Toby Boudreau: That the evolution of the shoe began in earnest influenced by the Far East, as well as India, the rays tip shoe initially rose from the ancient Sumerian civilization of earth marketing the beginning of stylistic footwear.

486
01:30:56.490 --> 01:31:03.390
Toby Boudreau: The later empire acadia a more exaggerated form the she was adopted with a higher tip and pompom which soon became the row foot where.

487
01:31:04.470 --> 01:31:12.270
Toby Boudreau: The shoe also appears on mesopotamian seals and whole cultural value to all classes from vacating empire, the form diffuse to Asia Minor.

488
01:31:12.870 --> 01:31:16.500
Toby Boudreau: Minor where it was then incorporated into the hittites national costume.

489
01:31:17.010 --> 01:31:23.160
Toby Boudreau: seafaring Phoenicians further disseminated the shoe along the Mediterranean two sectors my snake and create.

490
01:31:23.550 --> 01:31:31.650
Toby Boudreau: The point of view appears in Korean Palace frescoes and paintings, the most notable of which, being the painted decorations found in Egyptian priest recliners to.

491
01:31:32.610 --> 01:31:42.060
Toby Boudreau: monuments belonging to the empire of Assyria as well as the later Persian dynasty both incorporate footwear influenced in somewhere and other by characteristics of the original Sumerian shoe.

492
01:31:42.480 --> 01:31:53.910
Toby Boudreau: Note that, in this period of development of mesopotamian civilizations from CIRCA 3000 to 300 BC for America footwear remained uncommon yet presents persisted as a symbol of status.

493
01:31:54.300 --> 01:32:01.410
Toby Boudreau: Despite the skills and instruments constructed, such as Neil, and the Loom many entertained worked and fought with their fee.

494
01:32:02.700 --> 01:32:12.840
Toby Boudreau: Shifting over up sorry later into the ancient period fashion, played a major role in society, various forms of tanning and die created a plethora of styles.

495
01:32:13.170 --> 01:32:20.130
Toby Boudreau: And she's gained enough influence that some people were given the name of their favorite style, this is talking about Greek culture specifically.

496
01:32:20.490 --> 01:32:31.050
Toby Boudreau: Interestingly, footwear appears in famous Greek literature, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey with the Homeric here heroes wear sandals of bronze well the goal god's word sandals of goal.

497
01:32:31.560 --> 01:32:40.860
Toby Boudreau: To quote a passage from this text so sue's to create and the giant killing guide obeyed at once quickly under his feet, he fast in the supple sandals ever glowing gold.

498
01:32:41.160 --> 01:32:53.190
Toby Boudreau: That wing over him the waves in balance earth with the rush of gusting wins like the major Greek texts footwear also appears frequently in the Bible often carrying symbolic meaning and acting as an identifier of its where.

499
01:32:53.460 --> 01:33:04.290
Toby Boudreau: For example, biblical characters, whether they be allies enemies, or the Hebrews always wear sandals forward traditions also appear most commonly about every moving one shoes with variations on the line.

500
01:33:04.560 --> 01:33:14.160
Toby Boudreau: Take the samples off your foot for the place where you stand is wholly also mentioned in scripture to leave one sandals on a field in the Kingdom of Israel showed ones ownership of that land.

501
01:33:14.610 --> 01:33:22.440
Toby Boudreau: Is the Bible diffused across the world, it carried with it subliminal and sometimes overt messages about the importance of the sandal and were in general.

502
01:33:23.760 --> 01:33:32.460
Toby Boudreau: Now shifting over to the Middle Ages in medieval China, it was social custom to remove ones shoes before entering any house.

503
01:33:32.730 --> 01:33:39.570
Toby Boudreau: Much like that of the early Greeks, occasionally, it was acceptable to keep socks on the feet, the most required to walk barefoot indoors.

504
01:33:39.900 --> 01:33:43.830
Toby Boudreau: Beginning early in the song dynasty the one them practice of foot binding began.

505
01:33:44.250 --> 01:33:49.470
Toby Boudreau: This practice was one of the more extreme relationships between footwear and culture that history has ever seen.

506
01:33:49.800 --> 01:33:55.320
Toby Boudreau: an extended far beyond the goal of load of shoes for early modern Asia foot binding was a way of life.

507
01:33:55.470 --> 01:34:03.960
Toby Boudreau: It created a niche markets set new standards for beauty and influenced countless works of art and literature, through a foot binding whoever came from a very different place.

508
01:34:04.200 --> 01:34:11.370
Toby Boudreau: Families initially began forcing their daughters to find their feet in order to disable the woman doesn't make her more dependent on her husband's and relatives.

509
01:34:11.910 --> 01:34:22.710
Toby Boudreau: The type bandages forced the heels and toes of young women to construct greeting a deformed petite foot at the end of this excruciating process the subject were told to have feet three inches in length.

510
01:34:23.100 --> 01:34:27.300
Toby Boudreau: These Lotus feet would then be small enough to fit into the worship Lotus shoes.

511
01:34:27.570 --> 01:34:33.960
Toby Boudreau: tiny pointed slippers with elaborate embroidery Lotus feet and the Lotus shoes themselves quickly became traits desirable.

512
01:34:34.230 --> 01:34:41.460
Toby Boudreau: To any woman wishing to enter a good marriage, although originally performed by daily practice shoot soon spread to all of the extremely poor.

513
01:34:41.790 --> 01:34:50.340
Toby Boudreau: who cannot afford to spare the time and Labor required the process was dangerous Sarah pendergast posits at its worst foot binding broke the bones in the feet.

514
01:34:50.700 --> 01:34:57.990
Toby Boudreau: In every case it permanently deformed a fee, yet it allowed women to wear the coveted loaded shoes and many believe to that made the women's feet beautiful.

515
01:34:58.410 --> 01:35:10.020
Toby Boudreau: Foot binding was eventually outlawed by the Chinese Republic in 1911 and then interview with npr one of the last remaining woman with her feet down XO goes and speaks to the influence shoes can have over people.

516
01:35:10.650 --> 01:35:19.320
Toby Boudreau: Quote I regret finding my feet I can't dance I can't move properly I regretted a lot but, at the time, if you did not find your feet, no one would marry you and quote.

517
01:35:22.080 --> 01:35:32.670
Toby Boudreau: Later into the middle age section, similar to the indigenous peoples of lower North America, the entire population of the Arctic have maintained footwear traditions for centuries.

518
01:35:32.970 --> 01:35:45.600
Toby Boudreau: Arriving around 1050 see the extreme weather conditions of the region, made the land seemingly inhospitable through incredible ingenuity, they do anyway population learned, among other things, how to make comic.

519
01:35:46.260 --> 01:35:51.990
Toby Boudreau: issues were tall boots made of caribou hair which traps insulating air, not just between the hairs but inside of them.

520
01:35:52.530 --> 01:36:00.090
Toby Boudreau: Extremely lightweight supple and durable three characteristics desirable for any person that relies almost exclusively on hunting.

521
01:36:00.690 --> 01:36:08.520
Toby Boudreau: Almost all all other traditional and new clothing items are made the same way and the creators of these items are viewed as some of the best seamstresses in the world.

522
01:36:09.270 --> 01:36:15.630
Toby Boudreau: The process of creating comics as well as the design of the shoe mirrors that of most other indigenous American communities.

523
01:36:15.900 --> 01:36:25.950
Toby Boudreau: Know modern materials remain more effective than caribou hair I protecting the feet from a cold, which has, in turn, helped comics and other forms of populate in any way clothing remain traditionally made.

524
01:36:26.820 --> 01:36:36.120
Toby Boudreau: Finally, shifting to modern the Renaissance played a vital role role in influencing the development of the modern western shoe and in turn Renaissance footwear.

525
01:36:36.420 --> 01:36:40.920
Toby Boudreau: mirrored the rebirth in art politics, economics and culture.

526
01:36:41.370 --> 01:36:51.840
Toby Boudreau: Various choose from this period display striking elements golden embroidery bright colors unique shapes in new combinations of patterns, all of which are similar to the paintings and fashionable clothing.

527
01:36:52.470 --> 01:37:00.540
Toby Boudreau: around us keep in mind that these forms were not one by the general public, but nonetheless signified a shift towards an early modern material culture.

528
01:37:00.930 --> 01:37:09.000
Toby Boudreau: That such Karen thought we go into the creation of something so simple as a shoe was a product of the overall shift in thinking that you're experiencing.

529
01:37:10.530 --> 01:37:17.130
Toby Boudreau: Over the next course of the next few centuries shoes worn both by the common people and the elite changed dramatically.

530
01:37:17.640 --> 01:37:29.070
Toby Boudreau: Our politics and socio cultural ideas all played roles in this development, to name one example, it is said that Leonardo da Vinci first invented the wheel, which letter came into popularity in the 16th century.

531
01:37:29.610 --> 01:37:37.740
Toby Boudreau: dimensions of the word became more humble with openings on the sides and heels of various styles reflecting a brief return to a more Greek and Roman style.

532
01:37:38.160 --> 01:37:43.230
Toby Boudreau: France fashion to fuse quickly during the 17th century and remains a Center for fashion culture today.

533
01:37:43.770 --> 01:37:54.570
Toby Boudreau: By the 18th century the height of shoes correlated with the where social status, even more so than the embellishments following the French Revolution common European footwear slowly became flatter.

534
01:37:54.840 --> 01:38:01.380
Toby Boudreau: And the overall design was more simple and continuous I fashion footwear remained extravagant and pompous.

535
01:38:02.370 --> 01:38:09.030
Toby Boudreau: It wasn't until the explosion of globalization that countries of the Far East began to alter the designs and materials of their footwear.

536
01:38:09.540 --> 01:38:22.140
Toby Boudreau: This was the case for most other regions outside of Western influence the traditional shoes of Icelanders leather boots made of sheepskin or will fishkin and beautifully imported when made for a ceremony showed little diversion from the footwear of their Viking.

537
01:38:23.640 --> 01:38:32.700
Toby Boudreau: Of course, this is not to say that no evolution of design materials, or in other regions that side of the West, rather that they displayed much slower invest.

538
01:38:35.010 --> 01:38:44.550
Toby Boudreau: In modern shoe continues to act as legitimate social marker, especially in younger generations, when she comes from a designer brand is more expensive or is more difficult to riches.

539
01:38:44.790 --> 01:38:48.870
Toby Boudreau: Its owners often envied and regarding to have a higher social status.

540
01:38:49.230 --> 01:39:00.120
Toby Boudreau: The choice of style is also very telling of the person that wears it to Johnston and Murphy 165 year old shoe company that has made shoes for every US president from Wilson to Obama.

541
01:39:00.510 --> 01:39:04.350
Toby Boudreau: Basic styles cost between 150 and 200 US dollars.

542
01:39:04.650 --> 01:39:11.160
Toby Boudreau: And anyone who chooses to wear them are, in effect, establishing themselves in the Community as a wealthy individual with desirable traits.

543
01:39:11.370 --> 01:39:19.320
Toby Boudreau: Additionally, footwear can reveal the ever changing characteristics and perspectives of gender roles across culture cultures in history.

544
01:39:19.770 --> 01:39:27.240
Toby Boudreau: And most Western cultures of the contemporary world any male wearing boots with us over an inch may have their masculinity called into question.

545
01:39:27.540 --> 01:39:33.030
Toby Boudreau: yeah between the 17th and 18th centuries and Europe, men eagerly and open the embraced heels displaying.

546
01:39:33.630 --> 01:39:47.130
Toby Boudreau: them as expressions of power and prominence estimate boys even more high heeled shoes with ribbons pointed shoes and ornately sewn designs red heels, a reference to the early Christian emperor's a Byzantine.

547
01:39:47.460 --> 01:40:00.390
Toby Boudreau: were all the rage, for your obsolete, for decades, at the same time women's footwear took on a quote mass on quote masculine traits such as flat bottoms are rounded heel and toe and little decoration.

548
01:40:00.810 --> 01:40:11.130
Toby Boudreau: With Charles the seconds focus on simplifying men's fashion, one with the changing views of gender that arose from the Enlightenment heels, we can to decline in Europe European men's fashion.

549
01:40:11.730 --> 01:40:19.470
Toby Boudreau: gender identity is a constantly shifting aspect of human life and footwear presents the unique me on the topic, apart from biases of any nature.

550
01:40:20.970 --> 01:40:29.880
Toby Boudreau: From the time that very first complex civilizations was established and possibly possibly 10s of thousands of years before the issue has been around.

551
01:40:30.180 --> 01:40:38.970
Toby Boudreau: It has been referenced in paintings literature plays music rituals everyday objects sculptures and architecture all around the world and sprint's.

552
01:40:39.360 --> 01:40:43.050
Toby Boudreau: spans broadly across all complex civilizations in human history.

553
01:40:43.590 --> 01:40:51.450
Toby Boudreau: From Cinderella to the stories of pain you knew the simple object has maintained to consistent and often quiet role in human culture is since its creation.

554
01:40:51.900 --> 01:40:59.520
Toby Boudreau: The variation in materials and designs reflects the socio political, economic and cultural environment of its maker, and the area, it was created.

555
01:40:59.970 --> 01:41:05.550
Toby Boudreau: Furthermore, the use of shoes as a unit of analysis will help historians reevaluate the timeline of globalization.

556
01:41:05.880 --> 01:41:18.930
Toby Boudreau: is relatively ordinary items spread across the world, long before columbus's discoveries of America or Vasco de gamma expedition expeditions around Africa and that'll be that'll be my entire presentation.

557
01:41:22.500 --> 01:41:23.790
Thomas Luckett: Thank you toby that was wonderful.

558
01:41:23.790 --> 01:41:31.800
Thomas Luckett: So let's we'll go through the three papers and then our office some comments in all three afterwards so.

559
01:41:33.420 --> 01:41:36.420
Thomas Luckett: Our next presenter is been a bushy.

560
01:41:37.560 --> 01:41:42.000
Thomas Luckett: On the history history of bathing across cultural tradition.

561
01:41:43.980 --> 01:41:44.250
Ben Iboshi: hi.

562
01:41:44.340 --> 01:41:44.820
Ben Iboshi: i'm Ben.

563
01:41:45.870 --> 01:41:54.330
Ben Iboshi: i'm so I originally wrote this paper, the history of building a cross cultural tradition for an assignment in my world civilizations class.

564
01:41:54.780 --> 01:42:00.450
Ben Iboshi: Throughout the year we had done a lot of discussion on the importance of studying history from a global perspective.

565
01:42:00.930 --> 01:42:14.400
Ben Iboshi: My main takeaway has been that people study world history because cultures and practices that might initially seem wholly unique and isolated from each other, actually often originate from other sometimes unexpected influences.

566
01:42:15.570 --> 01:42:23.340
Ben Iboshi: world history takes that into account that cultural interaction has ripple effects that change every sector of life.

567
01:42:24.060 --> 01:42:34.950
Ben Iboshi: So when I was searching for subject for a global unit of analysis paper we were doing, I wanted to focus on a topic that had evolved with cultural interaction, for that reason.

568
01:42:36.570 --> 01:42:44.070
Ben Iboshi: The history of bathing practices is an interesting example because a lot of people think of bathing as a boring private thing.

569
01:42:44.640 --> 01:43:00.030
Ben Iboshi: It was hard for me at least to picture situations where that would be spread as part of a cultural exchange, but bathing rituals were spread in a variety of ways and bathing practices all over the world, have been impacted by other cultures.

570
01:43:01.710 --> 01:43:07.590
Ben Iboshi: One major way being practices of spread with cross cultural interaction is through the spread of religion.

571
01:43:08.160 --> 01:43:20.100
Ben Iboshi: I started off my paper by talking about how bathing in India spread with Hinduism and then later Buddhism in the ancient world both religions that viewed bathing as a spiritually cleansing experience.

572
01:43:20.790 --> 01:43:38.100
Ben Iboshi: These religions each had texts that directly referenced bathing rituals and Hinduism the text Korea sutras described, for example, how materials like aromatic so we're gonna be used to shampoo and how to mix cold and heated water to make warm water for bathing.

573
01:43:39.180 --> 01:43:49.080
Ben Iboshi: For Buddhism bathing practices are described in parts of China, describing, for example, the roles of disciples and preparing baths for their receptors.

574
01:43:50.550 --> 01:44:02.760
Ben Iboshi: One major difference between these two religions evening rituals is that while most bathing as part of Hinduism was done in private in the home Buddhist monasteries had built in bath houses.

575
01:44:03.360 --> 01:44:19.140
Ben Iboshi: So for Buddhism Buddhism that's a very different that's a very direct example where the religion spreads, first through India and then throughout China more Buddhist monasteries are built and Buddhist bathing practices and bathing facilities are directly passed on.

576
01:44:20.700 --> 01:44:30.720
Ben Iboshi: Religious bathing practices change does it spread across regions, but they also evolved over time, an example is Buddhist leading practices really took hold in medieval Japan.

577
01:44:31.110 --> 01:44:44.040
Ben Iboshi: Around the century, when you see more Buddhist monasteries popping up around them, and that eventually led to the development of therapeutic bathing with specific herbs for people in power in Japan, which was unique for that region.

578
01:44:45.960 --> 01:44:53.400
Ben Iboshi: Well i'm talking about religious behaving I want to talk about the development of Islamic bathing rituals, which was significant for large number of people.

579
01:44:53.970 --> 01:45:02.820
Ben Iboshi: But to get to that I want to talk about another way, I noticed breathing practices spread with cultural interaction, which is through the spread and exchange of technology.

580
01:45:04.380 --> 01:45:11.280
Ben Iboshi: So tracing it Islamic evening rituals through technology, you have to start with public baths in Ancient Greece.

581
01:45:12.000 --> 01:45:25.380
Ben Iboshi: The first examples of public baths in he greets were found from the fifth century BC those early bathhouses designed and happens had more individual bath cells made of stone or Tara conner.

582
01:45:25.980 --> 01:45:35.220
Ben Iboshi: BATs became more common in the mid fourth century BC and grace and that's really moved toward the larger rectangular pools of water that most people picture.

583
01:45:36.720 --> 01:45:43.230
Ben Iboshi: Greek architecture heavily influenced ancient Roman baths later on, which date back to the first century BC.

584
01:45:44.190 --> 01:45:51.000
Ben Iboshi: Greek and Roman bathhouses share similar layouts with central rectangular pools and slanted floors for drainage.

585
01:45:51.540 --> 01:46:03.720
Ben Iboshi: One major of innovation and bathing brought about by the Romans what's the use of awkward systems to transport, water supplying bath houses with water was the primary purpose of these aqua ducks.

586
01:46:04.470 --> 01:46:17.670
Ben Iboshi: were in Greece bathhouses could only be located by wells these room and bouncy houses didn't have that limitation thanks to those awkward X and it was less Labor intensive to fill the bathhouses as well.

587
01:46:19.260 --> 01:46:32.250
Ben Iboshi: So that leads us to the first recorded Islamic that's also called the Turkish bass backs or her mom's which were built in Syria and Jordan under the minded caliphate in the eighth century.

588
01:46:32.760 --> 01:46:38.640
Ben Iboshi: Similar baths were later built in Egypt, North Africa and some parts of Asia, with the spread of Islam.

589
01:46:40.620 --> 01:46:53.430
Ben Iboshi: Those Islamic bath summer and here's where the continuity comes in similar in design to third century Roman baths and fourth to sixth century baths in Christian and taken communities in Northern Syria.

590
01:46:54.210 --> 01:47:04.380
Ben Iboshi: Like it's classic Roman predecessors Islamic bathroom or characterized by a large unheated entrance and then a unheated quarter, which leads to a heated heated bathing rooms.

591
01:47:05.640 --> 01:47:13.050
Ben Iboshi: Other similarities to Roman Byzantine baths include have some higher end structures feature paintings or mosaics and how.

592
01:47:13.590 --> 01:47:26.040
Ben Iboshi: Many were were heated with hyper cost for systems type of cost heating for bath houses was essentially keeping a fire underneath the bathhouses slightly underground to warm the floors and walls.

593
01:47:27.630 --> 01:47:33.960
Ben Iboshi: and other part of the spread of bathing technology is the spread of health science that change to be eating practices.

594
01:47:34.590 --> 01:47:40.980
Ben Iboshi: Health sciences modern concept but recognizing the importance of bathing and washing for health reasons, was revolutionary.

595
01:47:41.700 --> 01:47:51.540
Ben Iboshi: Larger developments in our modern understanding the middle science came with the Crimean war from 1853 to 1856 An example is the development.

596
01:47:52.050 --> 01:48:07.050
Ben Iboshi: Development spross by a military surgeon admin Alexander parks, who published what would later become the standard textbook for army surgery practices, the manual of practical health in 1864 based on her experience in the Crimean war.

597
01:48:08.490 --> 01:48:20.430
Ben Iboshi: In light of this new science public education of hygiene practices became a worthy goal and the parks museum of hygiene, which opened in Central London in 1878 is a testament to that change.

598
01:48:21.540 --> 01:48:28.830
Ben Iboshi: It was created by a group of sanitary scientists and Reformers to educate the global Catholic class public about sanitation.

599
01:48:29.220 --> 01:48:39.600
Ben Iboshi: In the hopes that it would bake London a cleaner place donors of the museum included Queen Victoria and Prince Leopold which shows how relevant, the issue of public cleanliness was in Britain at the time.

600
01:48:40.950 --> 01:48:45.600
Ben Iboshi: The parks museum of hygiene didn't just have a lasting effect on Britain either.

601
01:48:46.320 --> 01:48:53.490
Ben Iboshi: The institution inspiring other similar museums, like the technological industrial and sanitary museum of new South Wales.

602
01:48:53.820 --> 01:49:06.930
Ben Iboshi: opened in 1880 and argentina's scientific anatomical pathological museum opened in 1885 that's right knowledge of public hygiene, including healthy eating practices worldwide.

603
01:49:08.850 --> 01:49:13.860
Ben Iboshi: i've talked about the spread of bailing for religion and the spread of bathing through technology and science.

604
01:49:14.370 --> 01:49:20.190
Ben Iboshi: The final way bathing practices of spread that i'm going to mention is through regime changes and conquering.

605
01:49:20.910 --> 01:49:30.600
Ben Iboshi: The bacon practices of early modern mesoamerican for well documented and heavily scrutinized by Spanish congested overs when they invaded and 16th century.

606
01:49:31.320 --> 01:49:40.470
Ben Iboshi: The Europeans who came from the Christian tradition of hiding nudity criticize tell women more freely bathed in rivers naked alongside men.

607
01:49:41.460 --> 01:49:49.230
Ben Iboshi: In some areas of mess America indigenous people would take steam baths in adobe structures by pouring water on heated rocks.

608
01:49:49.980 --> 01:50:05.310
Ben Iboshi: To keys to doors or against any sexual intercourse that occurred in the sweat lodges in fact by 1725 outright bands at the structure so that's a rare example of an unwanted but for social change to a bathing habit in a region.

609
01:50:07.260 --> 01:50:14.310
Ben Iboshi: So it's clear that bathing rituals all over the world have evolved with cultural interaction and that continues to be the case today.

610
01:50:15.360 --> 01:50:32.760
Ben Iboshi: A popular contemporary example is the spread from Japan to the US of the day toilet which uses a stream of water, instead of toilet paper, although the day was originally invented in 17th century France modern electrical today's were first developed in Japan in the 1980s.

611
01:50:33.780 --> 01:50:40.740
Ben Iboshi: Japanese companies have attempted to penetrate the US market for decades and i've only found moderate success, however.

612
01:50:41.580 --> 01:50:48.390
Ben Iboshi: The coven 19 pandemic might end up contributing to it spread beecher Japanese been a companies like toshi.

613
01:50:48.900 --> 01:51:03.120
Ben Iboshi: began shipping, but a toilets directly to the US from China, following the increased sales after the American toilet paper crisis plenty plenty I went at the start of the pandemic grocery store shelves were empty after people buy items like toilet paper in bulk.

614
01:51:04.170 --> 01:51:17.850
Ben Iboshi: A side note is I got that term American toilet paper crisis of 2020 from a Wall Street Journal article and it's cool that I get to be a documented early adopter than that name of that historical event um.

615
01:51:18.960 --> 01:51:28.740
Ben Iboshi: So yeah that's a modern is a contemporary example and that's bathing and how bathing practices have changed all over the world, with cross cultural interaction.

616
01:51:37.980 --> 01:51:39.810
Thomas Luckett: Okay, thank you Ben and.

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Thomas Luckett: let's turn then finally to our third presenter Celeste Johnson will be speaking on silver mining and commerce initiation of the global economy.

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01:51:56.940 --> 01:51:57.300
Celeste Johnson: I.

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Celeste Johnson: There are 118 unique elements responsible for all matter configured in different ways they're the basis for everything physical we have ever created as humans.

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01:52:11.490 --> 01:52:17.310
Celeste Johnson: Out of these they're categorized into three states of matter metals non metals and Netherlands.

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Celeste Johnson: When thinking of a valuable metal that shaped the world people's minds will often drills to gold gold isn't it throwing verity that people have died over.

622
01:52:28.260 --> 01:52:38.130
Celeste Johnson: Wars have been fought over it, both kings and adventures with to enormous lengths to obtain the metal, however, what they often found while looking for gold was silver.

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Celeste Johnson: A less valuable, but more versatile comrade of gold, in a world where humanity's focus has for generations and economic.

624
01:52:46.920 --> 01:52:57.300
Celeste Johnson: It was inevitable for the pair to converge Karl Marx asserted that although gold and silver are not by nature money, money is, by nature, gold and silver.

625
01:52:58.200 --> 01:53:08.490
Celeste Johnson: Hello everyone, my name is Celeste Johnson i'm a junior at grant high school and i'm here to present my paper silver mining and commerce initiation of the global economy.

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01:53:09.480 --> 01:53:17.790
Celeste Johnson: I decided, I wanted to start off by saying why I decided to study the topic I did, I decided to study and research silver because it's an element.

627
01:53:18.150 --> 01:53:24.180
Celeste Johnson: it's been around since the beginning of time and it's something that's gotten us to the point of civilization that we're at now.

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01:53:24.690 --> 01:53:30.210
Celeste Johnson: there's a variety of influential elements that I could have focused on but for some reason I was drawn to silver.

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Celeste Johnson: Initially I think it was because of its presence in jewelry but as my research ended up taking a different path that ended with focusing on mining technology progressing and coinage and how that really influenced global trade.

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01:53:45.630 --> 01:53:57.300
Celeste Johnson: My paper, although it's a very large topic centers around the impact of silver on the world and how the changes in mining technology have brought the world together, contributing to the connected global today.

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Celeste Johnson: Examples in specific regions are no way identify all the impacts of silver.

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01:54:02.910 --> 01:54:12.420
Celeste Johnson: And what it's had on the world's or covered even most of them, but it does go in depth and some of the most valuable important and cross cultural examples that I discovered in my research.

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01:54:13.140 --> 01:54:19.860
Celeste Johnson: i'm not going to read my entire paper, because that would be incredibly boring for everyone involved and too long for my 15 minutes.

634
01:54:20.310 --> 01:54:30.420
Celeste Johnson: I am, however, going to take you through some fire research my paper is broken down into three sections which divide my research into three periods of time.

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01:54:31.350 --> 01:54:42.930
Celeste Johnson: Starting in Part one it discusses 3000 BC to 1500 see through this section I discussed the earliest mining regions and how the metal affected the surrounding areas.

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Celeste Johnson: I began in discussing the origins of the mining for the metal silver was first mind and Anatolia and 3000 BC.

637
01:54:51.300 --> 01:54:56.880
Celeste Johnson: surrounding regions to notice the value of mining for this metal and began doing some themselves.

638
01:54:57.390 --> 01:55:08.970
Celeste Johnson: It became a foundational trading media of the Mediterranean zone, because it was both rare enough to hold value and common enough to be able to facilitate smaller transactions between merchants.

639
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Celeste Johnson: One of the most one of one so many communities begin mining for the metal it became more and more necessary for training purposes and begin embedding itself into culture and the economics of many communities.

640
01:55:23.550 --> 01:55:34.710
Celeste Johnson: I then discuss the process of compilation, which is the first mining technique I cover in my paper it's a very early technology that allowed for the separation between silver and other metals.

641
01:55:35.490 --> 01:55:42.570
Celeste Johnson: I then talk about the use of coins and how they provided a way for silver to become more ingrained and necessary in economies.

642
01:55:43.080 --> 01:55:50.370
Celeste Johnson: The first coins in 600 BCE are made of electron, which is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver.

643
01:55:51.030 --> 01:55:59.580
Celeste Johnson: The coins spread throughout the Greek world and from there, they became necessary for many States who wish to keep up with cross cultural relations.

644
01:56:00.390 --> 01:56:08.460
Celeste Johnson: I then go in detail about silver within four societies, the Egyptians, the Greek empire, the Roman Empire and Chinese dynasties.

645
01:56:09.000 --> 01:56:18.780
Celeste Johnson: Within these societies, I go into mining practices cross cultural trade methods of processing technology and how coins impacted their individual accounts.

646
01:56:19.320 --> 01:56:23.160
Celeste Johnson: i'm going to briefly go into what I talked about within each of these societies.

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Celeste Johnson: So the Egyptians highly valued silver, it was a relatively rare commodity for them, and even for a brief time it held a higher value than gold and it was used as early as the pre dynastic times and it was often used as trade within the Egyptians.

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01:56:40.200 --> 01:56:52.710
Celeste Johnson: Going into the Greek reliance on silver it's really important to look at Athens, the Athens prize lori on silver mines really allowed them someone normalize the global economy through their advanced coinage.

649
01:56:53.400 --> 01:56:57.360
Celeste Johnson: It held a high quality and it had a high referee reputation.

650
01:56:57.720 --> 01:57:11.070
Celeste Johnson: which allowed them to profit greatly off these mines I argue in my paper that during this the Athens success as a naval superpower when they were our height was due largely to do their wealth, because of the silverbacks.

651
01:57:11.670 --> 01:57:24.480
Celeste Johnson: When the minds were shut down in 407 BCE it disturbed regions far beyond Greek empire, who would become dependent on the coins for trade beyond and inside their own isolated economists.

652
01:57:25.320 --> 01:57:37.410
Celeste Johnson: Next, the Roman Empire, we can see how much silver drove the conquering that the empire achieved one region that I discussed is Roman Britain which silver was a large motivator and pursuing.

653
01:57:38.010 --> 01:57:48.600
Celeste Johnson: Once row Rome obtained mines from Britain they began mining and extracting as much from them as possible, which really contributed to how much silver was in that area at that time.

654
01:57:49.800 --> 01:58:00.660
Celeste Johnson: The next society I go into or multiple societies are Chinese dynasties the earliest evidence showing integration of silver in Chinese culture is during the warring states period.

655
01:58:01.410 --> 01:58:09.450
Celeste Johnson: This had minimal early usage, but it increased as it went into the Han Dynasty because they learned more about techniques for obtaining silver.

656
01:58:09.990 --> 01:58:16.410
Celeste Johnson: Culturally silver has continued to have importance within China, although some dynasties valued more than others.

657
01:58:16.740 --> 01:58:23.430
Celeste Johnson: It has consistently released, this is my opinion has been one of the most silver focused major cultures of the world.

658
01:58:23.910 --> 01:58:31.350
Celeste Johnson: they're focused on silver has benefited the world as a whole by enticing China to participate in global trade.

659
01:58:32.040 --> 01:58:42.030
Celeste Johnson: Beginning with their silk roads during the Han Dynasty silver, along with wolves and other commodities, they wish to have or something that China wanted when other regions of the world for after silk.

660
01:58:43.770 --> 01:58:49.140
Celeste Johnson: Now i'm going to go on to Part Two of my paper, which is the period of 1400 to 1800.

661
01:58:49.950 --> 01:58:59.400
Celeste Johnson: The second period goes into new Renaissance technologies, I go in depth into the equation, which is a process that allowed the division between silver and copper.

662
01:59:00.060 --> 01:59:08.340
Celeste Johnson: It was first documented to be used in Nuremberg, Germany and due to this invention there became a way to sell much, much more.

663
01:59:08.700 --> 01:59:19.710
Celeste Johnson: of previously undervalued or and move beyond limitations that smelting and escalation for possessed previously there was not a process to separate copper and silver.

664
01:59:20.010 --> 01:59:34.830
Celeste Johnson: And because of this, but there was a lot of unused or and incremental loads within 15 years the equation spread throughout Germany, Poland, the Italian out and with it simultaneously European production of silver increased.

665
01:59:36.270 --> 01:59:44.040
Celeste Johnson: Another invention that changed the Indian industry was the patio process which was first introduced in 1554 in Mexico.

666
01:59:44.550 --> 01:59:54.570
Celeste Johnson: The process, increase the separation of elements that was possible, especially for lower quality oars which would have otherwise been more or less disregarded for their low silver content.

667
01:59:55.290 --> 02:00:01.230
Celeste Johnson: And the third technological improvement that I discussed in this section is the use of explosives in relation to mining.

668
02:00:01.800 --> 02:00:16.320
Celeste Johnson: The first use was in 1574 although gunpowder was invented in China in 850 it hadn't been used for mining due to how dangerous it was once it took off though it spread rapidly because of how inexpensive it was.

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Celeste Johnson: Even though the dangers of this practice were understood and not taking my lightly mines had no choice but to switch to blasting for economic reasons or they'd be pushed out of the industry.

670
02:00:28.770 --> 02:00:35.130
Celeste Johnson: In this section I also go into how it initiated international trade simply through supply and demand.

671
02:00:35.610 --> 02:00:41.400
Celeste Johnson: China had a desire for silver and Europe and then later South America had access to rich or.

672
02:00:41.850 --> 02:00:50.790
Celeste Johnson: Because of geographical reasons, the metal started trade routes from China to Mexico and a trade that connected, the regions and allowed South American countries.

673
02:00:51.090 --> 02:00:56.790
Celeste Johnson: which were then Spanish colonies, to become places of interest to wealthier and more developed countries.

674
02:00:57.390 --> 02:01:02.760
Celeste Johnson: One major trade exchange I went into researching or the Manila galley on trading ships.

675
02:01:03.360 --> 02:01:10.410
Celeste Johnson: These ships made yearly voyages between millet Manila, which is in the Philippines and aqua Paulo in Mexico.

676
02:01:10.950 --> 02:01:26.160
Celeste Johnson: These trading ships exchange Mexican and Peruvian silver for Chinese commodities at this time, access to Asian marketplace was a highly sought after and these ships allow Spain who's in control of the system, access to Chinese commodities.

677
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Celeste Johnson: Now i'm going to talk a little bit about part three, which is from to the present day.

678
02:01:33.510 --> 02:01:42.690
Celeste Johnson: The most recent period connects back to the present day, and it brings in North America silver mines in North America, drew and people during silver rush.

679
02:01:43.350 --> 02:01:49.020
Celeste Johnson: And prompted the development of many mining towns, as well as encouraged technological advancements of their own.

680
02:01:49.590 --> 02:01:57.480
Celeste Johnson: This section continues with advancements in technology, including much more modern 20th century inventions that continue to be unused today.

681
02:01:58.230 --> 02:02:10.380
Celeste Johnson: This includes things that made it possible to ramp up production up to even larger scale automobiles, sanitation and steam assisted drilling are just a few of the things that change the mining industry.

682
02:02:12.150 --> 02:02:16.290
Celeste Johnson: The final section also analyzes the global uses and needs for silver.

683
02:02:16.830 --> 02:02:27.930
Celeste Johnson: It has used it has uses currency, but in a world that's moving towards paper money, and as soon on its way to move towards cryptocurrencies it has less of a demand in this way.

684
02:02:28.770 --> 02:02:38.400
Celeste Johnson: It does how However, having use in our electronics, which is keeping it very relevant i'm going to now conclude my summary of my paper with an ending excerpt.

685
02:02:39.000 --> 02:02:43.290
Celeste Johnson: silver has connected the globe through trade and united regions throughout time.

686
02:02:43.800 --> 02:02:53.430
Celeste Johnson: Like many raw commodities it's a valuable way to consider history as it connects regions and civilizations, through their intertwining need for resources.

687
02:02:53.970 --> 02:03:06.480
Celeste Johnson: Looking at the world through the view of a single element provides an example of how we as humans have appreciated exploited and to mind theory mutating it into the form we desire until we can't.

688
02:03:07.560 --> 02:03:14.070
Celeste Johnson: Now that you have an understanding of what my paper is, I wanted to bring up a couple sources that were incredibly helpful and my research.

689
02:03:14.580 --> 02:03:27.630
Celeste Johnson: And if, in case I sparked your attention, and you want to do some research yourself, I really recommend these the first one, I wanted to bring up is called shambles can book of metallurgy and Martin lynch's mining in world history.

690
02:03:28.050 --> 02:03:34.950
Celeste Johnson: Both these books helped me really understand the mining processes of extraction and they had a lot of detail that was really insightful.

691
02:03:35.670 --> 02:03:40.860
Celeste Johnson: The next sources, I wanted to bring up our two articles by Dennis o'flynn in the journal of world history.

692
02:03:41.520 --> 02:03:52.530
Celeste Johnson: The first is cycles of silver global economic unity throughout the MID 18th century, and the second is born with a silver spoon the origin of world trade in 1571.

693
02:03:53.310 --> 02:04:08.880
Celeste Johnson: Both of these articles gave me a really a greater understanding on how silver initiated world trade and really brought the world together because sources gave me a great jumping off point to conduct more research and help me make connections between the silver processes and the economy.

694
02:04:10.440 --> 02:04:21.000
Celeste Johnson: The where's the silver has impacted our glow go beyond the economy and trade aspects and I believe that continued research into its impact on communities and people will be a fascinating approach.

695
02:04:21.330 --> 02:04:29.430
Celeste Johnson: Although in this paper I didn't get into the way that silver impacted individual people, I believe it would be an excellent way to continue researching this subject.

696
02:04:29.910 --> 02:04:33.750
Celeste Johnson: Some people profited over silver, but many more workers present price.

697
02:04:34.200 --> 02:04:47.010
Celeste Johnson: Another way I can see myself analyzing this topic further is by looking more into the future of the element how mining technology needs to be changed, based on continued demand and limitation of global resources.

698
02:04:47.280 --> 02:04:55.830
Celeste Johnson: is another research subjects that deserves to be thoroughly investigated and that concludes my presentation, thank you for your time and attention.

699
02:04:57.510 --> 02:04:57.780
well.

700
02:04:59.070 --> 02:05:00.990
Thomas Luckett: Thank you all for these wonderful papers and.

701
02:05:03.960 --> 02:05:07.680
Thomas Luckett: Let me just say first of all, this is a kind of personal anecdote but.

702
02:05:08.850 --> 02:05:20.130
Thomas Luckett: Reading these papers over the past few days has sort of brought back my youth, to me, and that my time in graduate school when I was studying works on these sorts of subjects and especially studying.

703
02:05:21.150 --> 02:05:25.860
Thomas Luckett: The work of sheer number del on the history of material culture.

704
02:05:27.630 --> 02:05:28.260
Thomas Luckett: and

705
02:05:31.320 --> 02:05:43.170
Thomas Luckett: The if if you've never read him that may be done Kevin has had you read some of his work, but I highly recommend to everyone interested in topics of this kind, his classic three volumes series.

706
02:05:44.790 --> 02:05:56.370
Thomas Luckett: Material civilization and capitalism, where he looks at the early modern world economy, from the point of view of material culture consumer consumption, distribution and production.

707
02:05:58.110 --> 02:06:12.210
Thomas Luckett: And it's full of anecdotes about not only that you know the products, the technologies and so on, but how they sort of what sort of what Celeste alluded to, at the end there, how they they transformed.

708
02:06:13.980 --> 02:06:16.530
Thomas Luckett: people's lives and i'll just.

709
02:06:17.760 --> 02:06:32.610
Thomas Luckett: recall one anecdote from one of his vines, I have trouble finding it today, but it's in one of those massive volumes he tells the story of tables and chairs, which one of these things that I had never thought of before but it turns out that since antiquity.

710
02:06:33.630 --> 02:06:40.620
Thomas Luckett: Europeans have sat on chairs with tables of appropriate height, whereas East Asians.

711
02:06:42.600 --> 02:06:45.780
Thomas Luckett: sat on the floor that much, much lower tables.

712
02:06:47.370 --> 02:06:59.430
Thomas Luckett: And then, at a certain point in the Middle Ages, I can't remember when the Chinese decided to adopt the European practice they started using chairs and in western style tables.

713
02:07:00.300 --> 02:07:15.840
Thomas Luckett: Though the Koreans in the Japanese did not right so it's it's a it was a it was a transformation in certain parts of Asia and not others and what he argues, is that in the introduction of the Chair transform the way that Chinese people socialize with each other.

714
02:07:17.010 --> 02:07:17.850
Thomas Luckett: That it had.

715
02:07:19.050 --> 02:07:36.390
Thomas Luckett: A major impact on social relations So these are the wonderful kinds of things when can start to think about in in how are, how are these great economic forces and transformations influential in the everyday lives of ordinary people.

716
02:07:38.670 --> 02:07:47.670
Thomas Luckett: And i'm never sure what you know what my role is at conferences of the of this kind, I i'd like to make some remarks on each of these papers and I decided that.

717
02:07:47.970 --> 02:07:58.620
Thomas Luckett: My function is sort of to get a conversation going I don't think my insights are necessarily more insightful than anyone elses but i'll make a few remarks on each of the papers and then hopefully open it up to.

718
02:07:59.370 --> 02:08:12.030
Thomas Luckett: Questions comments from the larger audience, so let me begin with shoes and foot What will this paper.

719
02:08:14.160 --> 02:08:22.530
Thomas Luckett: i'm trying to think, maybe more than the others, but but but, like the others raise for me deep questions about.

720
02:08:26.610 --> 02:08:33.450
Thomas Luckett: Well, you say healthy, but why have these developments occurred, you know insert phase of history in certain societies and not others.

721
02:08:35.520 --> 02:08:43.110
Thomas Luckett: And there's a kind of narrative in overarching narrative in toby's paper.

722
02:08:44.610 --> 02:08:57.030
Thomas Luckett: That is nuanced at certain point it's not it's more it's not trying to portray too simplistic but, but when it gets the impression from much of toby's paper that the the.

723
02:08:58.140 --> 02:09:08.010
Thomas Luckett: Internal invention development wearing of shoes occurred, first in the most economically and and.

724
02:09:08.610 --> 02:09:21.780
Thomas Luckett: technologically advanced societies in the world, right in the ancient Near East, the agent Mediterranean as sort of spreading outward from there now if I didn't know better, and I had to convince.

725
02:09:22.710 --> 02:09:29.880
Thomas Luckett: had to guess, who would have come up with shoes, first, I would have guessed people in the colder climates right, I mean it's.

726
02:09:30.240 --> 02:09:34.230
Thomas Luckett: You need shoes in a place like Norway more, perhaps more than you need them.

727
02:09:34.650 --> 02:09:50.130
Thomas Luckett: In in the Middle East because it's cold and you have to protect your feet and I know that that toby talked about the world of moccasins there, but I It made me wonder to what extent the story he's telling may be shaped by.

728
02:09:52.140 --> 02:10:15.150
Thomas Luckett: what we might call information bias, that is to say, our tendency to focus on those Assad is not that weren't necessarily most actually important in the development of the commodity, but that left us the richest source material forth in the form of textual documentation and archaeological.

729
02:10:16.980 --> 02:10:24.630
Thomas Luckett: records and and I wonder, and I guess there's no way to prove this, one way or the other, but if we had to guess if if the.

730
02:10:26.460 --> 02:10:44.730
Thomas Luckett: If we were to if we had better records if it might not change that overarching narrative and we might not see the wearing the shoes spreading from the coldest climates to to the warmer ones, but they get this is just a guess I don't I don't know for a fact.

731
02:10:46.290 --> 02:10:58.260
Thomas Luckett: I also wanted to bring up something that toby seem to be alluding to toward the end I mean not more than alluding he brought it up, but but there's a whole rich literature to it, and I understand that these papers are often.

732
02:10:59.340 --> 02:11:01.290
Thomas Luckett: Reduced versions of larger research but.

733
02:11:02.310 --> 02:11:12.360
Thomas Luckett: And that is the development of fashion and fashion, is in its origins at the Q yearly West European phenomena.

734
02:11:14.040 --> 02:11:24.060
Thomas Luckett: In other societies and indeed in European society before about the 13th century fashions really didn't change over time right if you were.

735
02:11:25.500 --> 02:11:33.180
Thomas Luckett: If you were to visit China in the 10th century and then again in the 11th century and then interesting she'd find people were in pretty much the same clothes.

736
02:11:34.170 --> 02:11:41.520
Thomas Luckett: The clothes were differentiated by social class but not but didn't you weren't new fashion, is coming out every season.

737
02:11:41.940 --> 02:12:01.650
Thomas Luckett: That phenomenon of the fashions changing every season really seems to have developed first in Western Europe, perhaps in France, perhaps in Italy, starting, as I said in about the 13th century drum field come on comments on this, for instance in his life of St Louis Kimberly the ninth.

738
02:12:02.940 --> 02:12:08.310
Thomas Luckett: Where the king, you know he had lots of virtues, but he just could not understand fashion and people.

739
02:12:08.490 --> 02:12:22.380
Thomas Luckett: His aides constantly had to correct him for wearing things that were out of fashion and you get the sense what these things are changing every year and the poor King can't keep up with them, but but that's just because of its own proclivities, why does fashion arise and.

740
02:12:23.910 --> 02:12:41.760
Thomas Luckett: The main reason seems to be that it arises because it becomes impossible to enforce sanctuary laws if clothing is a marker of social class of social distinction, then you have to stop the commoners from wearing upper class.

741
02:12:42.840 --> 02:12:52.770
Thomas Luckett: clothing or they'll pass for their betters if you lose the ability to do that if you lose the ability to enforce the assumption airy laws, then.

742
02:12:53.910 --> 02:13:08.040
Thomas Luckett: The only way to maintain that difference of step individual difference of status is to change the fashions every season, and only the very wealthy can afford to keep up with you know buying a whole new wardrobe for you.

743
02:13:09.810 --> 02:13:20.340
Thomas Luckett: So, and I, and I thought it was interesting that Tony pointed out that this phenomena of sort of changing fashion and things like peels and so on, really start in.

744
02:13:21.450 --> 02:13:28.710
Thomas Luckett: In in Europe and and and to drift outward into the rest of the world over the following centuries.

745
02:13:31.050 --> 02:13:31.410
Thomas Luckett: But.

746
02:13:32.970 --> 02:13:44.520
Thomas Luckett: The server against some similar ideas about ben's paper about the history of bathing one of the things I found was fascinating the subject as he described it.

747
02:13:46.320 --> 02:14:05.400
Thomas Luckett: Is that bathing unlike some of these other commodities, we might think of is the thing turns out in many ways to be a very poor marker of technological and economic advancement, there are lots of examples of societies that have really definitely primitive economies.

748
02:14:06.450 --> 02:14:11.250
Thomas Luckett: But the place a great a high emphasis on on bathing you know you think of.

749
02:14:12.870 --> 02:14:21.510
Thomas Luckett: Baby that early Buddhism, and in the surrounding Indian society at that time six fifth fourth century BCE at a time when.

750
02:14:23.310 --> 02:14:30.000
Thomas Luckett: India, you know let's face it was not yet one of the most economically advanced areas in the world, at least at least.

751
02:14:31.020 --> 02:14:41.010
Thomas Luckett: You know Eastern India, where Buddhism, a row, it was really a society that was only just beginning to commercialize they hadn't yet figured out how to.

752
02:14:42.300 --> 02:14:46.350
Thomas Luckett: Make kill make bricks so there, there are there.

753
02:14:46.860 --> 02:15:03.810
Thomas Luckett: there's there's some big bricks kept melting in the sun, and they would have to rebuild their houses and refuse it's still a relatively primitive economy, but that doesn't stop them from placing great emphasis on bathing and cleanliness and and at the opposite extreme throughout.

754
02:15:05.070 --> 02:15:08.940
Thomas Luckett: Much of the Middle Ages 1000 years without a bath in Western Europe.

755
02:15:10.140 --> 02:15:12.960
Thomas Luckett: Beijing is largely unknown.

756
02:15:14.040 --> 02:15:22.080
Thomas Luckett: Not because they don't have the resources or the technology to support it, but because they're not interested in doing it.

757
02:15:23.340 --> 02:15:26.430
Thomas Luckett: When, as has been pointed out, the.

758
02:15:27.960 --> 02:15:29.010
Thomas Luckett: You know, central.

759
02:15:30.450 --> 02:15:39.930
Thomas Luckett: America, and you know pre Columbian Mexico the Center plateau of Mexico we're very, very much bathing society's bath taking sides, just as much as Japan.

760
02:15:40.350 --> 02:15:51.900
Thomas Luckett: And they must have been astounded when the Spanish cookies the doors arrived just by their steps you know that these are people who would never take that they hadn't really met anyone who who didn't do that before.

761
02:15:53.520 --> 02:15:58.290
Thomas Luckett: And so I wonder, I think it's really interesting that this.

762
02:15:58.860 --> 02:16:15.690
Thomas Luckett: In and, of course, has been explains the technology can transform the way BATs are taken through things like heating, the water bringing in the water to aqueducts that's very important, but the basic fact of bathing seems to be determined by something else.

763
02:16:16.770 --> 02:16:23.310
Thomas Luckett: Perhaps by religious concerns, perhaps by other cultural concerns and I found that to be really fascinating.

764
02:16:25.170 --> 02:16:30.360
Thomas Luckett: What else did I want to mention um yeah I mean I kept wondering, and I know you've.

765
02:16:31.380 --> 02:16:36.690
Thomas Luckett: been alluded to this at times but didn't go into it too deeply and again I know these are shorter versions of longer projects.

766
02:16:37.980 --> 02:16:55.230
Thomas Luckett: How does bathing transfer kind of like the table, how does a table chair, how does bathing transform the way that people socialize with each other, how does it create a different kind of society, when people are bathing especially bathing in common and that becomes a frequent.

767
02:16:56.250 --> 02:16:58.560
communal activity.

768
02:17:00.600 --> 02:17:05.460
Thomas Luckett: Finally, i'm the subject of the history of silver.

769
02:17:07.980 --> 02:17:15.990
Thomas Luckett: subject dear to my own heart that i've been wrestling with in my own work for for decades now, I think this is, you know.

770
02:17:17.010 --> 02:17:28.890
Thomas Luckett: A really fascinating subject and and Celeste is done a great job of laying out a lot of the subject and and it's gone into considerable detail on the nature of.

771
02:17:30.210 --> 02:17:41.280
Thomas Luckett: Mining the technology of mining, which is an aspect of the history of silver that I myself have never learned too much about so I learned a lot from her paper on that score.

772
02:17:42.360 --> 02:17:54.720
Thomas Luckett: Let me suggest a couple of things to think about again in terms of sort of the long term, the moment era of silver and and how and why it's spread in the way that it did.

773
02:17:56.430 --> 02:18:16.710
Thomas Luckett: Early early uses of metals as currency here's the actually began with metals, we don't consider precious the earliest coins in China were made of iron the earliest coins of the Romans were made of.

774
02:18:18.300 --> 02:18:21.570
Thomas Luckett: brass I think or bronze you know something like that a copper ally.

775
02:18:23.520 --> 02:18:34.350
Thomas Luckett: And you can imagine how inconvenient, it is to use a non precious metal as your coin if the value of the money depends on its intrinsic metal.

776
02:18:35.070 --> 02:18:45.150
Thomas Luckett: Right, but when we use a we use a coin today we don't worry about its intrinsic value but but at that time that was the base so to make the smallest purchase, you have to bring many, many pounds of.

777
02:18:45.570 --> 02:18:53.340
Thomas Luckett: And you know we get these anecdotes from Libya and so on, appreciate people bringing in huge cart loads of these these aren't nearly worthless.

778
02:18:55.170 --> 02:18:58.200
copper coins to make normal purchases.

779
02:18:59.220 --> 02:19:04.020
Thomas Luckett: So there's a great gain in efficiency when you can move to a precious metal.

780
02:19:05.370 --> 02:19:07.830
Thomas Luckett: Such as silver gold, silver usually comes first.

781
02:19:10.080 --> 02:19:18.150
Thomas Luckett: But even then something odd you find in these early histories, is that it takes them quite a while to think of.

782
02:19:19.230 --> 02:19:40.980
Thomas Luckett: coining or mentoring, the silver, so the early uses of the silver are depends merely on its weight and probably on perceptions of its finest so that's hard to judge without melting it down, but I essentially on its way so they're not counting coin so much as their way them in scales.

783
02:19:42.270 --> 02:19:49.950
Thomas Luckett: And so there's a further great leap forward when the state and it usually has to be the state right that.

784
02:19:50.490 --> 02:20:03.000
Thomas Luckett: comes up with the idea that we're going to imprint a seal on the coins that guarantees everyone that this coin contains this much silver and then they don't have to wait anymore, they can just count them.

785
02:20:04.830 --> 02:20:07.410
Thomas Luckett: The other point I wanted to make is.

786
02:20:08.820 --> 02:20:25.440
Thomas Luckett: What I mean there are lots of i'll stop with I will make too many points here because her Paper raises so many interesting issues with me, but what I like to think about a bit more is she alludes to in passing at several points is the bi metal ratio so.

787
02:20:26.760 --> 02:20:41.520
Thomas Luckett: This in this is particularly an issue for Europe i'm not sure of any other area of the world that was concerned the same way about the mental ratio until the early modern period when European currency had a way of expanding out where to becoming a world currency.

788
02:20:43.770 --> 02:20:58.080
Thomas Luckett: But the Bible ratio is the ratio of value of gold to silver, so you take the current market value of gold, of an ounce of gold let's say and divided by the current market value of one ounce of silver you just divide and you get it by metal ratio.

789
02:21:00.120 --> 02:21:07.770
Thomas Luckett: And this was a central subject of concern for economic writers for millennia in Europe and in the.

790
02:21:09.450 --> 02:21:12.300
Thomas Luckett: Ancient medieval Europe the Bible ratio is generally about 10.

791
02:21:13.590 --> 02:21:31.380
Thomas Luckett: and medieval theologians thought that was nifty maybe it's exactly 10 maybe God intended the by middle ratio to be a nice round number, so he said it at 10 you know, realistically, it was just about 10 but it's fluctuating around around that level.

792
02:21:32.700 --> 02:21:39.240
Thomas Luckett: With the discovery of silver sources in the Americas, starting in the 16th century.

793
02:21:40.320 --> 02:21:49.200
Thomas Luckett: silver becomes relatively more powerful than having discovering some goals for us is do but they're discovering silver sources much faster as middle school sources.

794
02:21:49.500 --> 02:21:55.290
Thomas Luckett: So the Bible ratio starts to shift it gets more than two by the 18th century it's about 15.

795
02:21:56.100 --> 02:22:05.400
Thomas Luckett: But it's different in different parts of the world right so and again this is where Celeste alluded to it in China at that point it's still only about 10, and so this is one of the forces driving world trade.

796
02:22:06.150 --> 02:22:11.280
Thomas Luckett: As the silver moves one way around the world of gold is moving the other way around the world and enact.

797
02:22:11.940 --> 02:22:22.710
Thomas Luckett: Change in general and Anna Celeste ended with the thought that silver has driven the development of world trade and connections between countries.

798
02:22:23.400 --> 02:22:30.540
Thomas Luckett: And I would nuance that further by saying it's not just silver it's differentials in the value of silver right.

799
02:22:30.900 --> 02:22:38.400
Thomas Luckett: If silver had the same value everywhere in the world, and no one would feel any need to trade it internationally it's because.

800
02:22:38.820 --> 02:22:49.470
Thomas Luckett: It has such different values in different areas of the world that it be it determines the structure of global trade with the silver moving in one direction.

801
02:22:49.710 --> 02:22:59.460
Thomas Luckett: And the goods or sometimes goal moving in the opposite direction to trade for the silver, the Spanish empire becomes the world's greatest source of silver.

802
02:23:00.000 --> 02:23:09.990
Thomas Luckett: and China, for various reasons, becomes the world's greatest sacred tense to end up and there's a rich scholarly debate over which is more important.

803
02:23:11.370 --> 02:23:18.060
Thomas Luckett: China or the Spanish empire and creating the early modern world economy, it is really the combination of the two right it's a differential.

804
02:23:19.830 --> 02:23:30.300
Thomas Luckett: Between the two I was looking I once in a great while I look up what is the bi metal ratio today, so I just I used to have to look at the.

805
02:23:30.750 --> 02:23:40.470
Thomas Luckett: You know the business pages and the Wall Street Journal to find these prices now you just Google it and find them immediately find the price of an ounce of gold divided by the price of an ounce of silver.

806
02:23:41.310 --> 02:24:00.480
Thomas Luckett: it's easy enough to do so, I looked up get up yesterday and it's currently about 66 the last time I did this, a few years ago it's about 80 but the point is that, if 15 seemed high in the 18th century it's continued to rise enormously since then, why because of ongoing discoveries.

807
02:24:03.540 --> 02:24:20.040
Thomas Luckett: of silver sources throughout the world and improvements in in refining in mining, the silver much, much faster than we've discovered you sources of of cold so Those are just some thoughts about sort of to add to the thoughts that we've already heard about.

808
02:24:21.270 --> 02:24:25.260
Thomas Luckett: The the well the two great themes of the.

809
02:24:26.790 --> 02:24:38.460
Thomas Luckett: Of the panel how these issues are structured globally right as as global forces how that is how they evolve over the long, do you think so.

810
02:24:39.630 --> 02:24:45.060
Thomas Luckett: I will end there, congratulations to all of you, but i'd like to encourage everyone.

811
02:24:46.290 --> 02:24:48.960
Thomas Luckett: If you have questions we don't have any yet.

812
02:24:50.040 --> 02:24:50.910
Thomas Luckett: In the.

813
02:24:52.050 --> 02:25:05.550
Thomas Luckett: In the Q amp a the audience is free to post questions, I believe, and then, but why don't we begin with the panelists would you like to say anything further about my comments or alternatively.

814
02:25:06.630 --> 02:25:09.360
put questions to each other.

815
02:25:15.090 --> 02:25:24.780
Ben Iboshi: made an interesting comment about bathing, which is that you know a lot of commodities on this panel our class based and you find a lot of the developments started upper levels.

816
02:25:25.500 --> 02:25:34.410
Ben Iboshi: Which is the case, to an extent about bathing but you know it's an interesting point you make about how bathing can be found in cultures and it's not.

817
02:25:35.850 --> 02:25:51.000
Ben Iboshi: necessarily related to the wealth of you know, the cultures that it's prevalent and it's the interesting ankle and it makes me think about um I don't know what what other aspects of life that's true about.

818
02:25:53.520 --> 02:25:55.200
Thomas Luckett: Why didn't medieval Europeans.

819
02:25:55.200 --> 02:25:57.240
Ben Iboshi: Paid I don't know I don't know the answer.

820
02:25:58.710 --> 02:26:14.640
Thomas Luckett: But you suggested that there was a religious prejudice against baby um but there were religious prejudices against lots of things in the Middle Ages, like lindy moneyed interests that didn't stop anyone from doing it, so I think that the answer has to be bigger than that.

821
02:26:16.920 --> 02:26:18.780
Toby Boudreau: I have a quick thing to say, Mr lucky.

822
02:26:20.310 --> 02:26:33.750
Toby Boudreau: You made an earlier comment about how you were surprised that shoes were showing up in the Middle East, rather than in colder climates and why they wouldn't diffuse turn those colder climates storm or climates.

823
02:26:34.020 --> 02:26:52.020
Toby Boudreau: And I just wanted to add a little bit of clarification, there, there were absolutely examples of footwear and colder climates at that time period, it was just that the, at least with my paper, I was talking about the beginning of stylistic footwear.

824
02:26:52.050 --> 02:26:55.110
Thomas Luckett: Where the realm of footwear went beyond.

825
02:26:55.440 --> 02:27:00.150
Toby Boudreau: necessity and started incorporating designs and things like that and that's really where.

826
02:27:00.780 --> 02:27:11.760
Toby Boudreau: Mesopotamia gets places itself on the map is not necessarily they were the first place, to use footwear, but they're the first place to incorporate those unnecessary designs and things like that.

827
02:27:12.150 --> 02:27:24.300
Toby Boudreau: And it's also kind of twofold in that in the colder climates in the cold regions at that time they were most mostly a lot less inhabited and had a lot less.

828
02:27:25.440 --> 02:27:38.880
Toby Boudreau: records on those sort of things so it's difficult, it would have been difficult to do a research do it to research, those areas because of how little we know about them at that point in time.

829
02:27:39.360 --> 02:27:40.650
Thomas Luckett: Right, so there is in.

830
02:27:41.790 --> 02:27:42.090
Toby Boudreau: You.

831
02:27:42.180 --> 02:27:58.290
Thomas Luckett: know I appreciate you saying that but it, it does sort of confirm a bit of what I would say right that that that part of what's going on here as a kind of information visor sorts bias, you know we tend to turn most of those societies that produced the richest sources.

832
02:28:01.200 --> 02:28:02.520
Thomas Luckett: Why is.

833
02:28:04.140 --> 02:28:11.580
Thomas Luckett: It closer to my own field, why is so much early modern history written about colonial New England, when it was a pretty small society.

834
02:28:12.120 --> 02:28:24.480
Thomas Luckett: Well, because it was the most literate society in the world and left really wonderful sources, and so I think there's often a kind of source bias in the way we think of global history.

835
02:28:31.020 --> 02:28:31.590
and

836
02:28:34.800 --> 02:28:37.230
Thomas Luckett: Any one of these suits did you want to say anything more.

837
02:28:38.970 --> 02:28:44.190
Celeste Johnson: um I included enjoys or comments on and and thinking about it in.

838
02:28:45.240 --> 02:29:07.890
Celeste Johnson: Another way and kind of putting the value of silver versus gold, I thought it was really interesting to watch how much silver has been found over the ages and how that's really changed everything, and I really got into like the between China and like Spanish America and how that really.

839
02:29:10.170 --> 02:29:19.050
Celeste Johnson: that trade is really interesting to me and then also the source bias thing I feel like I also definitely saw that you seeing my in my research, I definitely saw that.

840
02:29:20.040 --> 02:29:29.520
Celeste Johnson: And how the places that have less records like it doesn't mean that they weren't part of it, it just means that we don't have much proof that they were part of it yeah.

841
02:29:30.510 --> 02:29:42.330
Thomas Luckett: there's a faceted phenomenon that happens over and over again in the early modern period with in the period of what we call typically European expansion right as Europeans are creating these overseas empires.

842
02:29:42.750 --> 02:29:48.180
Thomas Luckett: And even in there is where they don't have to empires and from colony say.

843
02:29:51.240 --> 02:29:51.930
Thomas Luckett: They are.

844
02:29:55.860 --> 02:29:56.400
Thomas Luckett: They are.

845
02:30:01.410 --> 02:30:02.910
Thomas Luckett: So they are.

846
02:30:06.900 --> 02:30:15.750
Thomas Luckett: You know, coming to dominate global trade right they go into the Indian Ocean and they destroyed all of the Arab ship a 10 and then the Portuguese take their place with Portuguese shipping.

847
02:30:16.860 --> 02:30:19.200
Thomas Luckett: And what you find is that.

848
02:30:22.530 --> 02:30:33.990
Thomas Luckett: They as they do so, they often encounter local currencies local forms of money that are very, very different from European.

849
02:30:34.500 --> 02:30:42.600
Thomas Luckett: forms of money whole different conception and a whole different material nature, what are the best examples again going back to colonial New England is.

850
02:30:43.290 --> 02:31:04.440
Thomas Luckett: A woman right, which was a beaded cotton cloth That was when for decorative reasons, but it also served as a medium of exchange, there was something similar in parts of West Africa, particularly the Congo and Angola called I think the Zen which was made of carve coral.

851
02:31:06.210 --> 02:31:18.900
Thomas Luckett: It is So these are examples of a larger phenomenon, where they would encounter these local currencies and what would they do, they counterfeit them basically that they probably didn't think that what they were doing was counterfeiting right.

852
02:31:20.160 --> 02:31:23.880
Thomas Luckett: They will, if they weren't one of them will make them love them and they set up.

853
02:31:25.380 --> 02:31:35.490
Thomas Luckett: A one vm factory on long island New York, you know staffed entirely by white people that manufactured want them for the native American market.

854
02:31:35.850 --> 02:31:48.450
Thomas Luckett: and tell it drove that currency into the ground to overproduction of became essentially worthless and the and people are forced to adopt the European standards of gold and silver, which are harder to count.

855
02:31:51.270 --> 02:31:58.170
Thomas Luckett: So that is it's interesting I mean with with the the the European conception of currency is gold and silver.

856
02:31:59.400 --> 02:32:10.410
Thomas Luckett: We might think of that as inevitable I don't think it is inevitable it it comes to it becomes the world standard in a particular period.

857
02:32:11.580 --> 02:32:14.550
Thomas Luckett: For historical reasons, to have to do with European expansion.

858
02:32:20.520 --> 02:32:31.590
Thomas Luckett: Do the payments have questions for each other, I know you're you come from the same class at grant high school and you probably talked about these issues before if you have any questions for each other that you'd love to read.

859
02:32:38.730 --> 02:32:55.740
Thomas Luckett: I don't see anything in the Q amp a so i'm not sure where to go next except oh we're about done it's almost four o'clock so I hadn't realized how the time and flown by so I wanted to make sure.

860
02:32:57.330 --> 02:32:58.860
Thomas Luckett: You are aware.

861
02:33:00.090 --> 02:33:00.630
Thomas Luckett: That.

862
02:33:01.770 --> 02:33:16.890
Thomas Luckett: And there's an announcement in the chat in case you don't have the link handy, but there is an award ceremony in five minutes at four o'clock so that is your next zoom stop and.

863
02:33:19.470 --> 02:33:35.790
Thomas Luckett: to celebrate this year's winners, but, regardless of the winners, who wins and who does it this year I just thought, these were all really wonderful papers, I think they're all papers that we can we all as a conference can be proud of and and I congratulate you on your Conference presentations.

864
02:33:38.580 --> 02:33:40.290
Thomas Luckett: Okay, so we're signing out.

865
02:33:40.290 --> 02:33:42.630
Thomas Luckett: Now, and we'll see you at the award ceremony.

866
02:33:44.280 --> 02:33:44.940
Celeste Johnson: Thank you.

867
02:33:46.200 --> 02:33:48.600
Toby Boudreau: So thank you.