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All right.

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I hope we're going to go

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ahead and get started.

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We want to make
sure that we

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give all the time

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as possible to Dr. Lewis

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and his keynote
presentation.

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So for someone
to introduce

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myself, I'm Amy trauma,

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which I am with

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the City of Portland
environmental services.

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I'm also the chair that

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you're organizing
committee and I

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want to welcome
everybody to day 2 of

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the 20th annual
urban ecology

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and conservation
symposium.

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I have a couple of small

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housekeeping
announcements that'll go

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through and that will
take us right into

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this morning's
keynote address.

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So you are here at

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the symposium and

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the Zoom link
that you use to

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get here is the link
that you'll use

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throughout the
day if you need

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to leave for any reason,

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just go back into
that link and

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it'll take you right
into this symposium.

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But the posters are
already available

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on our website
and we'll drop

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a link into the
chat for you now.

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You can view the
posters at any time,

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but we also
have time built

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into the agenda
to view them.

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A little later
this morning.

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We are recording the
entire symposium.

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So if you are in
this session,

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you'll be able
to go back and

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watch the recordings
and we'll get

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the link out to
the recordings to

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you as soon as possible.

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And just a reminder to use

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the Q&A function to ask

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the question rather
than the chat.

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Using the Q and

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a function makes
it easier for

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the presenters and
the moderators

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to find your questions.

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So that's it for the
housekeeping items.

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Now, it's my
great pleasure to

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introduce you to Dr.
David she Lewis.

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Dr. Lewis is an
Associate Professor of

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anthropology and
Ethnic Studies

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at Oregon State
University.

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He is a member of
the confederated

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tribes of Grand Round,

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and his work
includes research

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on Oregon tribal history.

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He has numerous
publications

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and journals and books,

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and he's currently engaged

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and to complication
projects.

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He has written
over 470 essays

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for his blog, the
cortex journal.

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So to say, to
say he's one of

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the foremost leaders in

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his field and we're
very honored to

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have him sharing his
knowledge with us today.

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This talk will be
about curating

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settler colonialism
and the

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WAP to Valerie
of where again.

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And in a moment I am

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going to pass the figure.

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It is mike off to Dr.
Lewis and it will

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take questions at the
end of his address.

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So be sure to pop
your questions

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into the Q&A box.

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So that's it for
the announcements

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and introductions
that Dr. Lewis,

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I hand it off to you.

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You're all set to go.

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Thank you, Amy.

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Thanks for inviting me
to this presentation,

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which is great honor
for me to show off.

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So my work here and let me

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go ahead and get
the presentation

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started to see.

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All right, So that
works okay with me.

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So so yes,

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I'm a member of the
Grand Ron tribe,

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a descendant of
the Sania peoples

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of Western Oregon.

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I mainly work in looking

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at like the
colonial histories,

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histories of settlement

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and colonization
of Oregon.

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Trying to figure out
what happened to

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our peoples while why
they were removed.

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What are the details?

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The trees, you know what,

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with understandings
of what are

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the changes that happened

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to our lands
since that time.

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And in the meantime,
you Meanwhile,

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so so I put

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together this new
presentation for you all.

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Know, I sometimes reuse

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a few slides from

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other presentations,
but i've,

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I put together some new
information because

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as I my work,

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I'm on constantly
finding new information,

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new contexts,

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new details that I'd
like to get out.

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And so I, I, I

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constantly modifying these

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presentations to make

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them current with what

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I'm doing really today.

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And so let me go
ahead and begin.

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And thank you for

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waiting to the end
for questions.

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I'm not gonna be
monitoring chat

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or questions Wagner
presentation.

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So please, you know,

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curate your questions
into the question and

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answer period or area,

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and so I can look at
those things later on.

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I'll try and leave time

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for questions if I can.

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Well, yeah, ahead
and get started.

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First off,
introduce you to

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the tribes of
Western Oregon.

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And so we have tribes

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up on the Columbia here.

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This is a map I
created based on

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the 1851 treaties and
other information.

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And so here we

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see where the base
is e over here,

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and we see a good
number of tribes.

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These are each,
every one of

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these areas is a
different tribe.

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Although most of
these peoples

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are all, should
have good speakers.

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They're all spoke
the same language.

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The same culture
really can be Cr,

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whole culture
around, you know,

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salmon, productive

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salmon catching and,
and production.

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So they came all

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the way up through
which other,

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what's called the
middle Colombia

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to the wisdom to

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shoots area and all

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the way through
to the west,

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up the Washington coast.

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Now through a few
other tribes in here,

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just to make
things confusing,

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we have the 12s
near the clots.

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Can I in a couple
of telework tribes

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to sort of fill out
the picture here.

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So in the basin,

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which we'll talk about

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a little bit in
a few minutes.

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We have something
of an overlap,

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will have cascades clack
them AS am old Noma,

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tribes that overlap
in this basin here,

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what science called the

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WAP, it obese as well.

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So that's, that's

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the chickens
into the valley.

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We have all the
Kalapuya tribes.

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Some folks have said
upwards of 819 tribes.

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These are the main
tribes that we know of

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that sign treaties of

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the United States
in the 18 fifties.

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And so you see,

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they basically cover the
whole of the valley.

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A few other tribes,

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they're not Kalemkerian
are in here as well,

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like the Malala and
the clock amus.

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And so these are

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the major tribes
of the value.

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We'll talk about a
few of these tribes

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in our presentation
as well.

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And then you go
down further south.

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We have the, um,

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qua in a row and
river basins.

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We have the upper I'm

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quite area with all
of these tribes.

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And there were upwards

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of five different tries

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or different
languages spoken

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in the unquote basin,

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including one
Kalapuya tribe

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of Malala, the Cow Creek.

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We spoke to common
language upper and lower.

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And while there were
all kind of inside

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this basin in operating.

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And then we get into
the rubber or base.

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Then we have
Raghu peoples,

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which are basically
two commas.

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Shasta is and some
of the Athabascan,

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the darkness or Rogue
River to River is kind

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of a gloss of a
number of tribes.

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You see this is kind
of all Western Oregon,

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shown most of
Western Oregon,

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least as an introduction.

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And so I want to give

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you the picture
that there's

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a lot of diversity
going on here.

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There's lots of
culture, there's

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lots of difference,

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There's lots of
power dynamics,

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politics, economics,

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There's
interrelationships.

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And so these are,
this is what

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is important
about this area.

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There's a lot of different

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peoples living
in this area.

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Previous two settlement
colonization.

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The primary culture
and the proteinuria

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are that we're the
mill chickens,

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sometimes called the
lower chickens as well.

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Which scholar
you're looking at?

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Cascades, blue
lake or near

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your chalky cast
clock animus

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while but to
island Moldova

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and there's Kali wall
in here as well.

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I could add them.

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Basically their whole
life way was around

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trade products that a huge

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trade economy trade up
and down the Columbia.

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Were kind of middlemen,

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traders between
folks that lived on

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the coast and folks
lived in the interior,

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that means Eastern Oregon

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and even into the plains.

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And so there's,

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this whole area was
a vast network,

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what's called the
Columbia trade network.

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Where people move products

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00:08:37,534 --> 00:08:39,260
down from
different tribes.

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They were trying to

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00:08:39,679 --> 00:08:41,555
specialize
different things.

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And so we have thousands
of tribes that

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are adding their products

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to this huge network.

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And seventh, major trading

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centers where the Dow's,

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00:08:50,660 --> 00:08:53,974
you probably
know, landfalls.

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00:08:53,974 --> 00:08:56,179
Lot, lots of different
villages up or down

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the Columbia were
Trade Centers.

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And so there were

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00:09:00,649 --> 00:09:02,750
various explorations area

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00:09:02,750 --> 00:09:04,489
in the 19th century,

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00:09:04,489 --> 00:09:06,260
Lewis and Clark being

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00:09:06,260 --> 00:09:07,985
perhaps the
most prominent.

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00:09:07,985 --> 00:09:09,890
And they documented
all this.

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The document has so
many different tribes

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interacting with
the trading with

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other tribes in villages

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where they are pretty

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00:09:16,730 --> 00:09:18,185
far away from
their homeland.

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And so we also find
that this area is

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not necessarily
fishing Mecca,

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that MY folks think it is,

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that there was other
things going on here.

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There were there were

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00:09:31,069 --> 00:09:33,454
fish camps that
happened in trading,

271
00:09:33,454 --> 00:09:35,990
in sort of like
seasonal and cabinets.

272
00:09:35,990 --> 00:09:39,410
But there was quite
a bit of canvas,

273
00:09:39,410 --> 00:09:40,474
There's quite a bit of

274
00:09:40,474 --> 00:09:41,839
berries and the
upland areas,

275
00:09:41,839 --> 00:09:43,175
there was quite a bit of

276
00:09:43,175 --> 00:09:44,660
Wapta and we'll show you

277
00:09:44,660 --> 00:09:46,444
some of that in
a minute here.

278
00:09:46,444 --> 00:09:49,730
The whole thing
was made possible.

279
00:09:49,730 --> 00:09:51,155
This, this huge
network is made

280
00:09:51,155 --> 00:09:53,300
possible by a series

281
00:09:53,300 --> 00:09:57,050
of marriages, intermarriages
between tries.

282
00:09:57,050 --> 00:09:59,300
So it was pretty
common for

283
00:09:59,300 --> 00:10:00,559
Chiefs of tribes to

284
00:10:00,559 --> 00:10:02,249
serve inter-married
with a,

285
00:10:02,249 --> 00:10:04,780
with the daughters of
chiefs of other tribes.

286
00:10:04,780 --> 00:10:06,415
And so they would

287
00:10:06,415 --> 00:10:08,740
literally joined
together as families

288
00:10:08,740 --> 00:10:12,790
in this vast trade
network. Really.

289
00:10:12,790 --> 00:10:14,830
And that kept a lot
of piece going.

290
00:10:14,830 --> 00:10:17,199
There was a lot of
warfare on the Columbia.

291
00:10:17,199 --> 00:10:19,360
There was a few attacks
here and there, but,

292
00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:21,610
but really it
was a peaceful

293
00:10:21,610 --> 00:10:23,650
like trade
relationship they

294
00:10:23,650 --> 00:10:24,430
have with each other.

295
00:10:24,430 --> 00:10:27,339
And that, that was
really made possible

296
00:10:27,339 --> 00:10:29,110
by everybody being
interrelated

297
00:10:29,110 --> 00:10:30,894
sublevel with each other.

298
00:10:30,894 --> 00:10:35,379
And so this, I
think, you know,

299
00:10:35,379 --> 00:10:37,104
above and beyond what

300
00:10:37,104 --> 00:10:39,895
anthropologists call
the chickens as,

301
00:10:39,895 --> 00:10:42,429
as hunter-gatherers
or advanced

302
00:10:42,429 --> 00:10:44,770
other gathers or whatever
you wanna call it.

303
00:10:44,770 --> 00:10:47,379
They were actually
more traders.

304
00:10:47,379 --> 00:10:49,510
They were, he had

305
00:10:49,510 --> 00:10:50,919
a huge trade
network and that

306
00:10:50,919 --> 00:10:52,269
was where it was really a

307
00:10:52,269 --> 00:10:55,254
defining characteristic
of their culture.

308
00:10:55,254 --> 00:10:58,000
So let's look at
some other aspects.

309
00:10:58,000 --> 00:10:59,575
So here's fishing.

310
00:10:59,575 --> 00:11:00,880
Here's some images of

311
00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:02,139
fishing from the
19th century.

312
00:11:02,139 --> 00:11:07,239
We see the fishing
with gill nets off,

313
00:11:07,239 --> 00:11:08,950
off the bank here.

314
00:11:08,950 --> 00:11:12,864
We have folks at
without falls,

315
00:11:12,864 --> 00:11:17,830
Proust fishing out here
with, with spears.

316
00:11:17,830 --> 00:11:21,820
And we see this woman
here processing fish.

317
00:11:21,820 --> 00:11:23,740
There's what appears to

318
00:11:23,740 --> 00:11:27,314
be a drying
station over here.

319
00:11:27,314 --> 00:11:29,899
And she's got a little
funny on shore here.

320
00:11:29,899 --> 00:11:31,339
This is why it falls.

321
00:11:31,339 --> 00:11:35,089
We have the swan
drawing upon the cal.

322
00:11:35,089 --> 00:11:38,759
It suddenly see people
using these canoes.

323
00:11:39,040 --> 00:11:43,594
And they're the sort
of iconic style house.

324
00:11:43,594 --> 00:11:45,440
And we have the
clump that we

325
00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:47,134
have also landfalls here.

326
00:11:47,134 --> 00:11:48,469
We see these people

327
00:11:48,469 --> 00:11:53,569
using dip nets
over the falls,

328
00:11:53,569 --> 00:11:54,440
catching the SAM is or

329
00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:55,310
try to go over the falls.

330
00:11:55,310 --> 00:11:56,960
And so many different

331
00:11:56,960 --> 00:11:58,160
methods that were
practiced by

332
00:11:58,160 --> 00:12:00,499
the tribes in this area

333
00:12:00,499 --> 00:12:03,214
of catching fish,
processing them.

334
00:12:03,214 --> 00:12:05,240
And in more often when you

335
00:12:05,240 --> 00:12:07,295
trade for the fish
you're not trading for,

336
00:12:07,295 --> 00:12:10,129
for fresh salmon
doesn't last too long.

337
00:12:10,129 --> 00:12:11,870
They would
normally trade for

338
00:12:11,870 --> 00:12:13,790
dried or smoked salmon,

339
00:12:13,790 --> 00:12:18,184
some processed
version of salmon.

340
00:12:18,184 --> 00:12:20,705
And that's kind of

341
00:12:20,705 --> 00:12:25,789
what was more important
about what they did.

342
00:12:25,789 --> 00:12:28,680
I'd say it's move on.

343
00:12:28,870 --> 00:12:31,190
I put together this little

344
00:12:31,190 --> 00:12:33,215
seasonal round drawing.

345
00:12:33,215 --> 00:12:35,360
Here we see quite

346
00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:39,020
a few different
enchantments

347
00:12:39,020 --> 00:12:40,520
that happened
throughout the year

348
00:12:40,520 --> 00:12:42,679
in the winter villages,

349
00:12:42,679 --> 00:12:45,229
perhaps one of the
most prominent people

350
00:12:45,229 --> 00:12:46,310
live several months

351
00:12:46,310 --> 00:12:50,600
inside of their houses
in the dead of winter,

352
00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:52,460
trying to stay
warm really, it's,

353
00:12:52,460 --> 00:12:53,630
it's it was a much cooler

354
00:12:53,630 --> 00:12:55,130
environment back then than

355
00:12:55,130 --> 00:12:57,664
stay in the same area

356
00:12:57,664 --> 00:12:58,639
where we have lot of

357
00:12:58,639 --> 00:12:59,779
technology to help us out,

358
00:12:59,779 --> 00:13:01,010
so we're out a lot more.

359
00:13:01,010 --> 00:13:03,020
But back then, you know,

360
00:13:03,020 --> 00:13:04,849
warmth was the key is
that the state has had

361
00:13:04,849 --> 00:13:06,680
their houses and
did other things.

362
00:13:06,680 --> 00:13:08,480
Storytelling gains,

363
00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:11,150
making tools for repairing

364
00:13:11,150 --> 00:13:12,694
tools, things like that.

365
00:13:12,694 --> 00:13:15,245
When things got
began to get warm,

366
00:13:15,245 --> 00:13:17,029
there'd be hunting camps.

367
00:13:17,029 --> 00:13:20,210
Spring salmon,
spring Chinook camp.

368
00:13:20,210 --> 00:13:23,569
Later on, a canvas
routing camp.

369
00:13:23,569 --> 00:13:25,849
They may goddess of
weaving materials

370
00:13:25,849 --> 00:13:29,239
the midsummer they go
to huckleberry camp.

371
00:13:29,239 --> 00:13:31,969
They may go to a trade
gathering and take

372
00:13:31,969 --> 00:13:34,760
their extra products
from that they'd

373
00:13:34,760 --> 00:13:36,440
be that they had gathered

374
00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:38,870
and processed in trade
for other things

375
00:13:38,870 --> 00:13:42,080
they want in the
city at falls

376
00:13:42,080 --> 00:13:45,530
with a color while the
people or at the dows,

377
00:13:45,530 --> 00:13:47,390
are you really any village
up on the Columbia

378
00:13:47,390 --> 00:13:49,760
that had a good
trade networks?

379
00:13:49,760 --> 00:13:51,770
Acorn, cap, acre gathering

380
00:13:51,770 --> 00:13:54,094
camp at the end of summer.

381
00:13:54,094 --> 00:13:56,839
Some tribes didn't
necessarily have

382
00:13:56,839 --> 00:13:57,860
to do these things that

383
00:13:57,860 --> 00:13:59,475
he had a lot of salmon.

384
00:13:59,475 --> 00:14:01,690
The tribes that
had more acorns

385
00:14:01,690 --> 00:14:02,769
and Canvas will
bring that,

386
00:14:02,769 --> 00:14:03,909
that food to you.

387
00:14:03,909 --> 00:14:05,979
So you didn't
necessarily have to

388
00:14:05,979 --> 00:14:09,550
always be out gathering
all the time.

389
00:14:09,550 --> 00:14:11,440
You could actually
subsist on

390
00:14:11,440 --> 00:14:12,550
the wealth that you had

391
00:14:12,550 --> 00:14:14,845
when you had a lot
of fish wealth.

392
00:14:14,845 --> 00:14:17,514
Later, later on
in the, in the,

393
00:14:17,514 --> 00:14:19,839
in the fall they
would have other

394
00:14:19,839 --> 00:14:22,269
we've materials
camps to go to,

395
00:14:22,269 --> 00:14:25,270
gather gas, you
basketry material.

396
00:14:25,270 --> 00:14:28,329
Maybe you fall Chinook
if you have that urea.

397
00:14:28,329 --> 00:14:30,999
And then around
September to

398
00:14:30,999 --> 00:14:34,420
October they would have
the prairie fires.

399
00:14:34,420 --> 00:14:37,069
I'd be set by a cow
balloons in the valley.

400
00:14:37,069 --> 00:14:38,889
That would be probably

401
00:14:38,889 --> 00:14:40,090
the main tool

402
00:14:40,090 --> 00:14:42,749
for managing their
environments.

403
00:14:42,749 --> 00:14:45,484
Setting fire to
the prairies.

404
00:14:45,484 --> 00:14:48,469
He's an eye camps
were in the falls.

405
00:14:48,469 --> 00:14:50,900
Well, and I haven't
added on here,

406
00:14:50,900 --> 00:14:52,909
but there's also
a massive sort

407
00:14:52,909 --> 00:14:54,964
of walk to gather
and cap at the fall,

408
00:14:54,964 --> 00:14:56,855
October to November,

409
00:14:56,855 --> 00:14:59,900
where tries
from throughout

410
00:14:59,900 --> 00:15:01,924
the region would come
into the valley.

411
00:15:01,924 --> 00:15:03,380
Together Wapta, we'll talk

412
00:15:03,380 --> 00:15:05,150
about that more
in a second here.

413
00:15:05,150 --> 00:15:07,459
And then maybe go to
the trade gathering,

414
00:15:07,459 --> 00:15:08,750
get more products
for the winter

415
00:15:08,750 --> 00:15:10,325
or parent for the winter.

416
00:15:10,325 --> 00:15:12,289
And then the winter
village again.

417
00:15:12,289 --> 00:15:13,790
So that's kind of

418
00:15:13,790 --> 00:15:15,290
the whole cycle people are

419
00:15:15,290 --> 00:15:17,360
into at trade gatherings.

420
00:15:17,360 --> 00:15:18,380
Lots of things
could happen.

421
00:15:18,380 --> 00:15:20,629
They could, you could
trade for products.

422
00:15:20,629 --> 00:15:22,280
You don't have
your wealth items

423
00:15:22,280 --> 00:15:24,620
like helium or
canoes or something.

424
00:15:24,620 --> 00:15:26,659
You can get a
European products

425
00:15:26,659 --> 00:15:28,430
sometimes later on.

426
00:15:28,430 --> 00:15:30,590
Guns and metals intrude

427
00:15:30,590 --> 00:15:32,179
the trade networks
and they would get

428
00:15:32,179 --> 00:15:34,370
those things
pretty far away

429
00:15:34,370 --> 00:15:37,550
from the Americans
or the British.

430
00:15:37,550 --> 00:15:40,789
And you can actually
arrange for marriages.

431
00:15:40,789 --> 00:15:43,519
You could arrange for a,

432
00:15:43,519 --> 00:15:46,069
uniting different
tribes together in

433
00:15:46,069 --> 00:15:48,560
a marriage contract,
if you will.

434
00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:50,870
So these were

435
00:15:50,870 --> 00:15:52,639
pretty common annual

436
00:15:52,639 --> 00:15:54,960
activities of the tribes.

437
00:15:56,110 --> 00:15:58,524
Californians have
a really kinda

438
00:15:58,524 --> 00:16:00,994
well laid out calendar.

439
00:16:00,994 --> 00:16:03,049
This was collected
by our gadget in

440
00:16:03,049 --> 00:16:05,210
1877 from Grand Ron.

441
00:16:05,210 --> 00:16:06,950
They're 12-month calendar

442
00:16:06,950 --> 00:16:09,050
here talks really about

443
00:16:09,050 --> 00:16:11,870
the times when
they're outgoing and

444
00:16:11,870 --> 00:16:15,409
gathering Wapta TO
or, or chemists.

445
00:16:15,409 --> 00:16:17,390
And so their whole
calendar is really

446
00:16:17,390 --> 00:16:19,850
based on the spot
PTO Canvas calendar.

447
00:16:19,850 --> 00:16:21,470
This was gathered from

448
00:16:21,470 --> 00:16:23,570
the dot velocity
or 12 people.

449
00:16:23,570 --> 00:16:26,869
So their location in

450
00:16:26,869 --> 00:16:28,040
the 12th and
valid they had

451
00:16:28,040 --> 00:16:30,739
a giant Wapta lake

452
00:16:30,739 --> 00:16:32,060
that had tons and tons of

453
00:16:32,060 --> 00:16:33,649
opportunity and
they would gather.

454
00:16:33,649 --> 00:16:35,660
While P2 has a really
super nutritious,

455
00:16:35,660 --> 00:16:38,210
starchy food,
as we'll Canvas

456
00:16:38,210 --> 00:16:40,789
was the same thing for
them in the valley.

457
00:16:40,789 --> 00:16:44,390
And so that was kind
of the yearly cycle.

458
00:16:44,390 --> 00:16:45,920
They didn't really
worry so much about

459
00:16:45,920 --> 00:16:50,179
hunting because
there's always

460
00:16:50,179 --> 00:16:51,470
wait times to hunt,

461
00:16:51,470 --> 00:16:53,839
especially after,
especially in

462
00:16:53,839 --> 00:16:56,779
the summertime or
wintertime we need to.

463
00:16:56,779 --> 00:16:59,030
But they really pay

464
00:16:59,030 --> 00:17:00,290
attention more to
the counter of

465
00:17:00,290 --> 00:17:01,760
the plants that were

466
00:17:01,760 --> 00:17:05,434
only ready to be higher
SSIS IR times a year.

467
00:17:05,434 --> 00:17:07,370
So this kind of
lays it out really

468
00:17:07,370 --> 00:17:09,724
well for us.

469
00:17:09,724 --> 00:17:11,689
And here's some pictures

470
00:17:11,689 --> 00:17:13,820
of those things we have.

471
00:17:13,820 --> 00:17:20,239
This is the bush Park
area in Salem where we

472
00:17:20,239 --> 00:17:24,125
have a nice oak savanna

473
00:17:24,125 --> 00:17:26,750
with WAP with a sorry,

474
00:17:26,750 --> 00:17:29,974
chemists brewing at the
foot of these oaks.

475
00:17:29,974 --> 00:17:32,209
So it does has a
double purpose and

476
00:17:32,209 --> 00:17:34,310
this may have been the,

477
00:17:34,310 --> 00:17:35,930
one of the unique
landscapes in

478
00:17:35,930 --> 00:17:37,009
many parts of
the valley where

479
00:17:37,009 --> 00:17:38,120
they had Canvas and OK,

480
00:17:38,120 --> 00:17:41,809
so kinda of growing
side-by-side.

481
00:17:41,809 --> 00:17:43,220
So one time, One
time of the year,

482
00:17:43,220 --> 00:17:44,480
couple times a
year you'd be

483
00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:45,860
harvesting Canvas.

484
00:17:45,860 --> 00:17:47,119
Didn't Canvas
how the brand

485
00:17:47,119 --> 00:17:48,169
and later on
you can return

486
00:17:48,169 --> 00:17:50,719
this spot to
harvest acorns.

487
00:17:50,719 --> 00:17:52,579
And it may be that
you could actually

488
00:17:52,579 --> 00:17:55,430
harvest Canvas any
corners at the same time,

489
00:17:55,430 --> 00:17:56,539
if you came at
the right time of

490
00:17:56,539 --> 00:17:58,220
the year in the
late summer

491
00:17:58,220 --> 00:18:00,065
when the courts
are falling.

492
00:18:00,065 --> 00:18:02,540
Canvas, as you know,

493
00:18:02,540 --> 00:18:03,739
as you may know,

494
00:18:03,739 --> 00:18:07,399
is a very pretty
purple plant,

495
00:18:07,399 --> 00:18:09,365
mean the purple
bluish plant

496
00:18:09,365 --> 00:18:11,539
that grows throughout
the valley.

497
00:18:11,539 --> 00:18:15,260
Couple different
varieties in there are,

498
00:18:15,260 --> 00:18:17,704
it's kind of a
rare landscape.

499
00:18:17,704 --> 00:18:19,670
Now, most of that there.

500
00:18:19,670 --> 00:18:21,650
The original class
prayers have

501
00:18:21,650 --> 00:18:23,359
plowed under and once
they've been plowed,

502
00:18:23,359 --> 00:18:25,235
they don't grow
again for awhile.

503
00:18:25,235 --> 00:18:29,000
So we have a few areas
in the Portland area,

504
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:31,790
a few areas Salem,

505
00:18:31,790 --> 00:18:33,860
Eugene Corvallis,
that where there

506
00:18:33,860 --> 00:18:37,519
are Wapta prairies
that we do Access to,

507
00:18:37,519 --> 00:18:38,899
do some studies and

508
00:18:38,899 --> 00:18:41,250
maybe dig a few bold
here and there.

509
00:18:44,290 --> 00:18:47,690
Another characteristic
of the valley,

510
00:18:47,690 --> 00:18:49,190
which is something a

511
00:18:49,190 --> 00:18:51,125
recent research
on my part.

512
00:18:51,125 --> 00:18:52,940
How wet it was.

513
00:18:52,940 --> 00:18:55,520
Our valley was
actually pretty wet.

514
00:18:55,520 --> 00:19:00,035
There was lots of sort
of shallow Swales,

515
00:19:00,035 --> 00:19:03,080
marshes, ponds, lakes
throughout the valley.

516
00:19:03,080 --> 00:19:05,585
From the basin,
from really the,

517
00:19:05,585 --> 00:19:07,039
the banks of the
Columbia all the

518
00:19:07,039 --> 00:19:09,665
way down to Eugene.

519
00:19:09,665 --> 00:19:12,079
And in you, you

520
00:19:12,079 --> 00:19:13,970
see this in accounts

521
00:19:13,970 --> 00:19:15,019
by the Wilkes expedition.

522
00:19:15,019 --> 00:19:17,254
They were walking down
through the valley.

523
00:19:17,254 --> 00:19:19,520
They were constantly
meeting up with these,

524
00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:21,800
these these ponds
and lakes and low

525
00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:24,169
Swales where
like, you know,

526
00:19:24,169 --> 00:19:25,459
my background
here as kind of

527
00:19:25,459 --> 00:19:30,290
a looks like a swale
area or a marshy area.

528
00:19:30,290 --> 00:19:34,249
So that was the
characteristic

529
00:19:34,249 --> 00:19:35,480
of what we call
lake rubbish.

530
00:19:35,480 --> 00:19:37,309
That was a lake on
the on the north side

531
00:19:37,309 --> 00:19:40,009
of what's now
Salem, Oregon.

532
00:19:40,009 --> 00:19:42,289
You can see, I
put this together

533
00:19:42,289 --> 00:19:43,624
how the jello maps that

534
00:19:43,624 --> 00:19:45,469
there was actually
a lake complex,

535
00:19:45,469 --> 00:19:47,419
a very long the complex,

536
00:19:47,419 --> 00:19:48,529
but off of it were lots

537
00:19:48,529 --> 00:19:50,269
of these Martius whales

538
00:19:50,269 --> 00:19:54,619
that went off into
tendrils, into landscape.

539
00:19:54,619 --> 00:19:58,520
This was a place
teeming with life,

540
00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:01,100
teeming with lots
of diversity

541
00:20:01,100 --> 00:20:03,889
of different species,
animal, plant species,

542
00:20:03,889 --> 00:20:06,919
birds, fishes,

543
00:20:06,919 --> 00:20:09,650
freshwater mussels,
everything.

544
00:20:09,650 --> 00:20:12,305
So all this stuff
was, was going on.

545
00:20:12,305 --> 00:20:13,970
Just know it just
here, right.

546
00:20:13,970 --> 00:20:14,974
And Salem.

547
00:20:14,974 --> 00:20:18,830
And this was really it's

548
00:20:18,830 --> 00:20:20,510
important to
understand that

549
00:20:20,510 --> 00:20:22,459
this was the
original landscape,

550
00:20:22,459 --> 00:20:26,309
the valley before
agriculture took over.

551
00:20:27,490 --> 00:20:29,949
And here's our,

552
00:20:29,949 --> 00:20:32,750
our picture of fire
burning landscape.

553
00:20:32,750 --> 00:20:36,484
So fire came along
and September.

554
00:20:36,484 --> 00:20:38,539
And Navy would normally

555
00:20:38,539 --> 00:20:40,340
sapphire for
various purposes.

556
00:20:40,340 --> 00:20:42,755
One of the main
purposes was to

557
00:20:42,755 --> 00:20:49,130
make hunting area for
for deer and elk.

558
00:20:49,130 --> 00:20:51,379
About a month or so

559
00:20:51,379 --> 00:20:54,244
after you burn
through an area,

560
00:20:54,244 --> 00:20:57,620
plants start to
regrow and that

561
00:20:57,620 --> 00:21:00,964
makes a really nice
forage for deer and elk.

562
00:21:00,964 --> 00:21:02,419
And so that would
attract them

563
00:21:02,419 --> 00:21:03,800
out of the woods and

564
00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:04,910
you could actually
hunt them pretty

565
00:21:04,910 --> 00:21:06,754
easily on those Perry's.

566
00:21:06,754 --> 00:21:09,440
You also, we all,

567
00:21:09,440 --> 00:21:10,369
we all know has a lot of

568
00:21:10,369 --> 00:21:11,300
benefits to it gets rid

569
00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:14,045
of old dead tissue.

570
00:21:14,045 --> 00:21:20,629
It's destroys extra
pests and provides

571
00:21:20,629 --> 00:21:23,465
kind of a mediating
influence

572
00:21:23,465 --> 00:21:25,189
over the land so
that you don't

573
00:21:25,189 --> 00:21:26,959
have a possibility of

574
00:21:26,959 --> 00:21:29,750
catastrophic burns
in the future.

575
00:21:29,750 --> 00:21:31,430
If you, if you
have a buildup of

576
00:21:31,430 --> 00:21:35,150
too much deaf layers
on your, on your land.

577
00:21:35,150 --> 00:21:36,874
And so.

578
00:21:36,874 --> 00:21:40,369
It also practically
if you don't

579
00:21:40,369 --> 00:21:41,960
burn or do something

580
00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:44,134
with the prairies
of the valley,

581
00:21:44,134 --> 00:21:46,010
they would just
overgrow like crazy.

582
00:21:46,010 --> 00:21:46,939
You never be able to walk

583
00:21:46,939 --> 00:21:48,050
across them
because they're

584
00:21:48,050 --> 00:21:50,179
just a morass of

585
00:21:50,179 --> 00:21:52,429
vegetation because
there's so much water in

586
00:21:52,429 --> 00:21:54,769
so much sunlight
here and it's

587
00:21:54,769 --> 00:21:57,500
really good
climate, so soils.

588
00:21:57,500 --> 00:21:58,819
And you really have to

589
00:21:58,819 --> 00:22:00,199
do something to
manage the land,

590
00:22:00,199 --> 00:22:01,744
otherwise just goes nuts.

591
00:22:01,744 --> 00:22:04,369
So, so burning is

592
00:22:04,369 --> 00:22:05,930
the most efficient
and working

593
00:22:05,930 --> 00:22:10,189
on methods of restoring
this idea of burning,

594
00:22:10,189 --> 00:22:11,629
burning and ask
you as a tool to

595
00:22:11,629 --> 00:22:13,400
sort of manage our
landscape backwards.

596
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:14,749
It's as close as

597
00:22:14,749 --> 00:22:17,129
possible to its
original form.

598
00:22:19,500 --> 00:22:21,654
Walk to harvest.

599
00:22:21,654 --> 00:22:23,060
Back to this again,

600
00:22:23,060 --> 00:22:24,970
I think it's it was
really important.

601
00:22:24,970 --> 00:22:26,470
We didn't know,
I didn't know

602
00:22:26,470 --> 00:22:28,719
personally for years
how important it was.

603
00:22:28,719 --> 00:22:31,509
I did some studies
on the toilet basin

604
00:22:31,509 --> 00:22:33,009
why tries are
moving there and

605
00:22:33,009 --> 00:22:35,200
living there at certain
times of the year.

606
00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:37,119
And I go back
to some of the

607
00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:41,170
original at the
graphic notes

608
00:22:41,170 --> 00:22:43,089
from the area like the
losing party notes.

609
00:22:43,089 --> 00:22:45,954
And they talk
about watching

610
00:22:45,954 --> 00:22:49,465
native people
setting up villages,

611
00:22:49,465 --> 00:22:51,100
moving from other areas,

612
00:22:51,100 --> 00:22:54,310
the Columbia into the
department basin,

613
00:22:54,310 --> 00:22:56,154
the Bob to Valley.

614
00:22:56,154 --> 00:23:00,219
And being there
just for the Wapta,

615
00:23:00,219 --> 00:23:01,905
there's so much Wapta.

616
00:23:01,905 --> 00:23:06,470
The basin along
the shorelines

617
00:23:06,470 --> 00:23:08,989
in low ponds on

618
00:23:08,989 --> 00:23:11,420
savvy island, on
other islands.

619
00:23:11,420 --> 00:23:13,865
And just all
over the place

620
00:23:13,865 --> 00:23:15,710
that it becomes
this really

621
00:23:15,710 --> 00:23:17,210
essential resource are

622
00:23:17,210 --> 00:23:20,285
really kind of a staple
of that time a year

623
00:23:20,285 --> 00:23:23,660
between October and
maybe November,

624
00:23:23,660 --> 00:23:25,039
December they
be, they'd be

625
00:23:25,039 --> 00:23:26,569
harvesting Wapta
right out of

626
00:23:26,569 --> 00:23:29,750
the water in sort
of small canoes.

627
00:23:29,750 --> 00:23:33,590
And then stood in
cooking it up,

628
00:23:33,590 --> 00:23:35,210
storing it, and then
trading with other

629
00:23:35,210 --> 00:23:37,955
people's and then sometimes
take it up river.

630
00:23:37,955 --> 00:23:40,955
After April,

631
00:23:40,955 --> 00:23:43,099
taken actually
their whole houses.

632
00:23:43,099 --> 00:23:44,509
They would shut
their houses and

633
00:23:44,509 --> 00:23:46,069
move them up
river and then

634
00:23:46,069 --> 00:23:48,950
reconstruct them at at at

635
00:23:48,950 --> 00:23:51,979
the Cascades Rapids area

636
00:23:51,979 --> 00:23:54,679
in time for the
the Chinook run.

637
00:23:54,679 --> 00:23:57,049
And so this, this was,

638
00:23:57,049 --> 00:23:59,284
it's really important
to understand that

639
00:23:59,284 --> 00:24:01,969
their whole base
and was really an

640
00:24:01,969 --> 00:24:03,409
agricultural a
while they are

641
00:24:03,409 --> 00:24:06,004
cultural mecca for Wapta.

642
00:24:06,004 --> 00:24:09,530
There was fishing
clearly falls

643
00:24:09,530 --> 00:24:12,409
a big fish in place or
other efficient spots,

644
00:24:12,409 --> 00:24:14,045
places where
people had nets

645
00:24:14,045 --> 00:24:16,250
in weirs and things.

646
00:24:16,250 --> 00:24:18,230
But Wapta was

647
00:24:18,230 --> 00:24:21,020
the really big attraction
for many tribes,

648
00:24:21,020 --> 00:24:22,940
thousands of peoples in

649
00:24:22,940 --> 00:24:24,979
October to come to
this area and live

650
00:24:24,979 --> 00:24:27,589
for several months
of the winter

651
00:24:27,589 --> 00:24:30,574
before them back to their
original territory.

652
00:24:30,574 --> 00:24:33,959
So that's
important to know.

653
00:24:36,700 --> 00:24:40,099
So this is kind of a
slide that kind of

654
00:24:40,099 --> 00:24:42,665
emphasize that this
is actually CALEA.

655
00:24:42,665 --> 00:24:44,494
She was, she was
a snack woman.

656
00:24:44,494 --> 00:24:48,259
Cascades woman photograph
by Edward Curtis.

657
00:24:48,259 --> 00:24:49,880
They would absolutely come

658
00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:51,199
and canoes and or walk

659
00:24:51,199 --> 00:24:53,959
down the trails on

660
00:24:53,959 --> 00:24:56,990
the side of the Columbia
it into the basin.

661
00:24:56,990 --> 00:24:59,809
So the whole of the
Cascades people's

662
00:24:59,809 --> 00:25:02,300
really kind of intersect

663
00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:04,579
with the mole
Lomas who are

664
00:25:04,579 --> 00:25:05,720
more based around savvy

665
00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:07,489
island and that
whole area.

666
00:25:07,489 --> 00:25:09,019
And the clock and

667
00:25:09,019 --> 00:25:10,174
this really kind
of based on the,

668
00:25:10,174 --> 00:25:12,815
on the Willamette
classless rivers

669
00:25:12,815 --> 00:25:14,960
in this area,
the Columbia.

670
00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:16,639
And so there were
interrelationships,

671
00:25:16,639 --> 00:25:18,710
there were exchanges
of leaderships,

672
00:25:18,710 --> 00:25:20,870
there were
intermarriages, there

673
00:25:20,870 --> 00:25:23,269
were all, all
this interaction.

674
00:25:23,269 --> 00:25:26,179
D3, D3 tribes
in this area,

675
00:25:26,179 --> 00:25:29,959
creating kind of a
nice trading hub

676
00:25:29,959 --> 00:25:32,490
for many people in
the middle Columbia.

677
00:25:35,530 --> 00:25:38,645
Here's a map showing
some of that.

678
00:25:38,645 --> 00:25:42,490
We see up here, the,

679
00:25:42,490 --> 00:25:45,050
the place where
the Cascades

680
00:25:45,050 --> 00:25:46,580
come from as many villages

681
00:25:46,580 --> 00:25:47,899
in this area on the North

682
00:25:47,899 --> 00:25:50,554
and on the both sides
of the Columbia.

683
00:25:50,554 --> 00:25:52,280
And they would
come down and

684
00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:54,500
they would cap in

685
00:25:54,500 --> 00:25:56,825
these various
locations like here,

686
00:25:56,825 --> 00:25:59,734
here, here.

687
00:25:59,734 --> 00:26:04,280
And they are accessing
various spots.

688
00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:07,175
I mean, these are all
major village sites

689
00:26:07,175 --> 00:26:08,795
for the Noma,

690
00:26:08,795 --> 00:26:12,469
for the Cascades for
other peoples in

691
00:26:12,469 --> 00:26:16,280
this area that were

692
00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:18,964
really important
to the economy.

693
00:26:18,964 --> 00:26:21,110
This is the, says
below me here,

694
00:26:21,110 --> 00:26:23,119
there's actually
the river here.

695
00:26:23,119 --> 00:26:24,679
So reading

696
00:26:24,679 --> 00:26:25,729
through the Lewis
and Clark journals,

697
00:26:25,729 --> 00:26:28,925
you can see that that

698
00:26:28,925 --> 00:26:30,620
culture take shape

699
00:26:30,620 --> 00:26:31,849
as they're traveling
around there,

700
00:26:31,849 --> 00:26:33,709
visiting various,
various villages,

701
00:26:33,709 --> 00:26:35,809
visiting long
houses and things.

702
00:26:35,809 --> 00:26:36,949
And you see that people

703
00:26:36,949 --> 00:26:39,380
are not necessarily
living in large villages,

704
00:26:39,380 --> 00:26:42,635
living in smaller, single
villages or single,

705
00:26:42,635 --> 00:26:44,120
single ply house villages

706
00:26:44,120 --> 00:26:46,504
or smaller villages.

707
00:26:46,504 --> 00:26:49,070
The LA Times there,

708
00:26:49,070 --> 00:26:50,449
their place saving for

709
00:26:50,449 --> 00:26:52,219
peoples that live up,
up and down river.

710
00:26:52,219 --> 00:26:53,660
Or they are so
interrelated

711
00:26:53,660 --> 00:26:55,384
that there's really
no difference.

712
00:26:55,384 --> 00:26:59,089
There town then
would be different,

713
00:26:59,089 --> 00:27:00,950
a different instruction
that we had today.

714
00:27:00,950 --> 00:27:02,419
We think of towns,
people living in

715
00:27:02,419 --> 00:27:04,804
a town or a city.

716
00:27:04,804 --> 00:27:06,409
Like you live in one city.

717
00:27:06,409 --> 00:27:07,910
Well, they lived their

718
00:27:07,910 --> 00:27:10,819
city complex would've
been this whole area,

719
00:27:10,819 --> 00:27:13,144
the Columbia
throughout the year.

720
00:27:13,144 --> 00:27:15,139
I think it's closer
to what we think of

721
00:27:15,139 --> 00:27:16,909
the Snowbird
say people move

722
00:27:16,909 --> 00:27:19,519
down south for the winter

723
00:27:19,519 --> 00:27:21,200
and then we back up
north for the summer.

724
00:27:21,200 --> 00:27:23,179
Well, there do
the same thing.

725
00:27:23,179 --> 00:27:24,859
They in the
summertime they

726
00:27:24,859 --> 00:27:26,960
live up on the up on

727
00:27:26,960 --> 00:27:30,859
that cascades area and
the wintertime they go

728
00:27:30,859 --> 00:27:32,449
down to the Portland area

729
00:27:32,449 --> 00:27:33,890
for a couple
of reasons for

730
00:27:33,890 --> 00:27:35,029
not just for Washoe,

731
00:27:35,029 --> 00:27:37,639
but for also because
I don't know

732
00:27:37,639 --> 00:27:38,810
if you've ever
traveled through

733
00:27:38,810 --> 00:27:40,309
the gorge and
the wintertime,

734
00:27:40,309 --> 00:27:42,740
but it's kinda cold and
windy and can be very

735
00:27:42,740 --> 00:27:45,649
snowy and frozen
over at times.

736
00:27:45,649 --> 00:27:48,214
So people are moving
either for the weather,

737
00:27:48,214 --> 00:27:50,179
I mean, as much as the,

738
00:27:50,179 --> 00:27:51,440
as the WAP two.

739
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:52,880
So there's there's

740
00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:54,410
many reasons why
you moved to

741
00:27:54,410 --> 00:27:55,939
a nice Here's sort of

742
00:27:55,939 --> 00:27:57,845
warmer, more
moderate area.

743
00:27:57,845 --> 00:27:59,969
In the wintertime.

744
00:28:00,940 --> 00:28:04,520
In detail, we see WAP to

745
00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:07,910
access just around
blue lake here.

746
00:28:07,910 --> 00:28:11,089
Here's the blue lake
complex right here.

747
00:28:11,089 --> 00:28:12,910
You see down here
on the south,

748
00:28:12,910 --> 00:28:15,245
south shore with
these two kind of

749
00:28:15,245 --> 00:28:18,709
long lakes with a
sinner section here.

750
00:28:18,709 --> 00:28:22,279
There was that not notch

751
00:28:22,279 --> 00:28:25,355
E coli village right here,

752
00:28:25,355 --> 00:28:28,505
kinda to the West

753
00:28:28,505 --> 00:28:32,389
and in closer to the
shore of these lakes.

754
00:28:32,389 --> 00:28:34,895
What's called the
Blue Lake peoples.

755
00:28:34,895 --> 00:28:39,320
And then all of these
low lying marshes,

756
00:28:39,320 --> 00:28:41,735
ponds would have been

757
00:28:41,735 --> 00:28:44,750
perfect areas for Wapta,

758
00:28:44,750 --> 00:28:48,499
any place where there's
a shallow area.

759
00:28:48,499 --> 00:28:53,120
These, these sort of
like low creek here.

760
00:28:53,120 --> 00:28:57,050
He's, he's pons and
medulla of the islands.

761
00:28:57,050 --> 00:28:59,330
Would have been all
WAP to territory.

762
00:28:59,330 --> 00:29:01,055
And so you would have had

763
00:29:01,055 --> 00:29:02,900
not just walk TO but

764
00:29:02,900 --> 00:29:04,624
the records talk about

765
00:29:04,624 --> 00:29:06,860
it was actually pretty
good sturgeon fishing.

766
00:29:06,860 --> 00:29:09,199
So the same environment

767
00:29:09,199 --> 00:29:11,885
that had lots of Wapta
would have surgeon.

768
00:29:11,885 --> 00:29:14,179
They would also later
on have smelt in

769
00:29:14,179 --> 00:29:15,920
this area that

770
00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:17,749
we're they would
come up the sand.

771
00:29:17,749 --> 00:29:19,130
You're over here
on the side,

772
00:29:19,130 --> 00:29:20,449
on the right side here,

773
00:29:20,449 --> 00:29:22,039
and spawn the sandy.

774
00:29:22,039 --> 00:29:23,149
And so they would access

775
00:29:23,149 --> 00:29:26,510
the smell later on
in the wintertime.

776
00:29:26,510 --> 00:29:29,360
And so there's a couple of

777
00:29:29,360 --> 00:29:30,410
really good
reasons to live

778
00:29:30,410 --> 00:29:31,580
in this area for awhile.

779
00:29:31,580 --> 00:29:34,760
In the wintertime.
The accounts,

780
00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:35,509
I'll just talk about

781
00:29:35,509 --> 00:29:37,009
them having small canoes.

782
00:29:37,009 --> 00:29:39,079
And so these are the
drawings for Lewis and

783
00:29:39,079 --> 00:29:41,839
Clark of the really small,

784
00:29:41,839 --> 00:29:43,910
what I call Wapta canoes,

785
00:29:43,910 --> 00:29:45,409
that are specifically made

786
00:29:45,409 --> 00:29:46,790
for one person to operate,

787
00:29:46,790 --> 00:29:48,649
using one woman
to operate,

788
00:29:48,649 --> 00:29:50,240
where she would go out by

789
00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:51,800
herself and these
canoes and music

790
00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:53,299
news is kind of a
gathering point

791
00:29:53,299 --> 00:29:55,175
for the WAP TO themselves.

792
00:29:55,175 --> 00:29:56,749
So they would gather him

793
00:29:56,749 --> 00:29:59,149
off the bottom of these,

794
00:29:59,149 --> 00:30:02,135
these bulbs at the
bottom of these marshes.

795
00:30:02,135 --> 00:30:05,240
You Swales into the canoes

796
00:30:05,240 --> 00:30:06,349
and then take them
to the villages

797
00:30:06,349 --> 00:30:07,519
to process them and stuff.

798
00:30:07,519 --> 00:30:12,995
So That's pretty
much the pattern.

799
00:30:12,995 --> 00:30:15,170
And so we see this

800
00:30:15,170 --> 00:30:16,925
huge interaction
area again,

801
00:30:16,925 --> 00:30:19,880
all the way up
to Savvy island,

802
00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:21,440
all the way down
to Columbia.

803
00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:24,259
And we see there were
trail systems up and

804
00:30:24,259 --> 00:30:25,790
down at Columbia as well

805
00:30:25,790 --> 00:30:27,635
as you can use as well.

806
00:30:27,635 --> 00:30:30,079
But people would travel
up and down all over

807
00:30:30,079 --> 00:30:31,490
the place in

808
00:30:31,490 --> 00:30:35,100
this network of
interconnectedness.

809
00:30:36,790 --> 00:30:39,139
And here's all
the meat foods

810
00:30:39,139 --> 00:30:40,055
that we're talking about.

811
00:30:40,055 --> 00:30:40,775
Here.

812
00:30:40,775 --> 00:30:42,590
We have Wapta,
these little,

813
00:30:42,590 --> 00:30:46,040
these bulbs that you
can actually, you know,

814
00:30:46,040 --> 00:30:49,069
if you don't regard
Harrison myself nowadays,

815
00:30:49,069 --> 00:30:50,539
you can actually
find them.

816
00:30:50,539 --> 00:30:52,069
I found them recently in

817
00:30:52,069 --> 00:30:55,879
a Chinese food store
that had vegetable.

818
00:30:55,879 --> 00:30:58,310
So you can actually
buy them in these,

819
00:30:58,310 --> 00:31:00,380
in these stores at times.

820
00:31:00,380 --> 00:31:02,510
They call air route
plants because

821
00:31:02,510 --> 00:31:04,685
they had these early
for error plant,

822
00:31:04,685 --> 00:31:06,545
arrow leaf right here,

823
00:31:06,545 --> 00:31:08,779
kind of indicative
of this area.

824
00:31:08,779 --> 00:31:10,999
Here's your
sturgeon, which is a

825
00:31:10,999 --> 00:31:13,819
very large, very
tasty fish.

826
00:31:13,819 --> 00:31:16,519
Sturgeon can, in
a largest farm,

827
00:31:16,519 --> 00:31:18,950
can feed a village
for a week or so.

828
00:31:18,950 --> 00:31:21,139
And then the
very small smelt

829
00:31:21,139 --> 00:31:22,789
which are actually
coming in right now,

830
00:31:22,789 --> 00:31:24,589
I think that there's
a run on the,

831
00:31:24,589 --> 00:31:27,454
on the on the tablets
at this point.

832
00:31:27,454 --> 00:31:30,499
I've heard of people
going up there just days

833
00:31:30,499 --> 00:31:34,924
ago and gathering smell
by the bucket full.

834
00:31:34,924 --> 00:31:36,889
If there's a limit
of a bucket,

835
00:31:36,889 --> 00:31:38,840
a person or something up

836
00:31:38,840 --> 00:31:40,850
on the callous and
I would bet that

837
00:31:40,850 --> 00:31:42,079
there's probably a run

838
00:31:42,079 --> 00:31:43,070
are going to
be around rare

839
00:31:43,070 --> 00:31:45,770
very soon on on
the sandy as well.

840
00:31:45,770 --> 00:31:46,609
I know there's
a big run on

841
00:31:46,609 --> 00:31:48,364
the sandy are
usually every year.

842
00:31:48,364 --> 00:31:50,149
So these are the
maid foods for

843
00:31:50,149 --> 00:31:51,799
this area for
this time period.

844
00:31:51,799 --> 00:31:54,020
And this is exactly
we're actually right

845
00:31:54,020 --> 00:31:55,429
in time period for
one of these foods,

846
00:31:55,429 --> 00:31:56,240
the smell right now.

847
00:31:56,240 --> 00:32:02,374
So back to some
history elements.

848
00:32:02,374 --> 00:32:04,640
So we look at some of

849
00:32:04,640 --> 00:32:07,610
the traditional culture,
the way things were.

850
00:32:07,610 --> 00:32:09,620
Now things begin
to change by

851
00:32:09,620 --> 00:32:11,629
830 is we see
the fur trade,

852
00:32:11,629 --> 00:32:14,780
the area for
traders bring in.

853
00:32:14,780 --> 00:32:16,940
Malaria that's
picked up by

854
00:32:16,940 --> 00:32:18,530
Anopheles
mosquitoes and they

855
00:32:18,530 --> 00:32:20,674
begin spreading it around.

856
00:32:20,674 --> 00:32:25,999
Which causes between
8597% death rate

857
00:32:25,999 --> 00:32:28,070
in some, many tribes.

858
00:32:28,070 --> 00:32:31,940
Which means baby
between 10 percent

859
00:32:31,940 --> 00:32:36,500
and 3% of the people
survive the malaria.

860
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:38,779
This causes this
constriction of

861
00:32:38,779 --> 00:32:40,490
villages in the area

862
00:32:40,490 --> 00:32:42,469
so that in ten years

863
00:32:42,469 --> 00:32:44,405
there are less people alo,

864
00:32:44,405 --> 00:32:46,220
altogether in the area.

865
00:32:46,220 --> 00:32:48,799
And they're now in
a small number of

866
00:32:48,799 --> 00:32:49,939
villages where there had

867
00:32:49,939 --> 00:32:51,965
been ten villages
previously.

868
00:32:51,965 --> 00:32:53,480
They all constrict down to

869
00:32:53,480 --> 00:32:55,520
one village in each area.

870
00:32:55,520 --> 00:32:58,160
And so this allows,

871
00:32:58,160 --> 00:33:00,510
but to the land to
look like it's,

872
00:33:00,510 --> 00:33:03,559
it's free of any kind
of like cavitation.

873
00:33:03,559 --> 00:33:05,449
And it looks like
it's available and we

874
00:33:05,449 --> 00:33:08,644
see early settlers
in the area.

875
00:33:08,644 --> 00:33:10,730
Some of sellers
were for traders,

876
00:33:10,730 --> 00:33:11,870
but some of the
early settlers,

877
00:33:11,870 --> 00:33:13,339
like, you know, the

878
00:33:13,339 --> 00:33:15,184
Methodist and
Allow Valley.

879
00:33:15,184 --> 00:33:17,989
Jason Lee and
his people go

880
00:33:17,989 --> 00:33:21,349
talk about in letters
and in presentations.

881
00:33:21,349 --> 00:33:25,085
A nice how, how much
free land there was.

882
00:33:25,085 --> 00:33:28,670
There was four just
taking by anybody

883
00:33:28,670 --> 00:33:31,129
because there they
came in right

884
00:33:31,129 --> 00:33:32,599
at the end of the malaria,

885
00:33:32,599 --> 00:33:34,039
this huge epidemic.

886
00:33:34,039 --> 00:33:36,305
And yet there
was no people,

887
00:33:36,305 --> 00:33:37,369
there's few people on land

888
00:33:37,369 --> 00:33:38,584
anymore because
most of the men

889
00:33:38,584 --> 00:33:41,284
died off by malaria
or other diseases.

890
00:33:41,284 --> 00:33:43,040
And so we also

891
00:33:43,040 --> 00:33:44,870
see people like to
click it had calyces

892
00:33:44,870 --> 00:33:46,010
come down from the North

893
00:33:46,010 --> 00:33:46,820
and begin taking over

894
00:33:46,820 --> 00:33:49,220
areas of the Columbia
coming into the valley,

895
00:33:49,220 --> 00:33:50,750
selling sometimes

896
00:33:50,750 --> 00:33:53,129
a family groups
in the valley.

897
00:33:53,740 --> 00:33:56,300
So the plants Hebrew data,

898
00:33:56,300 --> 00:33:57,604
pure luck was a park-like,

899
00:33:57,604 --> 00:34:00,769
was ready for
people to come in

900
00:34:00,769 --> 00:34:02,630
and sort of settle
in and take

901
00:34:02,630 --> 00:34:04,969
advantage of it at the
time they wanted to.

902
00:34:04,969 --> 00:34:07,399
And that's because
Californians and

903
00:34:07,399 --> 00:34:09,889
other peoples
had been setting

904
00:34:09,889 --> 00:34:11,299
fire to land and
preparing it

905
00:34:11,299 --> 00:34:13,009
for their own sort of

906
00:34:13,009 --> 00:34:14,914
wild cultivation of foods

907
00:34:14,914 --> 00:34:17,525
for thousands of years.

908
00:34:17,525 --> 00:34:20,639
So they had previously
pair the whole thing.

909
00:34:21,910 --> 00:34:25,009
Okay, so moving on.

910
00:34:25,009 --> 00:34:26,840
When first
settlers came into

911
00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:29,780
the area near people
were very helpful.

912
00:34:29,780 --> 00:34:33,665
They actually signed on
to do labor for them.

913
00:34:33,665 --> 00:34:35,450
Sometimes they would
make, you know,

914
00:34:35,450 --> 00:34:38,180
fence posts or
for fin staves.

915
00:34:38,180 --> 00:34:41,270
Rails was pretty common.

916
00:34:41,270 --> 00:34:43,280
They would learn how to do

917
00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:44,179
agriculture

918
00:34:44,179 --> 00:34:45,410
and animal husbandry
because there

919
00:34:45,410 --> 00:34:47,959
was no animal
domestication besides

920
00:34:47,959 --> 00:34:51,125
dogs in the area.
Previously.

921
00:34:51,125 --> 00:34:53,930
And mean, they
had some horses,

922
00:34:53,930 --> 00:34:55,580
but they really
know things

923
00:34:55,580 --> 00:34:57,079
like cattle,
sheep and things.

924
00:34:57,079 --> 00:34:59,584
And so in pigs.

925
00:34:59,584 --> 00:35:04,909
So many native he'll
began enjoying learning

926
00:35:04,909 --> 00:35:07,490
these new things
because with

927
00:35:07,490 --> 00:35:10,189
their labor came
new products.

928
00:35:10,189 --> 00:35:12,230
They got metals
and fabrics and

929
00:35:12,230 --> 00:35:14,809
beads and you sort
of wealth items

930
00:35:14,809 --> 00:35:16,969
that were at some level

931
00:35:16,969 --> 00:35:19,100
better than what they
had and they can

932
00:35:19,100 --> 00:35:22,625
make themselves and were

933
00:35:22,625 --> 00:35:24,440
more interesting
that we're

934
00:35:24,440 --> 00:35:26,180
step up in terms
of technology.

935
00:35:26,180 --> 00:35:29,689
And so they began
to acquire these,

936
00:35:29,689 --> 00:35:30,739
these things began to

937
00:35:30,739 --> 00:35:34,490
acquire, change
their lifestyle.

938
00:35:34,490 --> 00:35:36,770
So they were more like

939
00:35:36,770 --> 00:35:38,809
the Europeans
began to sort

940
00:35:38,809 --> 00:35:42,330
of have a cultural
change happening.

941
00:35:43,240 --> 00:35:45,830
But they didn't know

942
00:35:45,830 --> 00:35:48,259
how many sellers
account by IIT,

943
00:35:48,259 --> 00:35:51,079
by the 144 and
the Oregon Trail,

944
00:35:51,079 --> 00:35:53,239
we see tens of
thousands of

945
00:35:53,239 --> 00:35:54,920
white Americans
coming over

946
00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:56,840
the trail and
selling the value,

947
00:35:56,840 --> 00:35:58,400
taking any plot of
land they wanted,

948
00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:00,560
including land
that was already

949
00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:03,245
previously occupied
by native villages.

950
00:36:03,245 --> 00:36:05,360
So the numeric is in

951
00:36:05,360 --> 00:36:07,625
care that David
were here first.

952
00:36:07,625 --> 00:36:09,485
And these took
whatever they wanted,

953
00:36:09,485 --> 00:36:11,449
regardless of the fact
that there is never

954
00:36:11,449 --> 00:36:13,339
a treaty that had
been signed yet.

955
00:36:13,339 --> 00:36:16,069
There is no passage
of, of a land title.

956
00:36:16,069 --> 00:36:17,540
There is no understanding

957
00:36:17,540 --> 00:36:18,964
on the part of the
United States,

958
00:36:18,964 --> 00:36:21,139
but they own the
land at all yet.

959
00:36:21,139 --> 00:36:23,480
And so the settlers

960
00:36:23,480 --> 00:36:25,429
began taking E
Then they wanted,

961
00:36:25,429 --> 00:36:27,005
at first again,

962
00:36:27,005 --> 00:36:28,069
the tribes were okay

963
00:36:28,069 --> 00:36:28,849
with this because
they got,

964
00:36:28,849 --> 00:36:29,900
they got submit
if it, they

965
00:36:29,900 --> 00:36:32,809
saw wealth coming out
that arrangement.

966
00:36:32,809 --> 00:36:34,669
But later on they

967
00:36:34,669 --> 00:36:35,539
realized that there were

968
00:36:35,539 --> 00:36:36,979
so many Americans had

969
00:36:36,979 --> 00:36:39,439
come that they lost
all their land

970
00:36:39,439 --> 00:36:40,954
and the sell it
at some point

971
00:36:40,954 --> 00:36:42,574
or they will
lose everything.

972
00:36:42,574 --> 00:36:45,484
That, that movement also

973
00:36:45,484 --> 00:36:47,179
made huge change
the landscape,

974
00:36:47,179 --> 00:36:49,265
which we'll discuss
in a few minutes.

975
00:36:49,265 --> 00:36:54,050
But, but one aspect

976
00:36:54,050 --> 00:36:56,150
that's really important
is, you know,

977
00:36:56,150 --> 00:36:59,240
the native people were
not US citizens or

978
00:36:59,240 --> 00:37:02,029
not sued us isn't so
crimes created on,

979
00:37:02,029 --> 00:37:03,319
on them or never

980
00:37:03,319 --> 00:37:06,260
prosecuted normally
never prosecuted all.

981
00:37:06,260 --> 00:37:08,059
They would, but they would

982
00:37:08,059 --> 00:37:09,650
be heavily prosecuted and

983
00:37:09,650 --> 00:37:11,989
actually pay the
ultimate price for

984
00:37:11,989 --> 00:37:13,279
any kind of crime they

985
00:37:13,279 --> 00:37:14,570
committed on the
white people.

986
00:37:14,570 --> 00:37:17,419
So there's lots
of inequities in

987
00:37:17,419 --> 00:37:20,210
this period that cause

988
00:37:20,210 --> 00:37:22,535
really needed he will
lose everything.

989
00:37:22,535 --> 00:37:25,230
If not for treaties.

990
00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:28,535
Cia and motifs hierarchy.

991
00:37:28,535 --> 00:37:31,790
Okay, So here, so here's
the seven treaties

992
00:37:31,790 --> 00:37:34,940
that were ratified
from 1853 to five.

993
00:37:34,940 --> 00:37:37,949
Sorry, the picture is
not that great, but.

994
00:37:38,550 --> 00:37:41,470
But the one that really
concerns us up here,

995
00:37:41,470 --> 00:37:43,779
the north is the
CALP we et cetera,

996
00:37:43,779 --> 00:37:46,270
Treaty or the
valid tree 805,

997
00:37:46,270 --> 00:37:48,010
which occlude all
the Californians

998
00:37:48,010 --> 00:37:48,819
as well as people on

999
00:37:48,819 --> 00:37:51,159
the load on the
Milton UK area.

1000
00:37:51,159 --> 00:37:53,874
This, these people,
these cascades,

1001
00:37:53,874 --> 00:37:56,259
Noma and clock on

1002
00:37:56,259 --> 00:37:57,280
this peoples in the

1003
00:37:57,280 --> 00:37:58,479
Portland based
at all sign on

1004
00:37:58,479 --> 00:38:01,060
to that lab value
treaty and sign over

1005
00:38:01,060 --> 00:38:04,059
their land by March third,

1006
00:38:04,059 --> 00:38:06,279
de-identify it was
ratified in they

1007
00:38:06,279 --> 00:38:08,410
began being moved on to in

1008
00:38:08,410 --> 00:38:11,049
cabinets to for

1009
00:38:11,049 --> 00:38:15,219
the later movement
onto reservations.

1010
00:38:15,219 --> 00:38:17,499
So removals refers to

1011
00:38:17,499 --> 00:38:21,400
these temporary
encampment in the valley.

1012
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:24,340
Setup our farmers plots.

1013
00:38:24,340 --> 00:38:26,724
Farmers were assigned
to be special agents.

1014
00:38:26,724 --> 00:38:28,479
And they were looked,
Oh, look over

1015
00:38:28,479 --> 00:38:32,510
our tribe of maybe
26 to 30 people.

1016
00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:34,330
Californians were

1017
00:38:34,330 --> 00:38:35,350
all throughout
the valley and

1018
00:38:35,350 --> 00:38:37,719
about 11 different
cabinets.

1019
00:38:37,719 --> 00:38:39,520
Chickens were set up on

1020
00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:42,160
a canvas along
the Columbia,

1021
00:38:42,160 --> 00:38:43,840
including one at Milton,

1022
00:38:43,840 --> 00:38:48,624
which is now I guess
closer to St. Helens.

1023
00:38:48,624 --> 00:38:53,050
At the Switzerland,
swiss learn.

1024
00:38:53,050 --> 00:38:55,314
Very.

1025
00:38:55,314 --> 00:38:58,299
John's Whistler
had a ferry,

1026
00:38:58,299 --> 00:39:00,939
which is kind of not
well known today.

1027
00:39:00,939 --> 00:39:04,080
But it was right at,
right by the airport.

1028
00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:07,279
And there were several
100 people move

1029
00:39:07,279 --> 00:39:10,069
there from Blue Lake
and the cascades,

1030
00:39:10,069 --> 00:39:11,209
that word that
stayed there for

1031
00:39:11,209 --> 00:39:12,769
several months before
the movie rand,

1032
00:39:12,769 --> 00:39:14,569
R-A-N-D. And then they

1033
00:39:14,569 --> 00:39:18,859
had other tribes at

1034
00:39:18,859 --> 00:39:21,005
Oregon City and
classmates.

1035
00:39:21,005 --> 00:39:24,094
So there were a
series of movements.

1036
00:39:24,094 --> 00:39:27,200
The movements were
basically two incumbents.

1037
00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:29,720
And then later on
to the sort of

1038
00:39:29,720 --> 00:39:33,470
movement centers
like Corvallis

1039
00:39:33,470 --> 00:39:37,110
or the spores fairy or.

1040
00:39:37,210 --> 00:39:41,450
And then movements
down in 1836

1041
00:39:41,450 --> 00:39:43,579
to on the trails

1042
00:39:43,579 --> 00:39:45,185
to the Grand Ron
reservation.

1043
00:39:45,185 --> 00:39:47,630
So the first people layer

1044
00:39:47,630 --> 00:39:50,134
you first were
the young qua,

1045
00:39:50,134 --> 00:39:53,225
Californians and Minoans
from the COI Valley.

1046
00:39:53,225 --> 00:39:54,680
Than there were movements

1047
00:39:54,680 --> 00:39:56,240
of the Table Rock peoples

1048
00:39:56,240 --> 00:39:59,329
down into Grand
Ron than late

1049
00:39:59,329 --> 00:40:00,860
and then the Californians

1050
00:40:00,860 --> 00:40:01,894
are being moved throughout

1051
00:40:01,894 --> 00:40:05,014
early 1836 to be

1052
00:40:05,014 --> 00:40:07,310
all removed to
the reservation

1053
00:40:07,310 --> 00:40:11,010
by April 6th, 1836.

1054
00:40:11,050 --> 00:40:14,029
And there were
successor of movements.

1055
00:40:14,029 --> 00:40:18,754
A people's up into
the 170 is as

1056
00:40:18,754 --> 00:40:19,879
more and more sort of

1057
00:40:19,879 --> 00:40:21,379
small tribes
ever hiding in

1058
00:40:21,379 --> 00:40:22,700
the hills were found

1059
00:40:22,700 --> 00:40:24,050
and moved to the
reservation.

1060
00:40:24,050 --> 00:40:26,540
So this is not, it

1061
00:40:26,540 --> 00:40:29,419
was not a done
deal by 1856.

1062
00:40:29,419 --> 00:40:31,850
Maybe almost 4
thousand Indians

1063
00:40:31,850 --> 00:40:33,575
are rooted in that year.

1064
00:40:33,575 --> 00:40:36,184
But there were,

1065
00:40:36,184 --> 00:40:37,790
is who sets of
movements down into

1066
00:40:37,790 --> 00:40:39,590
18 seventies and
even perhaps

1067
00:40:39,590 --> 00:40:42,810
1880 that he flew the
Taleb of peoples.

1068
00:40:44,020 --> 00:40:48,260
So like I said, you'll
de spores ferry at,

1069
00:40:48,260 --> 00:40:49,999
at Eugene serve as

1070
00:40:49,999 --> 00:40:51,844
a processing center for

1071
00:40:51,844 --> 00:40:53,795
the Southern Oregon
Californians.

1072
00:40:53,795 --> 00:40:55,610
They are all moved
up the river

1073
00:40:55,610 --> 00:40:58,639
to Corvallis where there

1074
00:40:58,639 --> 00:41:00,514
was little larger
encampment.

1075
00:41:00,514 --> 00:41:02,449
From there, they're
put on see boats

1076
00:41:02,449 --> 00:41:04,265
to Dayton.

1077
00:41:04,265 --> 00:41:06,349
And they stated
date and for

1078
00:41:06,349 --> 00:41:10,249
a couple days
while Joel Palmer,

1079
00:41:10,249 --> 00:41:12,724
who was Indian
agent, process them,

1080
00:41:12,724 --> 00:41:14,419
gave them a few meals,

1081
00:41:14,419 --> 00:41:15,650
put them on wagons and

1082
00:41:15,650 --> 00:41:16,784
send them to grand rod.

1083
00:41:16,784 --> 00:41:18,470
And that was
kinda the pattern

1084
00:41:18,470 --> 00:41:22,080
856 for all the tribes.

1085
00:41:22,870 --> 00:41:25,234
On the Columbia.

1086
00:41:25,234 --> 00:41:27,980
The bean protagonist in

1087
00:41:27,980 --> 00:41:29,975
the story is lot Whitcomb.

1088
00:41:29,975 --> 00:41:31,985
He was assigned to be

1089
00:41:31,985 --> 00:41:33,590
a special agent
on the Columbia

1090
00:41:33,590 --> 00:41:35,329
and he had steamboats

1091
00:41:35,329 --> 00:41:37,999
it has at his beck
and call because he

1092
00:41:37,999 --> 00:41:40,880
was he had a company
that made steamboats.

1093
00:41:40,880 --> 00:41:43,985
And so he moved up and
down the Columbia from

1094
00:41:43,985 --> 00:41:46,940
Astoria to Milton to

1095
00:41:46,940 --> 00:41:49,685
switch those ferry
to Oregon City.

1096
00:41:49,685 --> 00:41:53,464
Constantly checking
on the tribes,

1097
00:41:53,464 --> 00:41:55,610
taken supplies to them.

1098
00:41:55,610 --> 00:41:57,289
And then finally
we're moving them by

1099
00:41:57,289 --> 00:41:59,420
a steamboats to
Oregon City.

1100
00:41:59,420 --> 00:42:00,889
Where from there they took

1101
00:42:00,889 --> 00:42:02,240
another steamboat that

1102
00:42:02,240 --> 00:42:05,929
can eva to Dayton.

1103
00:42:05,929 --> 00:42:09,259
And so he was
the main person

1104
00:42:09,259 --> 00:42:11,060
up at the Columbia
organizing

1105
00:42:11,060 --> 00:42:13,560
this with a couple
other partners.

1106
00:42:14,230 --> 00:42:16,370
So they also moved in

1107
00:42:16,370 --> 00:42:17,570
this air in this
time period,

1108
00:42:17,570 --> 00:42:20,060
the Classic and I,
people who were

1109
00:42:20,060 --> 00:42:23,315
at the Milton village too.

1110
00:42:23,315 --> 00:42:31,709
So although after the
tries are removed,

1111
00:42:31,720 --> 00:42:35,210
and perhaps a
little bit before,

1112
00:42:35,210 --> 00:42:38,524
was a time of great
change in the valley.

1113
00:42:38,524 --> 00:42:41,480
Trial people be
in their culture

1114
00:42:41,480 --> 00:42:44,420
beyond being
discriminated against.

1115
00:42:44,420 --> 00:42:45,500
They were told
they could not

1116
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:48,199
do the things
they'd done before.

1117
00:42:48,199 --> 00:42:50,660
With area with wide
scale agriculture

1118
00:42:50,660 --> 00:42:52,820
destroyed much of
their prairie props,

1119
00:42:52,820 --> 00:42:53,899
the canvas,

1120
00:42:53,899 --> 00:42:55,219
and at the root crops

1121
00:42:55,219 --> 00:42:56,494
they would
normally gather.

1122
00:42:56,494 --> 00:42:59,104
The wild meats they
would normally gather.

1123
00:42:59,104 --> 00:43:00,949
They know are,
could do that

1124
00:43:00,949 --> 00:43:02,359
because the land
was taken over.

1125
00:43:02,359 --> 00:43:04,654
And then if instant
by farmers,

1126
00:43:04,654 --> 00:43:06,829
they also were discouraged

1127
00:43:06,829 --> 00:43:08,074
from setting
fire to Lee and

1128
00:43:08,074 --> 00:43:10,459
farmers are not like
them setting fire in

1129
00:43:10,459 --> 00:43:11,899
September because it would

1130
00:43:11,899 --> 00:43:13,129
burn probably their crops.

1131
00:43:13,129 --> 00:43:14,300
And so.

1132
00:43:14,300 --> 00:43:17,284
So that was changed
to, so we see this,

1133
00:43:17,284 --> 00:43:18,649
this what I call

1134
00:43:18,649 --> 00:43:20,869
a double
anthropogenic change.

1135
00:43:20,869 --> 00:43:22,879
So the land, not only

1136
00:43:22,879 --> 00:43:25,129
was the tribal
culture suppressed,

1137
00:43:25,129 --> 00:43:26,689
and that made
a huge change

1138
00:43:26,689 --> 00:43:28,460
the way the land
is being managed.

1139
00:43:28,460 --> 00:43:31,250
But settlers brought in
their own culture and

1140
00:43:31,250 --> 00:43:33,200
began their own philosophy

1141
00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:36,150
of Land Management and
began practicing that.

1142
00:43:37,060 --> 00:43:41,825
So this cause huge
changes to the land.

1143
00:43:41,825 --> 00:43:44,735
We start to see the
effects of this within,

1144
00:43:44,735 --> 00:43:46,949
within a decade or so.

1145
00:43:49,870 --> 00:43:53,900
We started to see
histories of cash.

1146
00:43:53,900 --> 00:43:56,809
Our fire begin
appearing in the 160s,

1147
00:43:56,809 --> 00:43:59,765
probably caused by
20 years earlier,

1148
00:43:59,765 --> 00:44:01,939
fires being suppressed
in their area.

1149
00:44:01,939 --> 00:44:05,359
And the buildup
of fuels build up

1150
00:44:05,359 --> 00:44:09,754
of just naughty
vegetation everywhere.

1151
00:44:09,754 --> 00:44:11,840
And when there was

1152
00:44:11,840 --> 00:44:13,639
a warming event and

1153
00:44:13,639 --> 00:44:16,745
a fire was set accidentally
or on purpose,

1154
00:44:16,745 --> 00:44:18,589
there would be
this catastrophic

1155
00:44:18,589 --> 00:44:19,639
burn them and through.

1156
00:44:19,639 --> 00:44:21,140
And so we really

1157
00:44:21,140 --> 00:44:23,869
start to see that
began in the 160s.

1158
00:44:23,869 --> 00:44:26,600
Tribes are really
struggling with loss

1159
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:29,105
of food and this
in the 18 fifties,

1160
00:44:29,105 --> 00:44:30,679
because like I mentioned,

1161
00:44:30,679 --> 00:44:33,739
the prairies you're
being sir, plowed under.

1162
00:44:33,739 --> 00:44:36,800
They are really kind

1163
00:44:36,800 --> 00:44:38,419
of struggling to
survive there Shull

1164
00:44:38,419 --> 00:44:40,145
way they could no longer

1165
00:44:40,145 --> 00:44:42,199
live off the wild
foods they could,

1166
00:44:42,199 --> 00:44:43,460
they could gather or

1167
00:44:43,460 --> 00:44:45,605
wherever they could
find really anymore.

1168
00:44:45,605 --> 00:44:47,329
They had to sort
of switch to

1169
00:44:47,329 --> 00:44:48,860
European foods as
best they could.

1170
00:44:48,860 --> 00:44:51,740
They were not Europeans
or Americans.

1171
00:44:51,740 --> 00:44:53,120
They could not own land

1172
00:44:53,120 --> 00:44:55,819
according to US land
policy at the time.

1173
00:44:55,819 --> 00:44:58,850
So before I moved
to reservations,

1174
00:44:58,850 --> 00:45:00,245
they were kind
of starving.

1175
00:45:00,245 --> 00:45:03,409
They were very
dependent on

1176
00:45:03,409 --> 00:45:06,680
settlers for work when
sellers had no work.

1177
00:45:06,680 --> 00:45:08,554
Where do they live,
where they do?

1178
00:45:08,554 --> 00:45:11,164
We see histories in

1179
00:45:11,164 --> 00:45:14,370
Lin County area of people,

1180
00:45:14,500 --> 00:45:18,350
people going up to
Commerce asking for food,

1181
00:45:18,350 --> 00:45:20,045
you know, begging
for food.

1182
00:45:20,045 --> 00:45:21,499
And normally they'd be

1183
00:45:21,499 --> 00:45:23,660
refused because settlers
at that time did

1184
00:45:23,660 --> 00:45:27,410
not perceive a native
people as being equals.

1185
00:45:27,410 --> 00:45:28,909
They saw them as lesser,

1186
00:45:28,909 --> 00:45:31,145
kind of a racialized
lesser peoples

1187
00:45:31,145 --> 00:45:32,794
like savages.

1188
00:45:32,794 --> 00:45:36,334
So nasal began
stealing food.

1189
00:45:36,334 --> 00:45:39,289
They began taking what
they could to survive

1190
00:45:39,289 --> 00:45:41,749
because a couple of

1191
00:45:41,749 --> 00:45:43,040
things because
they thought

1192
00:45:43,040 --> 00:45:44,209
the sellers owed them,

1193
00:45:44,209 --> 00:45:45,620
they had taken
all their land.

1194
00:45:45,620 --> 00:45:46,940
They'd been there first.

1195
00:45:46,940 --> 00:45:48,484
And because
they're starving,

1196
00:45:48,484 --> 00:45:49,969
people that are starving,

1197
00:45:49,969 --> 00:45:52,339
you're going to eventually
turn to some sort

1198
00:45:52,339 --> 00:45:55,369
of illegal
activity, survive.

1199
00:45:55,369 --> 00:45:57,499
So I think we

1200
00:45:57,499 --> 00:45:58,549
witness that today and

1201
00:45:58,549 --> 00:46:00,215
a lot of homeless
people say they,

1202
00:46:00,215 --> 00:46:01,869
they don't have
any resources that

1203
00:46:01,869 --> 00:46:04,400
they begin to steal.

1204
00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:07,050
And that's how
they survive.

1205
00:46:07,660 --> 00:46:10,640
But there's lots of
sort of huge changes

1206
00:46:10,640 --> 00:46:12,320
that are happening
this time period.

1207
00:46:12,320 --> 00:46:15,260
And that's why we
hear about vagrants,

1208
00:46:15,260 --> 00:46:16,310
about native people being

1209
00:46:16,310 --> 00:46:17,870
nuisances the valley

1210
00:46:17,870 --> 00:46:23,104
and then the sellers not
liking them anymore.

1211
00:46:23,104 --> 00:46:25,520
And here's a
picture of some

1212
00:46:25,520 --> 00:46:27,409
of these
nutritional foods.

1213
00:46:27,409 --> 00:46:29,014
We can talk more
about that.

1214
00:46:29,014 --> 00:46:32,419
How these foods
imposing this mono

1215
00:46:32,419 --> 00:46:34,430
cropping system
on the area,

1216
00:46:34,430 --> 00:46:36,604
changed everything
forever.

1217
00:46:36,604 --> 00:46:39,589
Really kind of destroyed
whole ecosystems.

1218
00:46:39,589 --> 00:46:42,110
Plants and animals
and insects

1219
00:46:42,110 --> 00:46:43,009
and birds and everything

1220
00:46:43,009 --> 00:46:44,345
that lived on the area.

1221
00:46:44,345 --> 00:46:46,955
Imposing a mono cropped

1222
00:46:46,955 --> 00:46:50,270
food system that does not,

1223
00:46:50,270 --> 00:46:52,639
that does not
like the past

1224
00:46:52,639 --> 00:46:55,205
is not like the insects
does not like birds,

1225
00:46:55,205 --> 00:46:59,420
does not like while
predation of the foods.

1226
00:46:59,420 --> 00:47:04,159
It also cause
sellers didn't lot

1227
00:47:04,159 --> 00:47:06,950
like the fact that the
land was so wet and

1228
00:47:06,950 --> 00:47:10,770
they began making moves
to make it more arid.

1229
00:47:11,470 --> 00:47:14,584
So they'd be and
draining that

1230
00:47:14,584 --> 00:47:17,150
the farmers were
they settle,

1231
00:47:17,150 --> 00:47:19,670
they noticed
that they had,

1232
00:47:19,670 --> 00:47:22,879
these are seasonal
floods that came through

1233
00:47:22,879 --> 00:47:24,289
after rains and in

1234
00:47:24,289 --> 00:47:26,240
Oregon and we know
that it rains Ally.

1235
00:47:26,240 --> 00:47:29,329
And so the
growing season in

1236
00:47:29,329 --> 00:47:32,840
the valley is not
as long as it is,

1237
00:47:32,840 --> 00:47:34,340
maybe in California
and other places

1238
00:47:34,340 --> 00:47:36,304
that are better
for agriculture.

1239
00:47:36,304 --> 00:47:39,844
So what they did
is artificially

1240
00:47:39,844 --> 00:47:42,439
created canals and ditches

1241
00:47:42,439 --> 00:47:44,944
to drain off the land.

1242
00:47:44,944 --> 00:47:47,750
So the growing
season last longer.

1243
00:47:47,750 --> 00:47:49,189
They don't have
to worry so

1244
00:47:49,189 --> 00:47:50,870
much about
seasonal floods,

1245
00:47:50,870 --> 00:47:52,849
about Swales appearing
on the land,

1246
00:47:52,849 --> 00:47:54,559
about destroying
their crops.

1247
00:47:54,559 --> 00:47:56,000
They can actually last

1248
00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:57,439
longer the valley
and they can bring

1249
00:47:57,439 --> 00:47:58,760
in more crops like

1250
00:47:58,760 --> 00:48:01,100
corn and stuff
it that way.

1251
00:48:01,100 --> 00:48:04,039
But by destroying
these wetlands

1252
00:48:04,039 --> 00:48:06,679
that we see and maps and,

1253
00:48:06,679 --> 00:48:09,769
and in newspaper
accounts and,

1254
00:48:09,769 --> 00:48:12,755
and everywhere
in the valley.

1255
00:48:12,755 --> 00:48:15,110
You also are destroying

1256
00:48:15,110 --> 00:48:18,890
a whole ecosystem for
birds and insects,

1257
00:48:18,890 --> 00:48:22,819
and animals and fishes
and even people.

1258
00:48:22,819 --> 00:48:23,855
So the whole CALP, a

1259
00:48:23,855 --> 00:48:26,899
culture kind of
wood away with

1260
00:48:26,899 --> 00:48:29,734
the draining of
the whole valley

1261
00:48:29,734 --> 00:48:32,030
over a period
of a 100 years.

1262
00:48:32,030 --> 00:48:33,079
And this is really

1263
00:48:33,079 --> 00:48:34,640
kind of terraforming
activity.

1264
00:48:34,640 --> 00:48:36,680
You know, this
whole idea of

1265
00:48:36,680 --> 00:48:38,389
Creating a better
environment

1266
00:48:38,389 --> 00:48:40,700
for agriculture
really destroy

1267
00:48:40,700 --> 00:48:43,234
the environment for
native cultures

1268
00:48:43,234 --> 00:48:45,650
and a lot of wild
cultures the valley.

1269
00:48:45,650 --> 00:48:47,119
So here I've heard

1270
00:48:47,119 --> 00:48:48,620
today that like
the oak savannas

1271
00:48:48,620 --> 00:48:53,014
are less than 5% in some
areas of the valley,

1272
00:48:53,014 --> 00:48:54,649
are often less than 1% in

1273
00:48:54,649 --> 00:48:58,010
the whole valley of the
original landscape.

1274
00:48:58,010 --> 00:49:01,699
So this is significant

1275
00:49:01,699 --> 00:49:03,529
because we don't
have as much

1276
00:49:03,529 --> 00:49:06,710
while the original
landscape as,

1277
00:49:06,710 --> 00:49:08,899
as we as we used to

1278
00:49:08,899 --> 00:49:12,560
have at all in
nowhere near,

1279
00:49:12,560 --> 00:49:14,329
close to you
to a surviving

1280
00:49:14,329 --> 00:49:15,919
as ads own environments.

1281
00:49:15,919 --> 00:49:19,040
So, and there's
really no option for

1282
00:49:19,040 --> 00:49:20,119
native peoples in terms of

1283
00:49:20,119 --> 00:49:22,910
returning to
their culture.

1284
00:49:22,910 --> 00:49:24,470
If they have, that,

1285
00:49:24,470 --> 00:49:26,150
they don't have landscape
they can depend on

1286
00:49:26,150 --> 00:49:29,640
for the original foods.

1287
00:49:30,940 --> 00:49:34,070
Water also goes for
cookie out to the ocean.

1288
00:49:34,070 --> 00:49:38,584
Now, I don't know if
you guys are confused,

1289
00:49:38,584 --> 00:49:39,859
but I've been
confused over the

1290
00:49:39,859 --> 00:49:41,749
last couple of
decades when I

1291
00:49:41,749 --> 00:49:44,810
hear about, you know,

1292
00:49:44,810 --> 00:49:48,260
how there's droughts
and Oregon,

1293
00:49:48,260 --> 00:49:50,659
Well, we have
so much water

1294
00:49:50,659 --> 00:49:51,739
here, Schwartz rainfall.

1295
00:49:51,739 --> 00:49:53,794
How do we have
droughts and over yet?

1296
00:49:53,794 --> 00:49:56,149
Well, it's because I

1297
00:49:56,149 --> 00:49:58,054
didn't realize this
two ideas research

1298
00:49:58,054 --> 00:50:02,720
that over the period
of several decades,

1299
00:50:02,720 --> 00:50:04,475
early 20th century
they began to,

1300
00:50:04,475 --> 00:50:06,409
to create these
ditches and creeks

1301
00:50:06,409 --> 00:50:09,470
and and it's her
movements of

1302
00:50:09,470 --> 00:50:13,670
water out to rivers

1303
00:50:13,670 --> 00:50:15,514
and then out to
the ocean faster,

1304
00:50:15,514 --> 00:50:17,630
draining the whole
valley faster.

1305
00:50:17,630 --> 00:50:19,160
So water then didn't

1306
00:50:19,160 --> 00:50:20,360
stick around the
valley anymore.

1307
00:50:20,360 --> 00:50:22,609
It goes away, it goes
fast out to the ocean.

1308
00:50:22,609 --> 00:50:25,580
So we don't have
the reservoirs

1309
00:50:25,580 --> 00:50:26,915
and natural reservoirs,

1310
00:50:26,915 --> 00:50:28,100
the aquifers that we

1311
00:50:28,100 --> 00:50:29,419
used to have
in the valley.

1312
00:50:29,419 --> 00:50:31,189
So that, that
creates situation

1313
00:50:31,189 --> 00:50:33,769
where we do then
have droughts

1314
00:50:33,769 --> 00:50:36,829
because there are
tied years when

1315
00:50:36,829 --> 00:50:38,659
the less rainfall
falls and so there

1316
00:50:38,659 --> 00:50:41,449
is less water trapped.

1317
00:50:41,449 --> 00:50:43,399
You, sir, natural
Swales and swamps

1318
00:50:43,399 --> 00:50:46,320
and marshes that
we no longer have.

1319
00:50:47,770 --> 00:50:49,580
In 1856.

1320
00:50:49,580 --> 00:50:51,140
Like I said, the
cathode tries are

1321
00:50:51,140 --> 00:50:53,254
moved to the ground
running reservation.

1322
00:50:53,254 --> 00:50:55,234
Here's the first
set of planning

1323
00:50:55,234 --> 00:50:57,229
of where people are
going to be cited.

1324
00:50:57,229 --> 00:50:58,610
And on the reservation,

1325
00:50:58,610 --> 00:51:01,805
the Central Valley got
the Kalapuya, Ian's.

1326
00:51:01,805 --> 00:51:04,220
The south part of
the value over

1327
00:51:04,220 --> 00:51:06,139
here got Rogue River

1328
00:51:06,139 --> 00:51:09,710
and I've caught people's
blogs are over here,

1329
00:51:09,710 --> 00:51:11,570
so I don't know where

1330
00:51:11,570 --> 00:51:15,454
the clack and this
replaced necessarily,

1331
00:51:15,454 --> 00:51:18,240
but they were all
here as well.

1332
00:51:18,730 --> 00:51:21,440
We've actually
found recently

1333
00:51:21,440 --> 00:51:24,155
these records of
them being moved,

1334
00:51:24,155 --> 00:51:26,270
invoice records
via that and move

1335
00:51:26,270 --> 00:51:28,430
it to the Grand
Ron reservation.

1336
00:51:28,430 --> 00:51:30,260
So they were
probably placed

1337
00:51:30,260 --> 00:51:32,730
up here as well somewhere.

1338
00:51:33,730 --> 00:51:36,530
And and so this

1339
00:51:36,530 --> 00:51:38,630
is kind of the
arrangement that we had,

1340
00:51:38,630 --> 00:51:41,689
the Central Valley or
there was some farming,

1341
00:51:41,689 --> 00:51:44,510
but really the reservation

1342
00:51:44,510 --> 00:51:46,714
is not a great place
for agriculture.

1343
00:51:46,714 --> 00:51:50,015
It's got a lot of
clay in the soil.

1344
00:51:50,015 --> 00:51:53,089
And so they may
feel could not

1345
00:51:53,089 --> 00:51:56,450
subsist on their own
agriculture alone.

1346
00:51:56,450 --> 00:51:58,100
They had to bring in
food from outside.

1347
00:51:58,100 --> 00:51:58,970
They're forced
to prevent food

1348
00:51:58,970 --> 00:52:01,010
from outside to survive.

1349
00:52:01,010 --> 00:52:05,375
Reservation life is
very poor, very harsh.

1350
00:52:05,375 --> 00:52:07,549
There was a lot of
food resources brought

1351
00:52:07,549 --> 00:52:10,940
in it.

1352
00:52:10,940 --> 00:52:14,090
So that's the story.

1353
00:52:14,090 --> 00:52:15,619
I mean, he goes, I can go

1354
00:52:15,619 --> 00:52:17,585
on for days on this.

1355
00:52:17,585 --> 00:52:19,490
They were not given
the resources

1356
00:52:19,490 --> 00:52:20,659
from the federal
government.

1357
00:52:20,659 --> 00:52:22,939
They were not given food.

1358
00:52:22,939 --> 00:52:24,995
A lot of times they
starve to death.

1359
00:52:24,995 --> 00:52:26,779
We don't have
really good records

1360
00:52:26,779 --> 00:52:28,040
from that whole
time period,

1361
00:52:28,040 --> 00:52:30,529
but we do know that
people were dying

1362
00:52:30,529 --> 00:52:32,090
pretty easily on
the reservation

1363
00:52:32,090 --> 00:52:34,204
without when
you resources.

1364
00:52:34,204 --> 00:52:36,439
I think I'll
write the Eric's.

1365
00:52:36,439 --> 00:52:37,610
I think it's a little bit

1366
00:52:37,610 --> 00:52:39,244
of time for questions.

1367
00:52:39,244 --> 00:52:41,149
I know they have
a lot of material

1368
00:52:41,149 --> 00:52:43,924
and I don't always have
time to show it all.

1369
00:52:43,924 --> 00:52:46,670
So I'll stop my share.

1370
00:52:46,670 --> 00:52:48,769
So I think I answered some

1371
00:52:48,769 --> 00:52:51,065
of the questions I
was asked initially.

1372
00:52:51,065 --> 00:52:53,510
Thank you so much for

1373
00:52:53,510 --> 00:52:58,519
that really inspiring
glimpse into life.

1374
00:52:58,519 --> 00:53:04,745
Here. Over many
generations.

1375
00:53:04,745 --> 00:53:07,129
Unfortunately, we
don't have time for

1376
00:53:07,129 --> 00:53:10,010
questions because it
is time for a break.

1377
00:53:10,010 --> 00:53:10,835
Okay?

1378
00:53:10,835 --> 00:53:14,479
But can continue through

1379
00:53:14,479 --> 00:53:15,499
the chat to ask

1380
00:53:15,499 --> 00:53:17,120
questions and
answer questions.

1381
00:53:17,120 --> 00:53:18,649
That's one way to do that.

1382
00:53:18,649 --> 00:53:21,874
And so we are going
to take a break now,

1383
00:53:21,874 --> 00:53:23,464
the breakers until 1010,

1384
00:53:23,464 --> 00:53:27,364
but come back just
before 10, after 10.

1385
00:53:27,364 --> 00:53:29,420
For the last raffle,

1386
00:53:29,420 --> 00:53:33,319
we have three items
to raffle off,

1387
00:53:33,319 --> 00:53:35,060
so we will see

1388
00:53:35,060 --> 00:53:37,159
you very soon and

1389
00:53:37,159 --> 00:53:38,209
we're going to
take a break now.

1390
00:53:38,209 --> 00:53:39,949
Thank you again.
Dr. Lewis,

1391
00:53:39,949 --> 00:53:41,449
who really appreciate
your being here?

1392
00:53:41,449 --> 00:53:42,589
It was I thought triads,

1393
00:53:42,589 --> 00:53:43,970
depressions or nine year.

1394
00:53:43,970 --> 00:53:44,749
Thank you.

1395
00:53:44,749 --> 00:53:46,919
We really appreciate it.

1396
00:53:47,080 --> 00:53:49,399
Okay. So I'm
very excited to

1397
00:53:49,399 --> 00:53:50,840
get started our
next round of

1398
00:53:50,840 --> 00:53:52,070
oral presentations and

1399
00:53:52,070 --> 00:53:54,300
the climate and
ecosystem services.

1400
00:53:54,300 --> 00:53:56,110
Groupings. As before,
there will be

1401
00:53:56,110 --> 00:53:58,120
four talks, 10
minutes each,

1402
00:53:58,120 --> 00:54:00,009
followed by a
live question and

1403
00:54:00,009 --> 00:54:02,020
answer period with
all of the speakers.

1404
00:54:02,020 --> 00:54:03,354
And we'll get
about 10 minutes.

1405
00:54:03,354 --> 00:54:05,019
And as you know, put
the questions and

1406
00:54:05,019 --> 00:54:06,969
answers in the
Q&A function,

1407
00:54:06,969 --> 00:54:09,459
not the chat, and
you please include

1408
00:54:09,459 --> 00:54:10,960
the name of the
presenter so

1409
00:54:10,960 --> 00:54:12,865
we know who to ask
the question of.

1410
00:54:12,865 --> 00:54:14,499
And as you notice before,

1411
00:54:14,499 --> 00:54:15,970
probably you can promote

1412
00:54:15,970 --> 00:54:18,069
a question that's
already in there.

1413
00:54:18,069 --> 00:54:19,660
Just by liking it.

1414
00:54:19,660 --> 00:54:20,950
Alright, we're
going to kick

1415
00:54:20,950 --> 00:54:22,119
things off with gear UP,

1416
00:54:22,119 --> 00:54:23,260
NOT Garrett is a

1417
00:54:23,260 --> 00:54:25,119
post-doctoral
research scholar

1418
00:54:25,119 --> 00:54:27,985
at Washington State
University in Vancouver.

1419
00:54:27,985 --> 00:54:29,380
You will be presenting on

1420
00:54:29,380 --> 00:54:31,839
predicting urban air
temperatures using

1421
00:54:31,839 --> 00:54:33,099
land cover type and

1422
00:54:33,099 --> 00:54:34,585
satellite observations

1423
00:54:34,585 --> 00:54:36,339
of surface temperatures.

1424
00:54:36,339 --> 00:54:38,394
Hi, Garrett, your
tendon and starts.

1425
00:54:38,394 --> 00:54:47,680
Now. Everybody.

1426
00:54:47,680 --> 00:54:49,554
Thanks. Sure.
I have weeks.

1427
00:54:49,554 --> 00:54:52,555
After all local
talks yesterday,

1428
00:54:52,555 --> 00:54:54,519
I kinda wanted to
just show ten minutes

1429
00:54:54,519 --> 00:54:56,589
of birds have
my brush here.

1430
00:54:56,589 --> 00:54:57,850
But I guess, you know,

1431
00:54:57,850 --> 00:54:58,915
someone has to get

1432
00:54:58,915 --> 00:55:00,624
depressed and
climb the talk.

1433
00:55:00,624 --> 00:55:02,785
So let's dive right in.

1434
00:55:02,785 --> 00:55:04,809
So I think the
through line on

1435
00:55:04,809 --> 00:55:06,549
this talk is
really dealing

1436
00:55:06,549 --> 00:55:07,600
with the influence of

1437
00:55:07,600 --> 00:55:10,404
land cover on air
temperatures.

1438
00:55:10,404 --> 00:55:12,805
And maybe you've
thought about this,

1439
00:55:12,805 --> 00:55:15,534
put your foot
on paid summer

1440
00:55:15,534 --> 00:55:18,294
and immediately
jumps grass,

1441
00:55:18,294 --> 00:55:19,390
you know, but maybe you

1442
00:55:19,390 --> 00:55:20,920
thought less about how

1443
00:55:20,920 --> 00:55:22,480
the same companies
are actually

1444
00:55:22,480 --> 00:55:25,075
impacted, temperatures
above it.

1445
00:55:25,075 --> 00:55:27,475
It's just give
this context.

1446
00:55:27,475 --> 00:55:28,989
My wheelchair don't have

1447
00:55:28,989 --> 00:55:30,580
to go too far
back in history.

1448
00:55:30,580 --> 00:55:31,809
But let's look
at heat wave

1449
00:55:31,809 --> 00:55:33,009
of the summer where we

1450
00:55:33,009 --> 00:55:35,529
saw temperatures
the Northwest,

1451
00:55:35,529 --> 00:55:36,790
about 35 degrees

1452
00:55:36,790 --> 00:55:39,024
Fahrenheit higher
than normal.

1453
00:55:39,024 --> 00:55:40,479
And he said several

1454
00:55:40,479 --> 00:55:42,789
adverse human
environmental impacts.

1455
00:55:42,789 --> 00:55:45,639
For example, ER
visits to the Hebrew

1456
00:55:45,639 --> 00:55:47,560
up about 70 times

1457
00:55:47,560 --> 00:55:49,165
what they normally
would be.

1458
00:55:49,165 --> 00:55:51,070
And unfortunately,
this led

1459
00:55:51,070 --> 00:55:54,729
to many deaths and
the Washington,

1460
00:55:54,729 --> 00:55:56,575
Oregon area over 200.

1461
00:55:56,575 --> 00:55:59,395
If we look around per
length specifically,

1462
00:55:59,395 --> 00:56:01,210
We're at where the
deaths occurred.

1463
00:56:01,210 --> 00:56:03,039
We overlay this
with a heat map

1464
00:56:03,039 --> 00:56:04,885
where red is the
hotter areas,

1465
00:56:04,885 --> 00:56:07,719
see a lot of high areas
of where it happened.

1466
00:56:07,719 --> 00:56:10,719
And in fact,
about 50 percent

1467
00:56:10,719 --> 00:56:14,304
of those who perished
had no central AC.

1468
00:56:14,304 --> 00:56:16,224
So you know what's
going on here?

1469
00:56:16,224 --> 00:56:18,190
Well, the obvious one
is climate change.

1470
00:56:18,190 --> 00:56:23,484
Since 2005, the hottest
years on record.

1471
00:56:23,484 --> 00:56:25,870
And the second part
is that cities

1472
00:56:25,870 --> 00:56:27,954
tend to be hotter than
the surrounding areas.

1473
00:56:27,954 --> 00:56:30,669
In fact, up to about
10 degrees Fahrenheit.

1474
00:56:30,669 --> 00:56:32,799
And the bad
news is this is

1475
00:56:32,799 --> 00:56:34,660
probably going
to get worse due

1476
00:56:34,660 --> 00:56:38,679
to one urban intensification
where by 2050,

1477
00:56:38,679 --> 00:56:39,759
70 percent of

1478
00:56:39,759 --> 00:56:41,605
the world population
will be in cities,

1479
00:56:41,605 --> 00:56:44,005
closer to 90 percent us.

1480
00:56:44,005 --> 00:56:46,449
Into that we're
going to see

1481
00:56:46,449 --> 00:56:48,474
increased frequency
and length

1482
00:56:48,474 --> 00:56:51,790
of heat waves in the US.

1483
00:56:51,790 --> 00:56:55,135
So all this to
say is that it's

1484
00:56:55,135 --> 00:56:58,405
important for us to
measure air temperature.

1485
00:56:58,405 --> 00:57:00,114
That's what humid
environment

1486
00:57:00,114 --> 00:57:01,644
are experiencing.

1487
00:57:01,644 --> 00:57:03,339
In order to mitigate it.

1488
00:57:03,339 --> 00:57:05,050
The difficulty
comes in at Citi

1489
00:57:05,050 --> 00:57:08,140
specifically because
over a short distance,

1490
00:57:08,140 --> 00:57:10,780
you can have a pretty
significant change

1491
00:57:10,780 --> 00:57:12,264
what's on the ground.

1492
00:57:12,264 --> 00:57:13,885
So it's fairly
difficult to

1493
00:57:13,885 --> 00:57:16,345
capture with
sensor networks.

1494
00:57:16,345 --> 00:57:18,324
It's heartbeat
enough out there.

1495
00:57:18,324 --> 00:57:21,040
Whereas we could also
use remote sensing

1496
00:57:21,040 --> 00:57:23,800
or satellite data
to get spatial.

1497
00:57:23,800 --> 00:57:26,169
Which issue then is that

1498
00:57:26,169 --> 00:57:27,490
this data measures
what's on

1499
00:57:27,490 --> 00:57:29,875
the ground for
the surface,

1500
00:57:29,875 --> 00:57:32,079
which is little
less relevant to

1501
00:57:32,079 --> 00:57:34,330
human experience
in particular.

1502
00:57:34,330 --> 00:57:37,000
And so kind of the key
there is, you know,

1503
00:57:37,000 --> 00:57:39,385
how do we get

1504
00:57:39,385 --> 00:57:40,660
the spatial coverage

1505
00:57:40,660 --> 00:57:41,890
of the surface
temperature,

1506
00:57:41,890 --> 00:57:43,210
but more of the relevance

1507
00:57:43,210 --> 00:57:44,140
and the air temperatures

1508
00:57:44,140 --> 00:57:47,155
are synergistic way to
combine these data.

1509
00:57:47,155 --> 00:57:48,910
In the reason why we're

1510
00:57:48,910 --> 00:57:50,440
interested in
that, for example,

1511
00:57:50,440 --> 00:57:51,640
would be looking at heat

1512
00:57:51,640 --> 00:57:53,469
and equities. The city.

1513
00:57:53,469 --> 00:57:55,465
So we can see
here For Poilane,

1514
00:57:55,465 --> 00:57:57,129
wealthier areas tend to be

1515
00:57:57,129 --> 00:57:59,020
cooler, they're
more cleaner.

1516
00:57:59,020 --> 00:58:01,839
And he generally
it tends to impact

1517
00:58:01,839 --> 00:58:03,339
minoritized populations

1518
00:58:03,339 --> 00:58:05,560
more severely as well.

1519
00:58:05,560 --> 00:58:08,364
So all that to say,

1520
00:58:08,364 --> 00:58:09,970
is there a way we can take

1521
00:58:09,970 --> 00:58:12,999
this spatially
good coverage of

1522
00:58:12,999 --> 00:58:15,280
the surface air
temperatures

1523
00:58:15,280 --> 00:58:16,449
to 0 hours affecting

1524
00:58:16,449 --> 00:58:18,429
people and the
environment.

1525
00:58:18,429 --> 00:58:20,874
So generally the idea is,

1526
00:58:20,874 --> 00:58:22,780
you'd want to do this
simply because you only

1527
00:58:22,780 --> 00:58:23,950
have surface temperature,

1528
00:58:23,950 --> 00:58:25,819
even higher temperature.

1529
00:59:24,810 --> 00:59:26,634
Hi.

1530
00:59:26,634 --> 00:59:27,729
Okay.

1531
00:59:27,729 --> 00:59:28,509
It looks like we

1532
00:59:28,509 --> 00:59:29,830
had some technical
difficulties

1533
00:59:29,830 --> 00:59:31,390
there with Garrett and

1534
00:59:31,390 --> 00:59:33,729
we'll try and get him
back on the line.

1535
00:59:33,729 --> 00:59:37,615
Let's move on to
our next talk.

1536
00:59:37,615 --> 00:59:39,280
Sorry, Let me
just catch up.

1537
00:59:39,280 --> 00:59:42,189
We have let's see.

1538
00:59:42,189 --> 00:59:44,409
We have Amy Johnson
and Jacob Swanson,

1539
00:59:44,409 --> 00:59:45,580
both undergraduate
students in

1540
00:59:45,580 --> 00:59:47,349
the Environmental
Science Department at

1541
00:59:47,349 --> 00:59:49,000
Portland Community
College will

1542
00:59:49,000 --> 00:59:49,599
be having a talk

1543
00:59:49,599 --> 00:59:52,525
today titled quantifying
ecosystem services

1544
00:59:52,525 --> 00:59:54,879
using AI tree eco model

1545
00:59:54,879 --> 00:59:56,980
within urban
forests provides

1546
00:59:56,980 --> 00:59:59,635
educational opportunities
for students

1547
00:59:59,635 --> 01:00:00,940
to put you on
the spot here.

1548
01:00:00,940 --> 01:00:02,380
I know you thought we
had a few more minutes,

1549
01:00:02,380 --> 01:00:04,360
but give it a go.

1550
01:00:04,360 --> 01:00:05,380
Great.

1551
01:00:05,380 --> 01:00:05,845
Thank you.

1552
01:00:05,845 --> 01:00:08,839
Let me just share my
presentation here.

1553
01:00:10,050 --> 01:00:12,399
Thanks, and I'm really
looking forward

1554
01:00:12,399 --> 01:00:14,840
to the rest of
my presentation.

1555
01:00:19,350 --> 01:00:21,729
Well, ticket
gets the side.

1556
01:00:21,729 --> 01:00:23,094
Sorry, I'll just start

1557
01:00:23,094 --> 01:00:24,339
with little introduction.

1558
01:00:24,339 --> 01:00:25,839
My name is welcome.

1559
01:00:25,839 --> 01:00:27,309
My name is Amy Johnson and

1560
01:00:27,309 --> 01:00:28,839
Jacob Swanson
and I will be

1561
01:00:28,839 --> 01:00:32,410
presenting together
where both since at PCC,

1562
01:00:32,410 --> 01:00:33,654
Portland Community
College,

1563
01:00:33,654 --> 01:00:35,814
studying environmental
sciences that

1564
01:00:35,814 --> 01:00:37,869
introduce you
mentioned a professor

1565
01:00:37,869 --> 01:00:40,419
advanced Brennan joined
us as a coauthor.

1566
01:00:40,419 --> 01:00:43,750
This is quantifying
ecosystem services using

1567
01:00:43,750 --> 01:00:45,670
AI Chico model within

1568
01:00:45,670 --> 01:00:47,110
urban forest provides

1569
01:00:47,110 --> 01:00:49,464
educational opportunities
for students.

1570
01:00:49,464 --> 01:00:51,350
Next slide, please.

1571
01:00:53,130 --> 01:00:57,100
And 2021 fall
term students

1572
01:00:57,100 --> 01:00:59,454
in the applied environmental
studies course

1573
01:00:59,454 --> 01:01:01,705
conducted research
to quantify

1574
01:01:01,705 --> 01:01:03,790
the ecosystem
services provided by

1575
01:01:03,790 --> 01:01:06,099
the Urban for us
within the PCC,

1576
01:01:06,099 --> 01:01:08,544
Rock Creek Environmental
Studies Center.

1577
01:01:08,544 --> 01:01:10,000
This is done using

1578
01:01:10,000 --> 01:01:12,010
actually if a
model is commonly

1579
01:01:12,010 --> 01:01:13,840
used for Australia
analysis tool

1580
01:01:13,840 --> 01:01:16,194
created by the US
Forest Service.

1581
01:01:16,194 --> 01:01:18,040
This fulfilled
community-based

1582
01:01:18,040 --> 01:01:19,060
learning objectives

1583
01:01:19,060 --> 01:01:20,770
and obtain data
to be used by

1584
01:01:20,770 --> 01:01:23,620
PCC Sustainability Team
within their work for

1585
01:01:23,620 --> 01:01:26,485
the 2021 climate
action plan

1586
01:01:26,485 --> 01:01:29,155
as well as the Tree
Campus USA program.

1587
01:01:29,155 --> 01:01:31,250
Next slide please.

1588
01:01:32,190 --> 01:01:34,930
Kick. Environmental
Studies Center is

1589
01:01:34,930 --> 01:01:38,859
a 110 acre natural
area at the edge of

1590
01:01:38,859 --> 01:01:41,290
the urban growth
boundary that serves as

1591
01:01:41,290 --> 01:01:42,940
a living laboratory
facilitating

1592
01:01:42,940 --> 01:01:45,294
experiential learning
opportunities.

1593
01:01:45,294 --> 01:01:47,530
It's mosaic of
diverse habitats,

1594
01:01:47,530 --> 01:01:50,425
wetland, oak woodland
and coniferous forests.

1595
01:01:50,425 --> 01:01:52,720
Back kick serves as
a wildlife corridor

1596
01:01:52,720 --> 01:01:54,880
and the northern
border at the site.

1597
01:01:54,880 --> 01:01:58,509
In 2017, clean water
services, again,

1598
01:01:58,509 --> 01:02:00,385
the Rock Creek floodplain

1599
01:02:00,385 --> 01:02:02,230
enhancement project
on the site.

1600
01:02:02,230 --> 01:02:03,565
But the goals
of increasing

1601
01:02:03,565 --> 01:02:04,719
floodplain connectivity,

1602
01:02:04,719 --> 01:02:06,385
slowing and storing
more water,

1603
01:02:06,385 --> 01:02:09,250
improving water quality
and wildlife habitat.

1604
01:02:09,250 --> 01:02:10,645
The photo on the left

1605
01:02:10,645 --> 01:02:12,100
shows some of the
land clearing that

1606
01:02:12,100 --> 01:02:13,390
has occurred just beyond

1607
01:02:13,390 --> 01:02:15,204
the Rock Creek
Environmental city center,

1608
01:02:15,204 --> 01:02:16,990
the urban growth boundary.

1609
01:02:16,990 --> 01:02:18,880
The square root of
the aerial image

1610
01:02:18,880 --> 01:02:20,770
shows a portion of
land that was cleared

1611
01:02:20,770 --> 01:02:22,749
in the summer of 2021 to

1612
01:02:22,749 --> 01:02:23,769
build more housing for

1613
01:02:23,769 --> 01:02:24,865
the growing population.

1614
01:02:24,865 --> 01:02:25,810
And there are already

1615
01:02:25,810 --> 01:02:27,220
more housing developments

1616
01:02:27,220 --> 01:02:30,280
in this area that are
shown on the image.

1617
01:02:30,280 --> 01:02:32,079
During the land
clearing last summer

1618
01:02:32,079 --> 01:02:33,670
and much of the
riparian buffer

1619
01:02:33,670 --> 01:02:36,415
protecting the wetland
on campus was removed

1620
01:02:36,415 --> 01:02:37,960
as land was
cleared right to

1621
01:02:37,960 --> 01:02:40,239
the edge of PCCs property.

1622
01:02:40,239 --> 01:02:42,099
We recently
learned tower at

1623
01:02:42,099 --> 01:02:43,599
that clean water
service now

1624
01:02:43,599 --> 01:02:44,770
plans to replant

1625
01:02:44,770 --> 01:02:47,364
a vegetative buffer
on PCCs property.

1626
01:02:47,364 --> 01:02:51,879
Next, lactase
0, and we focus

1627
01:02:51,879 --> 01:02:53,770
specifically on the
forest has been

1628
01:02:53,770 --> 01:02:55,000
Rock Creek
Environmental Studies

1629
01:02:55,000 --> 01:02:56,305
Center for our study,

1630
01:02:56,305 --> 01:02:59,229
we conducted stratified
random sampling.

1631
01:02:59,229 --> 01:03:01,464
You can see our city
area on the right.

1632
01:03:01,464 --> 01:03:03,549
There are 54 a strata

1633
01:03:03,549 --> 01:03:06,115
that represent five
different communities,

1634
01:03:06,115 --> 01:03:08,665
including upland
coniferous forest,

1635
01:03:08,665 --> 01:03:10,854
oak woodland,
bottleneck forests.

1636
01:03:10,854 --> 01:03:12,655
In total, there were 33

1637
01:03:12,655 --> 01:03:15,069
for us it acres in
our study area,

1638
01:03:15,069 --> 01:03:17,544
we sampled 22 circular,

1639
01:03:17,544 --> 01:03:20,485
400 meter squared plots.

1640
01:03:20,485 --> 01:03:21,969
And you can see
some of our

1641
01:03:21,969 --> 01:03:24,054
classmates
gathering data and

1642
01:03:24,054 --> 01:03:26,319
we measured all choose
at the diameter

1643
01:03:26,319 --> 01:03:28,389
greater than two inches
in each thought.

1644
01:03:28,389 --> 01:03:30,700
Identify their
species code DBH

1645
01:03:30,700 --> 01:03:33,234
and estimated the
percent canopy dieback.

1646
01:03:33,234 --> 01:03:36,819
And total 651 trees
were measured.

1647
01:03:36,819 --> 01:03:38,199
This data as an input

1648
01:03:38,199 --> 01:03:39,790
and they actually
go model,

1649
01:03:39,790 --> 01:03:42,310
extrapolate our
data to estimate

1650
01:03:42,310 --> 01:03:44,680
the ecosystem
services provided

1651
01:03:44,680 --> 01:03:46,239
by our total study area.

1652
01:03:46,239 --> 01:03:49,179
I'll hand this
off to Jacob.

1653
01:03:49,179 --> 01:03:51,370
Great. Thank you, Amy.

1654
01:03:51,370 --> 01:03:53,530
Hi, my name is
Jay Swanson.

1655
01:03:53,530 --> 01:03:55,330
I'll be going
over our results.

1656
01:03:55,330 --> 01:03:57,160
So this graph shows
the estimated

1657
01:03:57,160 --> 01:03:58,900
gross carbon
sequestration in

1658
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:00,760
metric tons per year for

1659
01:04:00,760 --> 01:04:01,869
the species with
the greatest

1660
01:04:01,869 --> 01:04:03,340
carbon sequestration.

1661
01:04:03,340 --> 01:04:05,200
The estimated sample
size given by

1662
01:04:05,200 --> 01:04:06,819
the ICU eco model was

1663
01:04:06,819 --> 01:04:09,009
10 thousand to 120 trees.

1664
01:04:09,009 --> 01:04:10,629
We see here that
the species with

1665
01:04:10,629 --> 01:04:12,714
the greatest carbon
sequestration

1666
01:04:12,714 --> 01:04:13,989
is big leaf maple and

1667
01:04:13,989 --> 01:04:16,420
Douglas for these two
species account for

1668
01:04:16,420 --> 01:04:17,859
roughly 64 percent of

1669
01:04:17,859 --> 01:04:19,359
the carbon
sequestration that is

1670
01:04:19,359 --> 01:04:21,610
taking place within
this urban forests.

1671
01:04:21,610 --> 01:04:23,800
The total gross
carbon sequestration

1672
01:04:23,800 --> 01:04:25,150
for this study area is

1673
01:04:25,150 --> 01:04:26,500
estimated to be just over

1674
01:04:26,500 --> 01:04:29,479
48 metric tons per year.

1675
01:04:29,820 --> 01:04:32,169
This graph shows the total

1676
01:04:32,169 --> 01:04:33,549
estimated carbon
storage in

1677
01:04:33,549 --> 01:04:35,169
metric tons for
the species with

1678
01:04:35,169 --> 01:04:37,359
the greatest amount
of carbon storage.

1679
01:04:37,359 --> 01:04:38,979
The tonal carbon
storage for

1680
01:04:38,979 --> 01:04:40,600
our study area is
estimated to be

1681
01:04:40,600 --> 01:04:44,545
just over 1000963
metric tons

1682
01:04:44,545 --> 01:04:46,854
of the species sampled
Douglas first,

1683
01:04:46,854 --> 01:04:48,099
or is the most
carbon within

1684
01:04:48,099 --> 01:04:49,509
the forest out
approximately

1685
01:04:49,509 --> 01:04:52,495
49.1% of the total
carbon stored.

1686
01:04:52,495 --> 01:04:53,829
What I like
about this graph

1687
01:04:53,829 --> 01:04:54,850
in the previous graph,

1688
01:04:54,850 --> 01:04:56,199
as you can get a
generalized idea of

1689
01:04:56,199 --> 01:04:57,280
the forest structure in

1690
01:04:57,280 --> 01:04:59,080
the biodiversity
of the forest.

1691
01:04:59,080 --> 01:05:01,119
Yeah, Douglas fir
and big leaf maple

1692
01:05:01,119 --> 01:05:03,610
that Domini areas of
the forest canopy.

1693
01:05:03,610 --> 01:05:06,160
Sequestering the greatest
amount of carbon.

1694
01:05:06,160 --> 01:05:07,630
And we can also
get an idea of

1695
01:05:07,630 --> 01:05:09,369
the species living
in the understory or

1696
01:05:09,369 --> 01:05:10,540
species that are
less commonly

1697
01:05:10,540 --> 01:05:11,799
distributed throughout

1698
01:05:11,799 --> 01:05:13,600
the landscape and
therefore store

1699
01:05:13,600 --> 01:05:16,460
and sequester less carbon.

1700
01:05:16,710 --> 01:05:19,480
Now that we have some
estimates in mind,

1701
01:05:19,480 --> 01:05:22,090
let's put it all
into perspective.

1702
01:05:22,090 --> 01:05:23,859
The carbon
sequestration for

1703
01:05:23,859 --> 01:05:25,449
the Rock Creek Environmental
Studies Center

1704
01:05:25,449 --> 01:05:25,719
for

1705
01:05:25,719 --> 01:05:26,890
us is estimated to be

1706
01:05:26,890 --> 01:05:29,604
just over 48 metric
tons per year.

1707
01:05:29,604 --> 01:05:31,090
This amount is relevant to

1708
01:05:31,090 --> 01:05:32,469
the annual carbon
footprints have

1709
01:05:32,469 --> 01:05:34,300
a typical US households

1710
01:05:34,300 --> 01:05:35,950
where our campus, PCC,

1711
01:05:35,950 --> 01:05:37,240
Rock Creek 29, carbon

1712
01:05:37,240 --> 01:05:39,160
dioxide equivalence
was estimated to

1713
01:05:39,160 --> 01:05:42,985
be 10,259 metric tons.

1714
01:05:42,985 --> 01:05:45,550
It is estimated to
be equivalent to

1715
01:05:45,550 --> 01:05:46,930
the greenhouse
gas emissions

1716
01:05:46,930 --> 01:05:48,160
offset by a forest,

1717
01:05:48,160 --> 01:05:49,689
the size of B, opal creek

1718
01:05:49,689 --> 01:05:52,105
loneliness prior
to the 2020 fires,

1719
01:05:52,105 --> 01:05:53,469
half of the people in

1720
01:05:53,469 --> 01:05:55,225
his prior to 2020 fires.

1721
01:05:55,225 --> 01:05:56,965
To give a visual
perspective,

1722
01:05:56,965 --> 01:05:58,150
we have included
a picture of

1723
01:05:58,150 --> 01:05:59,679
the PCC recopy campus

1724
01:05:59,679 --> 01:06:01,315
and the opal
creek wilderness.

1725
01:06:01,315 --> 01:06:02,530
So it's estimated that

1726
01:06:02,530 --> 01:06:04,254
about half the size forest

1727
01:06:04,254 --> 01:06:05,980
will offset the
carbon emissions.

1728
01:06:05,980 --> 01:06:07,585
Have an institution
the size of

1729
01:06:07,585 --> 01:06:09,610
PCC Rock Creek annually.

1730
01:06:09,610 --> 01:06:10,659
Now I'm going to pass

1731
01:06:10,659 --> 01:06:11,740
things back to Amy where

1732
01:06:11,740 --> 01:06:12,669
she will share some of

1733
01:06:12,669 --> 01:06:14,349
the student
research projects.

1734
01:06:14,349 --> 01:06:16,390
Thank you. Hi professor

1735
01:06:16,390 --> 01:06:17,500
at carefully
the scientists

1736
01:06:17,500 --> 01:06:18,969
projects so that students

1737
01:06:18,969 --> 01:06:20,484
would be empowered
to communicate

1738
01:06:20,484 --> 01:06:22,419
our results to a
target audience in

1739
01:06:22,419 --> 01:06:25,434
the form of a published
story map should,

1740
01:06:25,434 --> 01:06:27,685
with the students
intended audience,

1741
01:06:27,685 --> 01:06:29,215
the sustainability
team and

1742
01:06:29,215 --> 01:06:30,729
others had been PCC.

1743
01:06:30,729 --> 01:06:32,575
And here are
the Story Maps.

1744
01:06:32,575 --> 01:06:33,849
The project on the left,

1745
01:06:33,849 --> 01:06:35,379
targeted PCCs board of

1746
01:06:35,379 --> 01:06:36,580
directors discussing

1747
01:06:36,580 --> 01:06:37,810
the results of our study,

1748
01:06:37,810 --> 01:06:39,729
the importance of a
bio-diverse for us,

1749
01:06:39,729 --> 01:06:42,055
for carbon storage
and sequestration.

1750
01:06:42,055 --> 01:06:43,330
And argued that the rocket

1751
01:06:43,330 --> 01:06:44,710
Environmental
Studies Center

1752
01:06:44,710 --> 01:06:47,184
is worthy of preserving
and funding.

1753
01:06:47,184 --> 01:06:48,789
The project on
the upper right

1754
01:06:48,789 --> 01:06:50,140
targeted a wider audience,

1755
01:06:50,140 --> 01:06:51,490
including local residents

1756
01:06:51,490 --> 01:06:52,674
and decision-makers.

1757
01:06:52,674 --> 01:06:54,369
This group
discussed ecosystem

1758
01:06:54,369 --> 01:06:55,599
services omitted and

1759
01:06:55,599 --> 01:06:57,339
the methodology
including Rock Creek

1760
01:06:57,339 --> 01:06:59,079
serving as a
wildlife corridor,

1761
01:06:59,079 --> 01:07:00,459
suggested creating

1762
01:07:00,459 --> 01:07:01,669
wildlife passage under

1763
01:07:01,669 --> 01:07:02,890
under-reporting roadway,

1764
01:07:02,890 --> 01:07:05,080
highlighted community
concerns about

1765
01:07:05,080 --> 01:07:06,459
mature tree removal in

1766
01:07:06,459 --> 01:07:07,945
Washington County
and suggested

1767
01:07:07,945 --> 01:07:09,190
update updates

1768
01:07:09,190 --> 01:07:11,229
to the Washington
County tree code

1769
01:07:11,229 --> 01:07:13,659
that created the
bottom-right project

1770
01:07:13,659 --> 01:07:15,534
targeted local
policymakers.

1771
01:07:15,534 --> 01:07:17,079
And you see I
cheat, you go model

1772
01:07:17,079 --> 01:07:18,669
to conduct
further research

1773
01:07:18,669 --> 01:07:20,815
quantifying the
ecosystem services

1774
01:07:20,815 --> 01:07:22,360
provided by hazard Chase,

1775
01:07:22,360 --> 01:07:23,620
which are chews on PCCs

1776
01:07:23,620 --> 01:07:24,954
property that
were damaged,

1777
01:07:24,954 --> 01:07:26,740
federal land clearing,
and it can then

1778
01:07:26,740 --> 01:07:29,335
fall onto neighboring
properties.

1779
01:07:29,335 --> 01:07:31,360
They provided
suggestions for

1780
01:07:31,360 --> 01:07:32,619
updating the
county code to

1781
01:07:32,619 --> 01:07:34,239
prevent future damage to

1782
01:07:34,239 --> 01:07:36,370
trees on neighboring
properties,

1783
01:07:36,370 --> 01:07:37,659
neighboring land clearing,

1784
01:07:37,659 --> 01:07:39,310
as well as
recommendations for how

1785
01:07:39,310 --> 01:07:40,539
to ensure that
right carrying

1786
01:07:40,539 --> 01:07:41,769
buffers are

1787
01:07:41,769 --> 01:07:43,705
preserved and further
urbanization.

1788
01:07:43,705 --> 01:07:46,129
Hannah's back
to take that.

1789
01:07:46,140 --> 01:07:49,149
Yes, sir. To conclude
this presentation,

1790
01:07:49,149 --> 01:07:51,565
we want to express a
Daiichi methodology

1791
01:07:51,565 --> 01:07:53,110
can be replicated.

1792
01:07:53,110 --> 01:07:54,685
This methodology
to present

1793
01:07:54,685 --> 01:07:56,229
opportunities to
further engage

1794
01:07:56,229 --> 01:07:57,640
students in meaningful

1795
01:07:57,640 --> 01:07:58,930
research while developing

1796
01:07:58,930 --> 01:08:00,790
applicable skills that
will serve useful

1797
01:08:00,790 --> 01:08:03,204
for future environmental
professionals.

1798
01:08:03,204 --> 01:08:04,585
This type of work presents

1799
01:08:04,585 --> 01:08:06,159
opportunities for
students to learn what it

1800
01:08:06,159 --> 01:08:07,930
means to be better
land stewards and

1801
01:08:07,930 --> 01:08:09,370
lean management
partners by

1802
01:08:09,370 --> 01:08:10,570
presenting the value of

1803
01:08:10,570 --> 01:08:12,145
our natural resources.

1804
01:08:12,145 --> 01:08:13,120
And we were able to

1805
01:08:13,120 --> 01:08:14,230
share the student
projects that

1806
01:08:14,230 --> 01:08:16,434
came to fruition
from this research.

1807
01:08:16,434 --> 01:08:17,740
And students were
able to build on

1808
01:08:17,740 --> 01:08:19,119
this research and advocate

1809
01:08:19,119 --> 01:08:20,305
for our natural resources,

1810
01:08:20,305 --> 01:08:21,580
which ultimately
can increase

1811
01:08:21,580 --> 01:08:24,340
the visibility of land
management decisions.

1812
01:08:24,340 --> 01:08:26,169
We believe the efforts of

1813
01:08:26,169 --> 01:08:27,429
these students can support

1814
01:08:27,429 --> 01:08:28,599
the management decisions.

1815
01:08:28,599 --> 01:08:30,670
Like our partners at
clean water services,

1816
01:08:30,670 --> 01:08:31,795
deciding to be plant,

1817
01:08:31,795 --> 01:08:33,609
over 2 thousand plants to

1818
01:08:33,609 --> 01:08:35,859
enhance habitat
connectivity and serve as

1819
01:08:35,859 --> 01:08:36,925
a vegetative quarter or

1820
01:08:36,925 --> 01:08:38,844
adjacent to the active
flip then enhancement

1821
01:08:38,844 --> 01:08:40,239
restoration site at

1822
01:08:40,239 --> 01:08:41,169
Portland Community
College,

1823
01:08:41,169 --> 01:08:43,159
rock Creek campus.

1824
01:08:43,170 --> 01:08:45,490
And then we have
included the link to

1825
01:08:45,490 --> 01:08:47,050
the student research
projects if anyone

1826
01:08:47,050 --> 01:08:49,075
is interested in
exploring their work.

1827
01:08:49,075 --> 01:08:51,370
And that concludes
our presentation

1828
01:08:51,370 --> 01:08:52,764
and we would like to thank

1829
01:08:52,764 --> 01:08:54,430
the audience and
urban ecology and

1830
01:08:54,430 --> 01:08:56,439
conservation symposium
for this platform

1831
01:08:56,439 --> 01:08:59,359
and we welcome
any questions.

1832
01:09:00,570 --> 01:09:02,829
Thank you, Jacob.
Thank you, Amy.

1833
01:09:02,829 --> 01:09:04,165
Fantastic presentation.

1834
01:09:04,165 --> 01:09:05,890
I will do questions at
the end, of course,

1835
01:09:05,890 --> 01:09:08,215
but folks put your
questions in the Q and a.

1836
01:09:08,215 --> 01:09:10,975
Where to go back
to Garrett.

1837
01:09:10,975 --> 01:09:12,340
I'm going to estimate
that you have

1838
01:09:12,340 --> 01:09:14,620
about four minutes left.

1839
01:09:14,620 --> 01:09:17,510
Pardon me. Go ahead
and take it away.

1840
01:09:33,240 --> 01:09:37,074
Okay. Well, sorry
about that.

1841
01:09:37,074 --> 01:09:40,390
Intermission.
They're ISS oh,

1842
01:09:40,390 --> 01:09:42,910
boy, and a blue
screen, my computer.

1843
01:09:42,910 --> 01:09:46,329
So getting back to talking

1844
01:09:46,329 --> 01:09:49,929
about VCE agree rotor

1845
01:09:49,929 --> 01:09:51,159
hoping to do is

1846
01:09:51,159 --> 01:09:54,115
predict air temperature
for my career.

1847
01:09:54,115 --> 01:09:56,020
Summary of the first
couple points is

1848
01:09:56,020 --> 01:09:58,570
that key can
be bad, right?

1849
01:09:58,570 --> 01:10:01,105
So trying to go
quickly here.

1850
01:10:01,105 --> 01:10:03,819
Generally, we can
predict air temperature,

1851
01:10:03,819 --> 01:10:06,145
surface temperature
with our old friend,

1852
01:10:06,145 --> 01:10:08,455
Y equals MX plus B.

1853
01:10:08,455 --> 01:10:10,480
But the dad joke version

1854
01:10:10,480 --> 01:10:11,860
of this is, you know,

1855
01:10:11,860 --> 01:10:14,320
why does MX plus B

1856
01:10:14,320 --> 01:10:15,490
meaning that we really

1857
01:10:15,490 --> 01:10:17,454
don't understand
these coefficients.

1858
01:10:17,454 --> 01:10:18,759
They don't have a physical

1859
01:10:18,759 --> 01:10:21,160
meaning relationship
there empirical.

1860
01:10:21,160 --> 01:10:22,840
Furthermore, when we build

1861
01:10:22,840 --> 01:10:25,090
these relationships
in the past.

1862
01:10:25,090 --> 01:10:27,279
Ignoring separately
and covers

1863
01:10:27,279 --> 01:10:29,515
three all have
different impacts.

1864
01:10:29,515 --> 01:10:32,005
This alternatively,
what we can do

1865
01:10:32,005 --> 01:10:35,154
is use kind of energy
balance approach.

1866
01:10:35,154 --> 01:10:36,580
And this is just to
show you that I'm

1867
01:10:36,580 --> 01:10:38,439
not completely
making this up.

1868
01:10:38,439 --> 01:10:40,599
But we can gets

1869
01:10:40,599 --> 01:10:42,430
air temperature based

1870
01:10:42,430 --> 01:10:43,930
only on surface
temperature,

1871
01:10:43,930 --> 01:10:45,489
and then we can
benchmark that versus

1872
01:10:45,489 --> 01:10:47,830
just a traditional
linear model.

1873
01:10:47,830 --> 01:10:48,969
A garret.

1874
01:10:48,969 --> 01:10:50,289
Very real quick,
we can see

1875
01:10:50,289 --> 01:10:51,310
your notes if
you want to do

1876
01:10:51,310 --> 01:10:54,145
the presentation view
instead of a shoe.

1877
01:10:54,145 --> 01:10:54,909
Okay.

1878
01:10:54,909 --> 01:10:57,790
Kevin away all my secrets.

1879
01:10:57,790 --> 01:10:59,979
We weren't looking ahead.

1880
01:10:59,979 --> 01:11:01,149
That's okay.

1881
01:11:01,149 --> 01:11:02,124
Let me see.

1882
01:11:02,124 --> 01:11:05,479
Remember sloppiness
unfortunately.

1883
01:11:07,130 --> 01:11:13,274
Ad connect back to my
offending her up time.

1884
01:11:13,274 --> 01:11:14,920
Yeah.

1885
01:11:14,990 --> 01:11:17,310
You have to
display settings.

1886
01:11:17,310 --> 01:11:17,759
Yes.

1887
01:11:17,759 --> 01:11:21,284
I had a Zoom Wireless
was blocking it.

1888
01:11:21,284 --> 01:11:22,140
Okay.

1889
01:11:22,140 --> 01:11:24,104
Sorry about
that. All right.

1890
01:11:24,104 --> 01:11:25,289
Well, just trying
to hit every

1891
01:11:25,289 --> 01:11:28,005
single technical
difficulties here.

1892
01:11:28,005 --> 01:11:31,394
Yes, so in order to
do this prediction,

1893
01:11:31,394 --> 01:11:33,764
we need extensive data.

1894
01:11:33,764 --> 01:11:36,120
And so luckily one of
our collaborators,

1895
01:11:36,120 --> 01:11:37,154
the next shyness has

1896
01:11:37,154 --> 01:11:41,115
air temperature data
over multiple cities.

1897
01:11:41,115 --> 01:11:43,409
In with this data,

1898
01:11:43,409 --> 01:11:44,940
we can use surface
temperature

1899
01:11:44,940 --> 01:11:46,079
data from satellites,

1900
01:11:46,079 --> 01:11:47,220
air temperature data from

1901
01:11:47,220 --> 01:11:49,589
the back and
landcover to break

1902
01:11:49,589 --> 01:11:52,180
out the individual
predictive relationships

1903
01:11:52,180 --> 01:11:54,770
to predict this
air temperature.

1904
01:11:55,530 --> 01:11:58,375
So just jumping into
some of the results.

1905
01:11:58,375 --> 01:12:00,625
You know, if you look
at the air temperatures

1906
01:12:00,625 --> 01:12:03,249
across these different
land cover types,

1907
01:12:03,249 --> 01:12:04,570
we can see if we're taking

1908
01:12:04,570 --> 01:12:05,680
kinda bloodstream and

1909
01:12:05,680 --> 01:12:08,245
coins self-developed
and forests,

1910
01:12:08,245 --> 01:12:10,419
that there are pretty
significant differences

1911
01:12:10,419 --> 01:12:11,499
it's suggesting

1912
01:12:11,499 --> 01:12:13,329
or predicting
air temperature

1913
01:12:13,329 --> 01:12:15,609
by land cover makes sense.

1914
01:12:15,609 --> 01:12:17,860
If you look at the
results of that

1915
01:12:17,860 --> 01:12:19,809
model or that prediction.

1916
01:12:19,809 --> 01:12:22,554
Now, we see a
pretty low error

1917
01:12:22,554 --> 01:12:23,890
in our predictions.

1918
01:12:23,890 --> 01:12:25,465
And similar to
the benchmark,

1919
01:12:25,465 --> 01:12:26,859
which is good
benchmark pin

1920
01:12:26,859 --> 01:12:28,644
just a simple
linear model.

1921
01:12:28,644 --> 01:12:31,300
It's typically better
than most studies

1922
01:12:31,300 --> 01:12:32,679
where they have

1923
01:12:32,679 --> 01:12:34,739
a lower volume data
Stuxnet managed,

1924
01:12:34,739 --> 01:12:35,994
but maybe more
importantly,

1925
01:12:35,994 --> 01:12:38,349
we predict air temperature
by land cover.

1926
01:12:38,349 --> 01:12:39,520
It tends to do better than

1927
01:12:39,520 --> 01:12:42,339
if you just did
kind of approach.

1928
01:12:42,339 --> 01:12:45,009
Then finally were
able to show is

1929
01:12:45,009 --> 01:12:48,055
just if we go back
into its coefficients,

1930
01:12:48,055 --> 01:12:51,160
we want to see some
separability alone kind

1931
01:12:51,160 --> 01:12:52,755
of the end points to

1932
01:12:52,755 --> 01:12:54,129
the land cover classes for

1933
01:12:54,129 --> 01:12:55,674
this benchmark
linear model,

1934
01:12:55,674 --> 01:12:57,954
there's really not much.

1935
01:12:57,954 --> 01:12:59,920
But when we look at
our physically-based

1936
01:12:59,920 --> 01:13:01,089
or energy balance model,

1937
01:13:01,089 --> 01:13:04,180
we tendencies ability
there, which is good.

1938
01:13:04,180 --> 01:13:06,580
It means it's more
generalizable anymore.

1939
01:13:06,580 --> 01:13:08,275
So we also see that

1940
01:13:08,275 --> 01:13:10,105
when natural land
covers hats,

1941
01:13:10,105 --> 01:13:11,949
higher slopes, which
means they kind of have

1942
01:13:11,949 --> 01:13:13,960
more of a buffer
to temperature.

1943
01:13:13,960 --> 01:13:16,674
Again, which is what
we'd expect to see.

1944
01:13:16,674 --> 01:13:18,985
So what does
all this mean?

1945
01:13:18,985 --> 01:13:20,859
Basically, in areas where

1946
01:13:20,859 --> 01:13:22,035
we don't have attempts

1947
01:13:22,035 --> 01:13:24,819
to use these relationships
to predictive,

1948
01:13:24,819 --> 01:13:26,050
but also we're
understanding

1949
01:13:26,050 --> 01:13:27,339
what's physically
happening to

1950
01:13:27,339 --> 01:13:29,470
some extent based
on the fact that

1951
01:13:29,470 --> 01:13:31,765
they're built on these,

1952
01:13:31,765 --> 01:13:33,010
these physically-based

1953
01:13:33,010 --> 01:13:34,704
energy balance
relationships.

1954
01:13:34,704 --> 01:13:36,489
And we can use that also

1955
01:13:36,489 --> 01:13:40,029
to look at CDC or the
higher needs are,

1956
01:13:40,029 --> 01:13:41,740
which is important
when we look to

1957
01:13:41,740 --> 01:13:44,409
mitigate some of the
effects of urban heat

1958
01:13:44,409 --> 01:13:46,315
as we in the
future to address

1959
01:13:46,315 --> 01:13:48,309
key inequities and

1960
01:13:48,309 --> 01:13:50,335
environmental impacts
that we've States.

1961
01:13:50,335 --> 01:13:53,710
So thanks and thanks
for bearing with me for

1962
01:13:53,710 --> 01:13:54,489
all those trolls and

1963
01:13:54,489 --> 01:13:55,450
gotten much engineered and

1964
01:13:55,450 --> 01:13:57,355
decide to shut down
the second half.

1965
01:13:57,355 --> 01:13:59,779
But I appreciate
your attention.

1966
01:14:00,270 --> 01:14:02,230
Thank you very
much. Garrett.

1967
01:14:02,230 --> 01:14:04,269
Garrett, you handle
it all with Grace.

1968
01:14:04,269 --> 01:14:05,125
Thank you.

1969
01:14:05,125 --> 01:14:05,889
Okay.

1970
01:14:05,889 --> 01:14:07,030
So next I'm gonna pass

1971
01:14:07,030 --> 01:14:08,964
things off to MR. russell.

1972
01:14:08,964 --> 01:14:10,989
Emma, as an
undergraduate researcher

1973
01:14:10,989 --> 01:14:12,295
at Portland State
University.

1974
01:14:12,295 --> 01:14:13,510
Her talk today is called

1975
01:14:13,510 --> 01:14:15,220
improving climate
resiliency

1976
01:14:15,220 --> 01:14:16,855
and management practices

1977
01:14:16,855 --> 01:14:18,504
in conservation planning,

1978
01:14:18,504 --> 01:14:20,709
but developing a
climate lens at

1979
01:14:20,709 --> 01:14:22,300
Westmont moment
Soil and Water

1980
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:25,669
Conservation District.
Welcome, Emma.

1981
01:14:28,290 --> 01:14:30,309
All right. Thank
you Brandon for

1982
01:14:30,309 --> 01:14:31,960
the introduction.
Hi everybody.

1983
01:14:31,960 --> 01:14:33,850
My name is Emma
wrestle and I am

1984
01:14:33,850 --> 01:14:36,280
a climate change intern at

1985
01:14:36,280 --> 01:14:37,510
Westmont Noma Soil and

1986
01:14:37,510 --> 01:14:39,040
Water Conservation
District,

1987
01:14:39,040 --> 01:14:40,195
as well as a student at

1988
01:14:40,195 --> 01:14:41,965
Portland State University.

1989
01:14:41,965 --> 01:14:43,570
And today I'd like to talk

1990
01:14:43,570 --> 01:14:45,189
about my work on improving

1991
01:14:45,189 --> 01:14:46,420
climate resiliency

1992
01:14:46,420 --> 01:14:47,919
and management
practices in

1993
01:14:47,919 --> 01:14:49,345
conservation lending

1994
01:14:49,345 --> 01:14:51,400
by developing a
climate lens,

1995
01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:52,779
at least put them on Soil

1996
01:14:52,779 --> 01:14:55,149
and Water Conservation
District.

1997
01:14:55,149 --> 01:14:56,979
And before I begin,

1998
01:14:56,979 --> 01:14:59,544
I'd first like to
acknowledge PSUs, LCM,

1999
01:14:59,544 --> 01:15:02,379
and ISS programs for
funding the project,

2000
01:15:02,379 --> 01:15:05,749
as well as like my
supervisor, Maria legato.

2001
01:15:08,400 --> 01:15:10,990
So the purpose
of this project,

2002
01:15:10,990 --> 01:15:12,580
as mentioned in the title,

2003
01:15:12,580 --> 01:15:14,710
is to develop
a climate lens

2004
01:15:14,710 --> 01:15:16,405
for Westmont lemma.

2005
01:15:16,405 --> 01:15:17,919
And the main
reason why we're

2006
01:15:17,919 --> 01:15:19,540
doing this comes from one

2007
01:15:19,540 --> 01:15:22,299
of the strategic
directions listed in

2008
01:15:22,299 --> 01:15:24,009
less want no-man's
long-range

2009
01:15:24,009 --> 01:15:25,150
business plan in

2010
01:15:25,150 --> 01:15:26,620
that strategic
directions as

2011
01:15:26,620 --> 01:15:27,940
that we intend to promote

2012
01:15:27,940 --> 01:15:30,280
resilient environments
and communities

2013
01:15:30,280 --> 01:15:32,125
in the face of
climate change.

2014
01:15:32,125 --> 01:15:34,749
So this project is
hoping to assist in

2015
01:15:34,749 --> 01:15:37,060
achieving that
strategic direction and

2016
01:15:37,060 --> 01:15:38,589
then as well as develop

2017
01:15:38,589 --> 01:15:40,089
a climate lens to

2018
01:15:40,089 --> 01:15:43,159
inform future
conservation planning.

2019
01:15:44,550 --> 01:15:47,199
So for this presentation,

2020
01:15:47,199 --> 01:15:48,849
I'm going to
focus on forming

2021
01:15:48,849 --> 01:15:51,189
Quince of study
within the project.

2022
01:15:51,189 --> 01:15:54,879
In the first one
is determining how

2023
01:15:54,879 --> 01:15:56,950
Oregon's future or organs

2024
01:15:56,950 --> 01:15:59,665
climate is expected to
change in the future.

2025
01:15:59,665 --> 01:16:01,630
And then lumps
determining that we want

2026
01:16:01,630 --> 01:16:03,940
to figure out what kind

2027
01:16:03,940 --> 01:16:05,860
of impacts that
change and climate

2028
01:16:05,860 --> 01:16:08,574
will have on
specific systems.

2029
01:16:08,574 --> 01:16:11,095
And then we want
to figure out

2030
01:16:11,095 --> 01:16:13,780
what kind of land
management practices we can

2031
01:16:13,780 --> 01:16:17,080
incorporate or adapt
in order to increase

2032
01:16:17,080 --> 01:16:18,610
climate mitigation and

2033
01:16:18,610 --> 01:16:21,295
adaptation within
the organization.

2034
01:16:21,295 --> 01:16:23,319
In lastly, we hope to

2035
01:16:23,319 --> 01:16:25,539
identify communities
of concern

2036
01:16:25,539 --> 01:16:27,340
within the region
and find ways

2037
01:16:27,340 --> 01:16:30,410
to best protect
these communities.

2038
01:16:31,110 --> 01:16:33,864
First thing that we
wanted to look at was

2039
01:16:33,864 --> 01:16:35,590
how is climate expect

2040
01:16:35,590 --> 01:16:37,105
it to change and Oregon.

2041
01:16:37,105 --> 01:16:38,784
So like the rest
of the globe,

2042
01:16:38,784 --> 01:16:41,425
we're expecting increases
in temperatures.

2043
01:16:41,425 --> 01:16:43,480
And these make
these increases

2044
01:16:43,480 --> 01:16:45,040
in temperatures
are mainly going

2045
01:16:45,040 --> 01:16:46,959
to affect the
summer season with

2046
01:16:46,959 --> 01:16:48,279
the largest increases in

2047
01:16:48,279 --> 01:16:50,350
temperature is
occurring them.

2048
01:16:50,350 --> 01:16:53,514
And then as far as annual
precipitation goes,

2049
01:16:53,514 --> 01:16:57,025
there's really not
much change annually,

2050
01:16:57,025 --> 01:16:58,329
but we will experience

2051
01:16:58,329 --> 01:16:59,949
a lot of seasonal changes.

2052
01:16:59,949 --> 01:17:03,069
So summers are going
to get much drier.

2053
01:17:03,069 --> 01:17:04,390
And with this comes

2054
01:17:04,390 --> 01:17:06,969
increased drought
and wildfire risk.

2055
01:17:06,969 --> 01:17:09,189
And then winters are
going to get wetter

2056
01:17:09,189 --> 01:17:11,755
with increased
precipitation and

2057
01:17:11,755 --> 01:17:14,530
a shift in
precipitation falling

2058
01:17:14,530 --> 01:17:18,234
more so as red
enlists as snowfall.

2059
01:17:18,234 --> 01:17:21,249
So with this
shift to rain,

2060
01:17:21,249 --> 01:17:22,840
dominant precipitation are

2061
01:17:22,840 --> 01:17:24,909
mountains receive
less snow,

2062
01:17:24,909 --> 01:17:26,679
therefore decreasing
the amount of

2063
01:17:26,679 --> 01:17:29,200
snowpack that's
there in this as

2064
01:17:29,200 --> 01:17:30,610
a really strong impact on

2065
01:17:30,610 --> 01:17:32,979
our summer season
because that decreases

2066
01:17:32,979 --> 01:17:35,080
the amount of summer

2067
01:17:35,080 --> 01:17:36,700
flows coming from us know

2068
01:17:36,700 --> 01:17:39,070
back in this
further exacerbates

2069
01:17:39,070 --> 01:17:40,719
the dry conditions that

2070
01:17:40,719 --> 01:17:42,849
we're expecting
for the future.

2071
01:17:42,849 --> 01:17:46,060
And then lastly, we,
like Garrett mentioned,

2072
01:17:46,060 --> 01:17:47,740
are expecting
an increase in

2073
01:17:47,740 --> 01:17:49,120
heat wave intensity and

2074
01:17:49,120 --> 01:17:50,919
frequency in the summers.

2075
01:17:50,919 --> 01:17:52,780
And then we're
also experiencing,

2076
01:17:52,780 --> 01:17:55,765
are intending to
experience an increase

2077
01:17:55,765 --> 01:17:59,304
in the night time
temperatures in the summer,

2078
01:17:59,304 --> 01:18:02,110
which has a pretty
strong impact

2079
01:18:02,110 --> 01:18:05,269
in terms of the
effects of heatwaves.

2080
01:18:05,940 --> 01:18:08,260
So now I want to look at

2081
01:18:08,260 --> 01:18:09,700
what kind of impacts,

2082
01:18:09,700 --> 01:18:13,014
what these effects have
on specific systems.

2083
01:18:13,014 --> 01:18:15,069
So as far as forest scale,

2084
01:18:15,069 --> 01:18:16,869
we're expecting forests to

2085
01:18:16,869 --> 01:18:19,885
become drier and
also hotter.

2086
01:18:19,885 --> 01:18:21,220
So both of these things

2087
01:18:21,220 --> 01:18:23,755
increase the drought
and wildfire risk.

2088
01:18:23,755 --> 01:18:25,390
So we expect both
of those things

2089
01:18:25,390 --> 01:18:28,944
to become more frequent
in the future,

2090
01:18:28,944 --> 01:18:31,060
specifically in
the summertime.

2091
01:18:31,060 --> 01:18:35,964
And then when a wildfire
disturbs an area,

2092
01:18:35,964 --> 01:18:39,250
we're left with
less growth

2093
01:18:39,250 --> 01:18:41,080
in these seedlings
that are trying to

2094
01:18:41,080 --> 01:18:43,989
repopulate the area in
these seedlings will

2095
01:18:43,989 --> 01:18:45,790
now be trying to grow

2096
01:18:45,790 --> 01:18:47,950
in more harsh
environments.

2097
01:18:47,950 --> 01:18:49,300
And so that actually

2098
01:18:49,300 --> 01:18:51,429
increases signaling
mortality and

2099
01:18:51,429 --> 01:18:53,170
has a pretty
strong effect on

2100
01:18:53,170 --> 01:18:56,605
post wildfire regeneration
in the future.

2101
01:18:56,605 --> 01:19:00,565
We also know that
when plants stressed,

2102
01:19:00,565 --> 01:19:02,755
it essentially
opens the door for

2103
01:19:02,755 --> 01:19:04,210
other disturbances to come

2104
01:19:04,210 --> 01:19:07,210
in and negatively
impact the plants.

2105
01:19:07,210 --> 01:19:09,040
So we're expecting
this effect

2106
01:19:09,040 --> 01:19:10,540
to take place with

2107
01:19:10,540 --> 01:19:12,129
both drought stress and

2108
01:19:12,129 --> 01:19:15,219
also temperature stress
affecting the plants.

2109
01:19:15,219 --> 01:19:16,870
And therefore increasing

2110
01:19:16,870 --> 01:19:19,614
the vulnerability
to insects,

2111
01:19:19,614 --> 01:19:23,709
to diseases and to
invasive species.

2112
01:19:23,709 --> 01:19:26,409
And then the last
thing, we expect

2113
01:19:26,409 --> 01:19:29,304
his plans to shift
their distribution,

2114
01:19:29,304 --> 01:19:31,270
trying to go into cooler

2115
01:19:31,270 --> 01:19:33,309
and wetter environments as

2116
01:19:33,309 --> 01:19:34,585
the climate is changing.

2117
01:19:34,585 --> 01:19:37,690
So plants are going
to shift north

2118
01:19:37,690 --> 01:19:39,280
and they're also going to

2119
01:19:39,280 --> 01:19:42,469
shift towards
higher elevations.

2120
01:19:44,030 --> 01:19:47,219
So as far as
agriculture goes,

2121
01:19:47,219 --> 01:19:49,439
agricultural crops
will overall

2122
01:19:49,439 --> 01:19:51,210
experience a decrease in

2123
01:19:51,210 --> 01:19:53,100
crop yield and quality.

2124
01:19:53,100 --> 01:19:55,769
Ems is mainly due to
the drought stress

2125
01:19:55,769 --> 01:19:56,985
and the temperature stress

2126
01:19:56,985 --> 01:19:58,469
that they will experience.

2127
01:19:58,469 --> 01:19:59,789
And as I mentioned
earlier,

2128
01:19:59,789 --> 01:20:01,470
that decline and snowpack

2129
01:20:01,470 --> 01:20:03,060
really plays a
big role in this.

2130
01:20:03,060 --> 01:20:05,819
Because not only
will plants

2131
01:20:05,819 --> 01:20:07,410
require more water with

2132
01:20:07,410 --> 01:20:08,730
an increase in
temperature,

2133
01:20:08,730 --> 01:20:10,499
that there is less water

2134
01:20:10,499 --> 01:20:12,689
to be had in the
growing season.

2135
01:20:12,689 --> 01:20:15,555
So it further
exacerbates be

2136
01:20:15,555 --> 01:20:17,490
the stress on
the irrigation

2137
01:20:17,490 --> 01:20:19,844
systems for these crops.

2138
01:20:19,844 --> 01:20:22,139
And the changes in

2139
01:20:22,139 --> 01:20:24,604
climate will also
reduce soil health

2140
01:20:24,604 --> 01:20:27,549
and increase heat-related
illnesses for

2141
01:20:27,549 --> 01:20:30,730
both livestock as
well as farm workers.

2142
01:20:30,730 --> 01:20:33,294
And similar to forests.

2143
01:20:33,294 --> 01:20:36,385
These drought stress and
temperature stresses

2144
01:20:36,385 --> 01:20:39,399
will increase
vulnerability to pests,

2145
01:20:39,399 --> 01:20:43,010
to insects, and
also to weeds.

2146
01:20:44,820 --> 01:20:47,110
And then when looking

2147
01:20:47,110 --> 01:20:49,239
at impacts on
specific systems,

2148
01:20:49,239 --> 01:20:50,500
we also looked at what

2149
01:20:50,500 --> 01:20:53,019
lens and riparian
regions in

2150
01:20:53,019 --> 01:20:54,490
these two regions are

2151
01:20:54,490 --> 01:20:56,365
very dependent on
precipitation.

2152
01:20:56,365 --> 01:20:58,330
So as precipitation
patterns

2153
01:20:58,330 --> 01:20:59,559
change in the future,

2154
01:20:59,559 --> 01:21:02,499
so are the
hydrological patterns.

2155
01:21:02,499 --> 01:21:04,210
I'm going to change in

2156
01:21:04,210 --> 01:21:06,609
the wetland and
riparian areas.

2157
01:21:06,609 --> 01:21:09,520
So we expect that
wetlands are going

2158
01:21:09,520 --> 01:21:13,659
to have less
time being wet.

2159
01:21:13,659 --> 01:21:17,049
It actually increased
risk of drying out.

2160
01:21:17,049 --> 01:21:18,594
So they'll spend more time

2161
01:21:18,594 --> 01:21:21,445
dry then they will
let in the future.

2162
01:21:21,445 --> 01:21:23,260
And they will also have

2163
01:21:23,260 --> 01:21:26,064
an increase in water
temperatures as well.

2164
01:21:26,064 --> 01:21:29,005
And that can have a
negative impact on any of

2165
01:21:29,005 --> 01:21:30,760
the species that
are dependent

2166
01:21:30,760 --> 01:21:33,559
on these waters
and these regions.

2167
01:21:33,900 --> 01:21:37,119
And as far as
riparian areas go,

2168
01:21:37,119 --> 01:21:39,369
we expect an increase in

2169
01:21:39,369 --> 01:21:40,750
flooding and an also an

2170
01:21:40,750 --> 01:21:42,069
increase in
drought severity.

2171
01:21:42,069 --> 01:21:44,559
So we kind of have
this increase in

2172
01:21:44,559 --> 01:21:47,889
both extremes for
riparian areas.

2173
01:21:47,889 --> 01:21:51,219
And then also an
expected reduction in

2174
01:21:51,219 --> 01:21:52,645
groundwater recharge

2175
01:21:52,645 --> 01:21:55,029
and a reduction in
nutrient cycling,

2176
01:21:55,029 --> 01:21:56,769
which are both
important for

2177
01:21:56,769 --> 01:22:00,259
these riparian areas
to maintain health.

2178
01:22:00,630 --> 01:22:02,710
So now that
we've looked at

2179
01:22:02,710 --> 01:22:04,629
the impacts of
these regions,

2180
01:22:04,629 --> 01:22:05,965
we really want to know

2181
01:22:05,965 --> 01:22:07,810
how can we reduce
these impacts,

2182
01:22:07,810 --> 01:22:09,460
knowing that climate
change is going

2183
01:22:09,460 --> 01:22:12,430
to negatively affect
these regions.

2184
01:22:12,430 --> 01:22:15,490
So in terms of land
management practices,

2185
01:22:15,490 --> 01:22:17,470
we have two main
categories that we

2186
01:22:17,470 --> 01:22:20,199
can reduce the
climate impacts.

2187
01:22:20,199 --> 01:22:22,029
The first one
is mitigation.

2188
01:22:22,029 --> 01:22:23,499
In this refers to

2189
01:22:23,499 --> 01:22:26,274
the actual reduction
of atmospheric carbon.

2190
01:22:26,274 --> 01:22:27,414
So in our case, that would

2191
01:22:27,414 --> 01:22:29,889
be sequestering carbon.

2192
01:22:29,889 --> 01:22:33,339
And the main way that
we can do this is

2193
01:22:33,339 --> 01:22:37,210
by adapting
agricultural practices.

2194
01:22:37,210 --> 01:22:39,894
So we want to
increase the amount

2195
01:22:39,894 --> 01:22:43,359
of carbon that's
in the soil.

2196
01:22:43,359 --> 01:22:45,294
And we can do this by

2197
01:22:45,294 --> 01:22:47,200
reducing soil disturbance.

2198
01:22:47,200 --> 01:22:48,700
So we can go to

2199
01:22:48,700 --> 01:22:49,945
a no till practice

2200
01:22:49,945 --> 01:22:52,780
or reduce tiling
as much as we can.

2201
01:22:52,780 --> 01:22:55,344
And also incorporate
cover cropping

2202
01:22:55,344 --> 01:22:58,540
in crop rotation
into the practices.

2203
01:22:58,540 --> 01:23:00,339
We can also look into

2204
01:23:00,339 --> 01:23:02,544
incorporating
BioShock and manure.

2205
01:23:02,544 --> 01:23:04,030
And those are good
ways to increase

2206
01:23:04,030 --> 01:23:07,129
the amount of carbon
stored in the soils.

2207
01:23:08,760 --> 01:23:10,930
And then other ways to

2208
01:23:10,930 --> 01:23:12,399
mitigate climate include

2209
01:23:12,399 --> 01:23:13,900
protecting and restoring

2210
01:23:13,900 --> 01:23:16,300
high carbon storing
ecosystems.

2211
01:23:16,300 --> 01:23:17,890
So this includes wetlands.

2212
01:23:17,890 --> 01:23:20,230
Wetlands are really
important because they

2213
01:23:20,230 --> 01:23:22,884
actually slow the rate
of decomposition,

2214
01:23:22,884 --> 01:23:25,180
which therefore
stores carbon

2215
01:23:25,180 --> 01:23:27,474
within the biomass
in the region.

2216
01:23:27,474 --> 01:23:28,840
And then we know that

2217
01:23:28,840 --> 01:23:30,159
old growth forests store

2218
01:23:30,159 --> 01:23:32,845
a lot of carbon and
also riparian areas.

2219
01:23:32,845 --> 01:23:34,810
So as far as

2220
01:23:34,810 --> 01:23:38,349
assisting in reducing
climate impacts,

2221
01:23:38,349 --> 01:23:39,759
these regions should be

2222
01:23:39,759 --> 01:23:41,155
prioritized in terms of

2223
01:23:41,155 --> 01:23:43,255
protection and
restoration.

2224
01:23:43,255 --> 01:23:45,564
And then we can always
plant more trees.

2225
01:23:45,564 --> 01:23:46,839
So that includes a forest

2226
01:23:46,839 --> 01:23:49,315
station in reforestation.

2227
01:23:49,315 --> 01:23:54,530
As far as adaptation
to increase,

2228
01:23:55,050 --> 01:23:58,720
sorry, a cut is actually

2229
01:23:58,720 --> 01:24:01,509
increasing the
ecosystem resiliency.

2230
01:24:01,509 --> 01:24:02,815
So there are many
ways to do that.

2231
01:24:02,815 --> 01:24:04,465
The most important,
I would say it's

2232
01:24:04,465 --> 01:24:06,894
habitat connectivity
and also

2233
01:24:06,894 --> 01:24:10,579
increasing biodiversity
within the region.

2234
01:24:10,830 --> 01:24:12,730
And that is all.

2235
01:24:12,730 --> 01:24:13,900
Thank you all for
listening and I

2236
01:24:13,900 --> 01:24:17,060
look forward to hearing
your questions.

2237
01:24:19,230 --> 01:24:23,799
Well, to give someone
the goose, goose quack.

2238
01:24:23,799 --> 01:24:26,499
So thanks for
that opportunity.

2239
01:24:26,499 --> 01:24:29,049
Next up with that,
please welcome

2240
01:24:29,049 --> 01:24:31,435
our final presentation
for this round.

2241
01:24:31,435 --> 01:24:32,874
This is whenever
you're did

2242
01:24:32,874 --> 01:24:34,419
Joia master's graduate in

2243
01:24:34,419 --> 01:24:36,369
sustainable
forest management

2244
01:24:36,369 --> 01:24:38,125
from Oregon State
University.

2245
01:24:38,125 --> 01:24:39,400
Where does your talk about

2246
01:24:39,400 --> 01:24:41,589
carbon sequestration
potential

2247
01:24:41,589 --> 01:24:43,270
after riparian
restoration,

2248
01:24:43,270 --> 01:24:44,379
a baseline study of

2249
01:24:44,379 --> 01:24:47,185
carbon stocks and Mike
arrival communities.

2250
01:24:47,185 --> 01:24:48,114
Thank you.

2251
01:24:48,114 --> 01:24:49,840
When Figaro.

2252
01:24:49,840 --> 01:24:52,314
Thank you for the
introduction.

2253
01:24:52,314 --> 01:24:55,719
And that last presentation
was actually like

2254
01:24:55,719 --> 01:24:57,789
the perfect intro for

2255
01:24:57,789 --> 01:24:59,470
all the background
material that I feel

2256
01:24:59,470 --> 01:25:01,300
like I'm not going
to talk about.

2257
01:25:01,300 --> 01:25:02,889
So we can ensure
that we get

2258
01:25:02,889 --> 01:25:06,980
through the majority
of this presentation.

2259
01:25:06,990 --> 01:25:10,250
Start push.

2260
01:25:10,650 --> 01:25:12,969
The Zoom thing definitely

2261
01:25:12,969 --> 01:25:15,559
makes it hard to see.

2262
01:25:17,130 --> 01:25:19,884
Everyone's seeing
everything.

2263
01:25:19,884 --> 01:25:22,280
Looks good on my own.

2264
01:25:22,350 --> 01:25:25,285
So again, thanks for
the introduction.

2265
01:25:25,285 --> 01:25:26,469
I'm going to talk about

2266
01:25:26,469 --> 01:25:28,195
my master's thesis work,

2267
01:25:28,195 --> 01:25:30,819
which was carbon
sequestration potential

2268
01:25:30,819 --> 01:25:32,634
falling riparian
restoration.

2269
01:25:32,634 --> 01:25:35,019
And I worked within

2270
01:25:35,019 --> 01:25:37,720
the Oregon State
University system.

2271
01:25:37,720 --> 01:25:40,659
And this work was
funded partially

2272
01:25:40,659 --> 01:25:44,140
BY clean water services
and Oregon State.

2273
01:25:44,140 --> 01:25:46,900
So for this project,

2274
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:49,300
we had a couple goals

2275
01:25:49,300 --> 01:25:51,669
that we wanted to
fulfill and that was

2276
01:25:51,669 --> 01:25:53,379
to provide baseline
data before

2277
01:25:53,379 --> 01:25:55,329
and after restoration on

2278
01:25:55,329 --> 01:25:56,979
the soil carbon
percentages and

2279
01:25:56,979 --> 01:25:57,999
the carbon stocks and

2280
01:25:57,999 --> 01:25:59,995
also the fungal
communities.

2281
01:25:59,995 --> 01:26:01,659
And this is an order
to demonstrate

2282
01:26:01,659 --> 01:26:05,239
restorations impact on
carbon sequestration.

2283
01:26:05,239 --> 01:26:07,020
So to do that,

2284
01:26:07,020 --> 01:26:08,550
we add three objectives.

2285
01:26:08,550 --> 01:26:10,020
The first was to quantify

2286
01:26:10,020 --> 01:26:11,700
carbon percentage
and determine

2287
01:26:11,700 --> 01:26:13,590
whether it changed
over time.

2288
01:26:13,590 --> 01:26:15,360
And with this, we kind of

2289
01:26:15,360 --> 01:26:17,099
trading time for space.

2290
01:26:17,099 --> 01:26:18,810
So instead of monitoring

2291
01:26:18,810 --> 01:26:21,120
one side for 14 years,

2292
01:26:21,120 --> 01:26:23,519
let's say we had
multiple sites at

2293
01:26:23,519 --> 01:26:26,145
different a sense
restoration.

2294
01:26:26,145 --> 01:26:28,199
And when I say Asians
restoration Mina

2295
01:26:28,199 --> 01:26:31,229
just time after
Restoration occurred.

2296
01:26:31,229 --> 01:26:34,320
And secondly, we wanted

2297
01:26:34,320 --> 01:26:37,110
to measure soil
and physical soil,

2298
01:26:37,110 --> 01:26:38,789
physical and
chemical properties

2299
01:26:38,789 --> 01:26:40,545
such as soil composition.

2300
01:26:40,545 --> 01:26:42,810
But the percentage of
plant coverage and

2301
01:26:42,810 --> 01:26:44,940
nutrient content
to really see

2302
01:26:44,940 --> 01:26:47,615
if there are any kind
of interactions or

2303
01:26:47,615 --> 01:26:49,150
Correlations that we could

2304
01:26:49,150 --> 01:26:50,859
look at with those things.

2305
01:26:50,859 --> 01:26:52,389
And the nutrients
we really

2306
01:26:52,389 --> 01:26:54,010
focused on where nitrogen,

2307
01:26:54,010 --> 01:26:58,194
potassium, and phosphorus,
that classic NPK.

2308
01:26:58,194 --> 01:27:00,324
We also looked at soil pH

2309
01:27:00,324 --> 01:27:01,810
and we had to look at

2310
01:27:01,810 --> 01:27:03,280
bulk density in order

2311
01:27:03,280 --> 01:27:05,379
to quantify carbon stocks.

2312
01:27:05,379 --> 01:27:07,180
So all these
things were really

2313
01:27:07,180 --> 01:27:10,464
important in
reaching our goals.

2314
01:27:10,464 --> 01:27:12,759
Lastly, we look to

2315
01:27:12,759 --> 01:27:14,800
identify microarrays
or guilds.

2316
01:27:14,800 --> 01:27:16,300
And when I say Guild,
it's just like

2317
01:27:16,300 --> 01:27:18,639
the functional
group that act as

2318
01:27:18,639 --> 01:27:19,959
mycorrhiza that form

2319
01:27:19,959 --> 01:27:21,700
those symbiotic
relationships

2320
01:27:21,700 --> 01:27:23,559
between the fungi
and the plants.

2321
01:27:23,559 --> 01:27:26,380
And we were looking for
correlations between

2322
01:27:26,380 --> 01:27:29,859
carbon and these
specific fungi.

2323
01:27:29,859 --> 01:27:31,390
So to do this,

2324
01:27:31,390 --> 01:27:34,150
and winter of 2020,

2325
01:27:34,150 --> 01:27:35,365
we went out to

2326
01:27:35,365 --> 01:27:39,639
multiple clean water
service work areas

2327
01:27:39,639 --> 01:27:41,559
or rest restored areas.

2328
01:27:41,559 --> 01:27:45,100
We had four different
year periods

2329
01:27:45,100 --> 01:27:46,809
where we at year 0,

2330
01:27:46,809 --> 01:27:48,640
meaning no restoration at

2331
01:27:48,640 --> 01:27:51,175
had occurred now is
essentially our control.

2332
01:27:51,175 --> 01:27:52,914
We had Year 2,

2333
01:27:52,914 --> 01:27:55,165
which was two years
since restoration,

2334
01:27:55,165 --> 01:27:56,500
year for four years since

2335
01:27:56,500 --> 01:27:58,524
restoration and year 14.

2336
01:27:58,524 --> 01:28:01,870
And we took for
soil cores,

2337
01:28:01,870 --> 01:28:03,879
three of which
were used for

2338
01:28:03,879 --> 01:28:06,535
the soil chemical
analysis,

2339
01:28:06,535 --> 01:28:09,789
and one that was used
for the DNA analysis.

2340
01:28:09,789 --> 01:28:12,084
And once the
course were taken,

2341
01:28:12,084 --> 01:28:13,570
they were brought
back to the lab

2342
01:28:13,570 --> 01:28:15,865
to air dry and process.

2343
01:28:15,865 --> 01:28:19,029
And since this was during
the heart of COVID?

2344
01:28:19,029 --> 01:28:21,595
Well, somewhat

2345
01:28:21,595 --> 01:28:23,979
We couldn't I
couldn't personally

2346
01:28:23,979 --> 01:28:26,110
work up the soil samples

2347
01:28:26,110 --> 01:28:29,034
because I wasn't really
allowed in any labs.

2348
01:28:29,034 --> 01:28:31,480
So I had to submit them to

2349
01:28:31,480 --> 01:28:33,249
OSU central Analytical Lab

2350
01:28:33,249 --> 01:28:34,539
and the Center
for Genomics

2351
01:28:34,539 --> 01:28:36,024
and bio computing.

2352
01:28:36,024 --> 01:28:39,609
And to quickly go
over the analysis,

2353
01:28:39,609 --> 01:28:41,739
this is kind of
an example of

2354
01:28:41,739 --> 01:28:44,619
the mean carbon
percentage that we

2355
01:28:44,619 --> 01:28:47,860
found in our study sites.

2356
01:28:47,860 --> 01:28:50,920
So this was with area

2357
01:28:50,920 --> 01:28:53,799
two or a year 0
as control here,

2358
01:28:53,799 --> 01:28:55,840
the carbon percentage
on the left hand side

2359
01:28:55,840 --> 01:28:58,345
and the year since
restoration on the bottom.

2360
01:28:58,345 --> 01:29:01,150
And the black represents

2361
01:29:01,150 --> 01:29:04,569
the overall additive
carbon percentage

2362
01:29:04,569 --> 01:29:07,060
found in these samples.

2363
01:29:07,060 --> 01:29:09,939
And then the blue
is the blue,

2364
01:29:09,939 --> 01:29:10,840
the green and
the orange are

2365
01:29:10,840 --> 01:29:12,220
the different
depth ranges.

2366
01:29:12,220 --> 01:29:14,500
So blue is like the
first top layer,

2367
01:29:14,500 --> 01:29:16,959
the 0 to ten
centimeters grain,

2368
01:29:16,959 --> 01:29:18,310
10 to 20 centimeters,

2369
01:29:18,310 --> 01:29:19,795
and then the
deepest soil layer,

2370
01:29:19,795 --> 01:29:22,360
the 20 to 30 centimeters.

2371
01:29:22,360 --> 01:29:24,819
And what we kind of,

2372
01:29:24,819 --> 01:29:26,470
and this is just somewhat

2373
01:29:26,470 --> 01:29:28,584
the raw data
just averaged.

2374
01:29:28,584 --> 01:29:31,404
And we see this
initial bump and

2375
01:29:31,404 --> 01:29:33,040
carbon percentage
that seems a

2376
01:29:33,040 --> 01:29:35,229
plateau somewhat
over time.

2377
01:29:35,229 --> 01:29:37,960
And we use linear
mean models to

2378
01:29:37,960 --> 01:29:40,495
really try to understand
whether we actually,

2379
01:29:40,495 --> 01:29:43,599
this bump we see and
this increase was

2380
01:29:43,599 --> 01:29:45,069
really happening
and what was

2381
01:29:45,069 --> 01:29:47,110
the extent of
that increase?

2382
01:29:47,110 --> 01:29:48,669
And then for the fungal

2383
01:29:48,669 --> 01:29:49,990
community proportions,

2384
01:29:49,990 --> 01:29:53,139
we did odds ratios
of fungal presence.

2385
01:29:53,139 --> 01:29:55,719
So what are the
odds that we'll see

2386
01:29:55,719 --> 01:29:59,095
more fungal species
after restoration?

2387
01:29:59,095 --> 01:30:02,470
And this graphic,
even though it's

2388
01:30:02,470 --> 01:30:03,609
not representing

2389
01:30:03,609 --> 01:30:06,314
my polarizable
fungal guilds,

2390
01:30:06,314 --> 01:30:09,209
it really kind of
represents what we saw

2391
01:30:09,209 --> 01:30:10,859
across all the
different gills

2392
01:30:10,859 --> 01:30:12,600
I tried to look at.

2393
01:30:12,600 --> 01:30:15,419
And we have the
odds ratio on

2394
01:30:15,419 --> 01:30:16,920
the left-hand side and

2395
01:30:16,920 --> 01:30:18,630
the different
year comparisons

2396
01:30:18,630 --> 01:30:20,129
compared to year 0.

2397
01:30:20,129 --> 01:30:23,729
On the bottom,
the brown dot

2398
01:30:23,729 --> 01:30:25,334
is equating to

2399
01:30:25,334 --> 01:30:28,169
the mean odd ratio
more or less.

2400
01:30:28,169 --> 01:30:32,025
And then we have these
really big error bars.

2401
01:30:32,025 --> 01:30:33,809
And the red dotted line

2402
01:30:33,809 --> 01:30:35,189
means there's
no difference.

2403
01:30:35,189 --> 01:30:38,340
So our error bars are
intercepting that.

2404
01:30:38,340 --> 01:30:40,859
Then we didn't
actually observe

2405
01:30:40,859 --> 01:30:43,380
a statistically
relevant difference in

2406
01:30:43,380 --> 01:30:45,030
the number of species

2407
01:30:45,030 --> 01:30:46,740
observed during
that time period.

2408
01:30:46,740 --> 01:30:48,849
So pretty apparent that we

2409
01:30:48,849 --> 01:30:50,979
really only saw
a difference

2410
01:30:50,979 --> 01:30:54,399
in number of
fungal species

2411
01:30:54,399 --> 01:30:57,804
from year 0 to year 2.

2412
01:30:57,804 --> 01:31:01,629
So I really tried
to condense down

2413
01:31:01,629 --> 01:31:04,944
my results discussion
and the conclusion.

2414
01:31:04,944 --> 01:31:06,669
And for the
soil chemistry,

2415
01:31:06,669 --> 01:31:07,990
which is
particularly focused

2416
01:31:07,990 --> 01:31:09,700
on carbon sequestration,

2417
01:31:09,700 --> 01:31:11,334
we would expect to see it

2418
01:31:11,334 --> 01:31:13,209
the percentage of
carbon to nearly

2419
01:31:13,209 --> 01:31:16,120
double after 14 years post

2420
01:31:16,120 --> 01:31:18,670
restoration the toilets
and River watershed.

2421
01:31:18,670 --> 01:31:21,069
And to kind of

2422
01:31:21,069 --> 01:31:24,775
quantify this in the
carbon stock terms.

2423
01:31:24,775 --> 01:31:27,099
And this is also
to understand if

2424
01:31:27,099 --> 01:31:29,649
we kept everything
else at an average.

2425
01:31:29,649 --> 01:31:33,054
So if we had 3.5% average

2426
01:31:33,054 --> 01:31:34,840
across all three of

2427
01:31:34,840 --> 01:31:36,564
those different
soil measurements

2428
01:31:36,564 --> 01:31:37,659
that we took.

2429
01:31:37,659 --> 01:31:40,210
And it doubled to 7%.

2430
01:31:40,210 --> 01:31:44,859
And also the bulk
density stayed the same.

2431
01:31:44,859 --> 01:31:47,394
The overall
summation would be,

2432
01:31:47,394 --> 01:31:50,319
we sequestered
363 mega tons

2433
01:31:50,319 --> 01:31:51,819
of carbon per
hectare acre.

2434
01:31:51,819 --> 01:31:54,055
So we can conclude that

2435
01:31:54,055 --> 01:31:55,960
riparian restoration
efforts have

2436
01:31:55,960 --> 01:31:57,985
many added benefits, which

2437
01:31:57,985 --> 01:32:00,189
Include increase soil
carbon percentage

2438
01:32:00,189 --> 01:32:02,840
and stocks over time.

2439
01:32:03,150 --> 01:32:06,340
But we would probably
want to prove that

2440
01:32:06,340 --> 01:32:09,084
by surveying a single
area over time.

2441
01:32:09,084 --> 01:32:11,830
And then our results for

2442
01:32:11,830 --> 01:32:13,689
the fungal communities is

2443
01:32:13,689 --> 01:32:16,119
that we estimate the
proportion of all fungi,

2444
01:32:16,119 --> 01:32:18,190
fungal and my
parietal species

2445
01:32:18,190 --> 01:32:20,770
to increase by 1.3515

2446
01:32:20,770 --> 01:32:23,289
times respectively in year

2447
01:32:23,289 --> 01:32:24,490
two when compared to Davis

2448
01:32:24,490 --> 01:32:25,540
tool and Davis tools,

2449
01:32:25,540 --> 01:32:28,254
the project area that
represents year 0.

2450
01:32:28,254 --> 01:32:32,364
And we really didn't
see a difference,

2451
01:32:32,364 --> 01:32:34,449
like I said in that slide

2452
01:32:34,449 --> 01:32:37,675
with all the fungal
species over time.

2453
01:32:37,675 --> 01:32:40,510
But this doesn't
really say match

2454
01:32:40,510 --> 01:32:43,480
the literature
that I read about.

2455
01:32:43,480 --> 01:32:46,629
And when we look at
mycorrhizal species,

2456
01:32:46,629 --> 01:32:48,939
they tend to hold
onto a lot of carbon

2457
01:32:48,939 --> 01:32:50,320
because they create these

2458
01:32:50,320 --> 01:32:52,374
really long that works.

2459
01:32:52,374 --> 01:32:57,729
So I think that leads
into our limitations.

2460
01:32:57,729 --> 01:33:00,129
And there is a really
high amount of

2461
01:33:00,129 --> 01:33:01,750
unaccounted for
variability

2462
01:33:01,750 --> 01:33:03,264
in the fungal models.

2463
01:33:03,264 --> 01:33:06,730
We weren't able to
split the deaths and

2464
01:33:06,730 --> 01:33:08,680
different fungal
communities live

2465
01:33:08,680 --> 01:33:10,614
it even different
depth layers,

2466
01:33:10,614 --> 01:33:13,225
as small as ten
centimeters.

2467
01:33:13,225 --> 01:33:15,849
So I think that could
have helped clear up

2468
01:33:15,849 --> 01:33:17,920
maybe this speed number

2469
01:33:17,920 --> 01:33:19,524
of species proportion.

2470
01:33:19,524 --> 01:33:23,845
We also could have looked

2471
01:33:23,845 --> 01:33:25,870
at it a different way of

2472
01:33:25,870 --> 01:33:28,030
analyzing the data instead

2473
01:33:28,030 --> 01:33:29,110
of just number of species.

2474
01:33:29,110 --> 01:33:29,740
It could have been more

2475
01:33:29,740 --> 01:33:31,914
of a community approach.

2476
01:33:31,914 --> 01:33:33,849
Because yeah, we had to

2477
01:33:33,849 --> 01:33:35,365
use presence or absence.

2478
01:33:35,365 --> 01:33:37,060
And this was kinda
the last thing I

2479
01:33:37,060 --> 01:33:38,890
was able to do
with my thesis.

2480
01:33:38,890 --> 01:33:41,859
So I think overall,

2481
01:33:41,859 --> 01:33:43,780
our next steps would be to

2482
01:33:43,780 --> 01:33:45,759
resample and
sequence maybe the

2483
01:33:45,759 --> 01:33:47,259
whole microbial
community and

2484
01:33:47,259 --> 01:33:49,255
not just on dry because

2485
01:33:49,255 --> 01:33:51,730
the community composition
could really lead

2486
01:33:51,730 --> 01:33:54,415
to increased carbon
sequestration.

2487
01:33:54,415 --> 01:33:56,260
And the second thing

2488
01:33:56,260 --> 01:33:58,119
that I was alluding
to earlier,

2489
01:33:58,119 --> 01:33:59,469
which would be to sample

2490
01:33:59,469 --> 01:34:02,544
a site at an established
plot over time.

2491
01:34:02,544 --> 01:34:05,229
Because with all these
inferences that we're

2492
01:34:05,229 --> 01:34:08,154
making in this study,
It's all correlative.

2493
01:34:08,154 --> 01:34:09,445
And otherwise we could do

2494
01:34:09,445 --> 01:34:10,839
causal inference
which would

2495
01:34:10,839 --> 01:34:13,330
be more powerful.

2496
01:34:13,330 --> 01:34:15,969
And we're gonna
get to questions.

2497
01:34:15,969 --> 01:34:17,170
But I also want to shop

2498
01:34:17,170 --> 01:34:19,599
this picture because
this is what I the VIX

2499
01:34:19,599 --> 01:34:21,730
you're one of the days
I laughed at like

2500
01:34:21,730 --> 01:34:22,750
05:00 AM to go

2501
01:34:22,750 --> 01:34:24,445
sample and it was
just gorgeous.

2502
01:34:24,445 --> 01:34:26,260
This is Oak Ridge,
Oregon actually.

2503
01:34:26,260 --> 01:34:27,640
And that's
therapy, this flag

2504
01:34:27,640 --> 01:34:29,200
right across the
street from my house.

2505
01:34:29,200 --> 01:34:31,480
So thank you.

2506
01:34:31,480 --> 01:34:34,330
Great. Thank you,
Gwen. Upside of

2507
01:34:34,330 --> 01:34:37,044
getting up early in
the morning, right?

2508
01:34:37,044 --> 01:34:39,130
Stop sharing.

2509
01:34:39,130 --> 01:34:39,729
Cool.

2510
01:34:39,729 --> 01:34:40,450
Pardon me.

2511
01:34:40,450 --> 01:34:41,349
Okay, Great.

2512
01:34:41,349 --> 01:34:42,999
Thank you to all
of our presenters.

2513
01:34:42,999 --> 01:34:44,199
We're going to move on to

2514
01:34:44,199 --> 01:34:45,894
the question and
answer, period.

2515
01:34:45,894 --> 01:34:46,975
Let's see.

2516
01:34:46,975 --> 01:34:48,445
So put your questions in

2517
01:34:48,445 --> 01:34:50,574
the Q and a everybody.

2518
01:34:50,574 --> 01:34:53,440
First question is
for AB and Jacob,

2519
01:34:53,440 --> 01:34:55,074
have you
experienced support

2520
01:34:55,074 --> 01:34:56,019
or push back from

2521
01:34:56,019 --> 01:34:58,180
Washington County
elected leaders

2522
01:34:58,180 --> 01:35:01,280
in trying to change
environmental policies.

2523
01:35:02,310 --> 01:35:04,015
Thanks.

2524
01:35:04,015 --> 01:35:06,040
I'll take this question.

2525
01:35:06,040 --> 01:35:10,210
And I would say that
as far as I'm aware,

2526
01:35:10,210 --> 01:35:13,690
we haven't received
official response from

2527
01:35:13,690 --> 01:35:16,134
Washington County
elected officials

2528
01:35:16,134 --> 01:35:18,985
to the Story Maps
that they received.

2529
01:35:18,985 --> 01:35:20,695
Our professor I know is

2530
01:35:20,695 --> 01:35:22,059
on here as a participant,

2531
01:35:22,059 --> 01:35:24,719
so maybe She's got
additional information,

2532
01:35:24,719 --> 01:35:26,189
maybe the
respondents are her.

2533
01:35:26,189 --> 01:35:27,614
However, I do know

2534
01:35:27,614 --> 01:35:29,819
that community
members such as

2535
01:35:29,819 --> 01:35:31,860
the Washington
County keepers

2536
01:35:31,860 --> 01:35:34,725
in organization that
was created last year.

2537
01:35:34,725 --> 01:35:36,615
And it's doing the work of

2538
01:35:36,615 --> 01:35:38,159
trying to protect mature

2539
01:35:38,159 --> 01:35:39,509
choose in
Washington County.

2540
01:35:39,509 --> 01:35:41,279
They have received a lot

2541
01:35:41,279 --> 01:35:43,409
of like pushback from

2542
01:35:43,409 --> 01:35:45,150
the county and
unwillingness

2543
01:35:45,150 --> 01:35:48,090
to change policy,

2544
01:35:48,090 --> 01:35:50,399
especially on trying to

2545
01:35:50,399 --> 01:35:51,869
change the tree code to

2546
01:35:51,869 --> 01:35:54,104
protect trees have been

2547
01:35:54,104 --> 01:35:56,969
unincorporated or when
Washington County,

2548
01:35:56,969 --> 01:35:58,649
as we've seen from the
other presentations,

2549
01:35:58,649 --> 01:35:59,940
it's especially
important and

2550
01:35:59,940 --> 01:36:01,499
to have mature trees

2551
01:36:01,499 --> 01:36:03,209
for mitigating the effects

2552
01:36:03,209 --> 01:36:04,739
of urban heat islands.

2553
01:36:04,739 --> 01:36:06,300
So That's a really

2554
01:36:06,300 --> 01:36:07,500
suddenly that I'm
passionate about.

2555
01:36:07,500 --> 01:36:09,240
But yes, there's
definitely,

2556
01:36:09,240 --> 01:36:11,219
I see a lack of
willingness.

2557
01:36:11,219 --> 01:36:12,135
Okay.

2558
01:36:12,135 --> 01:36:14,709
Jacob, do you want
to add anything?

2559
01:36:14,720 --> 01:36:17,010
I think that was
great. Yeah.

2560
01:36:17,010 --> 01:36:18,809
Amy's very
knowledgeable about

2561
01:36:18,809 --> 01:36:22,050
the Washington
eukaryotic, so straight.

2562
01:36:22,050 --> 01:36:23,519
Okay, here's a
question for

2563
01:36:23,519 --> 01:36:26,250
when did you consider
carbon sequestration,

2564
01:36:26,250 --> 01:36:28,289
that soil depth greater
than 30 centimeters.

2565
01:36:28,289 --> 01:36:29,639
And you have any data on

2566
01:36:29,639 --> 01:36:30,899
carbon sequestration

2567
01:36:30,899 --> 01:36:33,519
from the region
and upland soils?

2568
01:36:33,830 --> 01:36:36,614
That is a great question.

2569
01:36:36,614 --> 01:36:38,400
It would be interesting

2570
01:36:38,400 --> 01:36:41,459
to definitely pursue that.

2571
01:36:41,459 --> 01:36:44,325
What we do kind
of know is that

2572
01:36:44,325 --> 01:36:48,340
carbon accumulations
decrease when

2573
01:36:48,340 --> 01:36:50,185
you go deeper in
the soil layers.

2574
01:36:50,185 --> 01:36:52,615
And that's
generally due to

2575
01:36:52,615 --> 01:36:55,690
the most biologically
active layers

2576
01:36:55,690 --> 01:36:57,070
are really the
top layers where

2577
01:36:57,070 --> 01:36:59,770
the plant roots
are and where it's

2578
01:36:59,770 --> 01:37:04,779
oxygenated somewhat to
have microbial growth.

2579
01:37:04,779 --> 01:37:06,730
I also don't think

2580
01:37:06,730 --> 01:37:08,859
that it was
definitely difficult

2581
01:37:08,859 --> 01:37:11,139
to get soil cores by

2582
01:37:11,139 --> 01:37:13,389
myself to the
30 centimeters

2583
01:37:13,389 --> 01:37:14,469
and all the
different places.

2584
01:37:14,469 --> 01:37:16,810
So I think if I
had maybe more of

2585
01:37:16,810 --> 01:37:19,210
a crew or if we were
doing soil pits,

2586
01:37:19,210 --> 01:37:21,130
that would be something
we can consider

2587
01:37:21,130 --> 01:37:23,965
and also definitely
doing different.

2588
01:37:23,965 --> 01:37:26,530
Types, different areas.

2589
01:37:26,530 --> 01:37:28,855
Upland soils would be
interesting to see if

2590
01:37:28,855 --> 01:37:30,279
upland riparian areas are

2591
01:37:30,279 --> 01:37:33,129
different than even
like down valley.

2592
01:37:33,129 --> 01:37:35,904
Good question. Fantastic.

2593
01:37:35,904 --> 01:37:37,570
Okay, here's a question
for everybody and

2594
01:37:37,570 --> 01:37:39,129
we'll go around what are

2595
01:37:39,129 --> 01:37:41,019
the most effective
steps we can take in

2596
01:37:41,019 --> 01:37:43,524
urban areas to mitigate
climate change.

2597
01:37:43,524 --> 01:37:44,829
I want to qualify that in

2598
01:37:44,829 --> 01:37:46,795
both the short-term
and the long-term.

2599
01:37:46,795 --> 01:37:50,020
Let's start with Ugarit or

2600
01:37:50,020 --> 01:37:51,340
heat, either your kids.

2601
01:37:51,340 --> 01:37:53,199
Yeah, yeah, as integers

2602
01:37:53,199 --> 01:37:54,699
and a science that stands

2603
01:37:54,699 --> 01:37:56,649
for depends
what aspects of

2604
01:37:56,649 --> 01:37:57,340
climate change we're

2605
01:37:57,340 --> 01:37:59,530
talking about its course.

2606
01:37:59,530 --> 01:38:01,600
It has its sea level rise

2607
01:38:01,600 --> 01:38:02,830
or fires or whatever.

2608
01:38:02,830 --> 01:38:06,520
But I'm a student at
whose products are heat.

2609
01:38:06,520 --> 01:38:11,169
Yeah, so paranoid
of getting quacks.

2610
01:38:11,169 --> 01:38:11,890
I didn't spend a lot of

2611
01:38:11,890 --> 01:38:13,630
time talking
about mitigation,

2612
01:38:13,630 --> 01:38:14,980
but I had a slide
at the end.

2613
01:38:14,980 --> 01:38:16,150
That's just some
of the things

2614
01:38:16,150 --> 01:38:17,605
you get near a city.

2615
01:38:17,605 --> 01:38:18,759
A lot of that has to do

2616
01:38:18,759 --> 01:38:20,124
with greening up to c.

2617
01:38:20,124 --> 01:38:21,670
So a lot of

2618
01:38:21,670 --> 01:38:23,170
tree planting
efforts figuring

2619
01:38:23,170 --> 01:38:24,505
out that some of

2620
01:38:24,505 --> 01:38:25,869
the evapotranspiration

2621
01:38:25,869 --> 01:38:26,830
from plants is carrying

2622
01:38:26,830 --> 01:38:29,785
a cooling effect and
also shade effects.

2623
01:38:29,785 --> 01:38:31,479
You can change

2624
01:38:31,479 --> 01:38:33,685
sort of just the
materials to be more

2625
01:38:33,685 --> 01:38:35,319
porous and the
water can actually

2626
01:38:35,319 --> 01:38:38,064
infiltrate born about
breaking cool cities.

2627
01:38:38,064 --> 01:38:40,060
You can chat and
I'm going to copy,

2628
01:38:40,060 --> 01:38:43,314
there's a real kick the
ones remember also.

2629
01:38:43,314 --> 01:38:44,454
How about you?

2630
01:38:44,454 --> 01:38:46,430
All right. Thanks.

2631
01:38:46,800 --> 01:38:49,059
Yeah. I mean,
I just like to

2632
01:38:49,059 --> 01:38:50,889
add on not really

2633
01:38:50,889 --> 01:38:52,660
think like you're saying

2634
01:38:52,660 --> 01:38:54,655
really planting
more plants,

2635
01:38:54,655 --> 01:38:55,660
really preserving

2636
01:38:55,660 --> 01:38:56,949
our natural resources
that we already

2637
01:38:56,949 --> 01:39:00,070
have continued to restore.

2638
01:39:00,070 --> 01:39:03,460
Areas within,
within our city,

2639
01:39:03,460 --> 01:39:06,100
I think is very valuable
and in the process

2640
01:39:06,100 --> 01:39:10,494
of adapting to
rising climax.

2641
01:39:10,494 --> 01:39:11,649
So yeah, definitely just

2642
01:39:11,649 --> 01:39:12,759
continue to plant
more plants.

2643
01:39:12,759 --> 01:39:14,590
And a lot of

2644
01:39:14,590 --> 01:39:16,225
those initiatives
I think are very,

2645
01:39:16,225 --> 01:39:20,239
very super about uvula.

2646
01:39:20,850 --> 01:39:22,990
Touched on this generally.

2647
01:39:22,990 --> 01:39:25,419
But I think a really
important thing

2648
01:39:25,419 --> 01:39:26,859
is to increase

2649
01:39:26,859 --> 01:39:29,200
habitat connectivity
because it

2650
01:39:29,200 --> 01:39:31,254
can be so fragmented
in urban areas.

2651
01:39:31,254 --> 01:39:33,100
And I think that's really
important thing to

2652
01:39:33,100 --> 01:39:35,620
increase the health
of an ecosystem and

2653
01:39:35,620 --> 01:39:38,185
therefore increase
its resiliency to

2654
01:39:38,185 --> 01:39:39,909
disturbances that
are going to

2655
01:39:39,909 --> 01:39:42,130
increase due to
climate change.

2656
01:39:42,130 --> 01:39:43,734
And then I think
on top of that,

2657
01:39:43,734 --> 01:39:44,830
just kind of
echoing what's

2658
01:39:44,830 --> 01:39:46,330
been previously said,

2659
01:39:46,330 --> 01:39:49,825
protecting
existing trees and

2660
01:39:49,825 --> 01:39:51,564
increasing the
canopy cover.

2661
01:39:51,564 --> 01:39:55,314
If again, Zuber,
when you want to.

2662
01:39:55,314 --> 01:39:58,269
Yeah, I think this
almost ties back

2663
01:39:58,269 --> 01:40:01,029
to the talk that
happen and forgive me.

2664
01:40:01,029 --> 01:40:02,770
I'm going to I

2665
01:40:02,770 --> 01:40:04,554
don't remember the
doctor's name,

2666
01:40:04,554 --> 01:40:10,210
but he talked about
how the wetland and

2667
01:40:10,210 --> 01:40:11,829
the floodplain has really

2668
01:40:11,829 --> 01:40:16,239
a change sense before
white settlers came.

2669
01:40:16,239 --> 01:40:18,280
And I think if

2670
01:40:18,280 --> 01:40:20,529
there's a way to increase
the flood plain in

2671
01:40:20,529 --> 01:40:22,330
an urban setting
that could have

2672
01:40:22,330 --> 01:40:23,890
a really big impact on

2673
01:40:23,890 --> 01:40:25,569
your ability to
sequester carbon,

2674
01:40:25,569 --> 01:40:28,240
especially with
wetlands and have

2675
01:40:28,240 --> 01:40:31,539
more water stay within
that urban setting,

2676
01:40:31,539 --> 01:40:33,625
which could lead
to cooling.

2677
01:40:33,625 --> 01:40:35,590
Sort of the natural
reservoir the

2678
01:40:35,590 --> 01:40:37,359
dr. Lewis was talking
about Oculus.

2679
01:40:37,359 --> 01:40:38,004
Thank you.

2680
01:40:38,004 --> 01:40:39,859
Yes.

2681
01:40:41,100 --> 01:40:42,415
Yeah.

2682
01:40:42,415 --> 01:40:44,184
I really I agree
with that.

2683
01:40:44,184 --> 01:40:46,000
I was going to
bring that too

2684
01:40:46,000 --> 01:40:48,549
because I was
really inspired by

2685
01:40:48,549 --> 01:40:50,500
Dr. Louis this
presentation

2686
01:40:50,500 --> 01:40:52,569
and we touched on

2687
01:40:52,569 --> 01:40:53,650
it a little bit
with the wetlands,

2688
01:40:53,650 --> 01:40:56,829
but I think that
restoring streams and

2689
01:40:56,829 --> 01:40:58,810
rivers and getting
more water

2690
01:40:58,810 --> 01:41:00,730
to stay on site will
definitely important,

2691
01:41:00,730 --> 01:41:01,839
but also building

2692
01:41:01,839 --> 01:41:04,569
resistant resilient
communities

2693
01:41:04,569 --> 01:41:05,920
and ensuring
that everybody

2694
01:41:05,920 --> 01:41:07,839
within the city he
has what they need.

2695
01:41:07,839 --> 01:41:09,609
Because our
governments and

2696
01:41:09,609 --> 01:41:11,199
our communities take
care of each other.

2697
01:41:11,199 --> 01:41:12,759
It's going to be
important and

2698
01:41:12,759 --> 01:41:14,200
thinking about
ways to ensure

2699
01:41:14,200 --> 01:41:17,500
that there's enough food
for everyone grown.

2700
01:41:17,500 --> 01:41:18,760
Maybe a lot of
it needs to be

2701
01:41:18,760 --> 01:41:20,079
grounded in the community.

2702
01:41:20,079 --> 01:41:21,250
So we need to change

2703
01:41:21,250 --> 01:41:23,740
are the ways that
we're growing food to

2704
01:41:23,740 --> 01:41:25,420
ensure that we can make

2705
01:41:25,420 --> 01:41:27,279
sure everybody has
food and having

2706
01:41:27,279 --> 01:41:29,019
more water available to us

2707
01:41:29,019 --> 01:41:31,929
will definitely
help with that.

2708
01:41:31,929 --> 01:41:32,980
Great.

2709
01:41:32,980 --> 01:41:34,075
Thank you very much.

2710
01:41:34,075 --> 01:41:35,814
Pardon me.

2711
01:41:35,814 --> 01:41:36,969
Gwen,

2712
01:41:36,969 --> 01:41:38,139
based on your observations

2713
01:41:38,139 --> 01:41:39,159
of this study plots,

2714
01:41:39,159 --> 01:41:39,759
you think that

2715
01:41:39,759 --> 01:41:41,080
the fungal community
university

2716
01:41:41,080 --> 01:41:42,819
was constrained by lack of

2717
01:41:42,819 --> 01:41:45,205
natural reintroduction
of these species

2718
01:41:45,205 --> 01:41:47,320
due to limited
conductivity,

2719
01:41:47,320 --> 01:41:48,819
or was it more
of a habitat

2720
01:41:48,819 --> 01:41:51,559
problem or something else?

2721
01:41:53,520 --> 01:41:55,720
There is an office phone

2722
01:41:55,720 --> 01:41:57,099
ringing in my office.

2723
01:41:57,099 --> 01:41:59,509
I am sorry.

2724
01:42:01,590 --> 01:42:03,955
I missed part of
the question.

2725
01:42:03,955 --> 01:42:05,349
But I think

2726
01:42:05,349 --> 01:42:08,150
Garrett Garrett
knows how you feel.

2727
01:42:09,360 --> 01:42:13,210
I think what led to a
lot of the variation,

2728
01:42:13,210 --> 01:42:14,230
at least that I saw

2729
01:42:14,230 --> 01:42:16,509
on the fungal observations

2730
01:42:16,509 --> 01:42:18,339
is that I think it's

2731
01:42:18,339 --> 01:42:21,145
how I sampled,
to be honest.

2732
01:42:21,145 --> 01:42:25,134
And I think that if I had

2733
01:42:25,134 --> 01:42:26,469
maybe a little
bit more time

2734
01:42:26,469 --> 01:42:27,160
to really try and

2735
01:42:27,160 --> 01:42:28,809
analyze what I
was looking at

2736
01:42:28,809 --> 01:42:30,669
because I wasn't
with that analysis,

2737
01:42:30,669 --> 01:42:31,989
I wasn't looking
at communities.

2738
01:42:31,989 --> 01:42:33,369
I was looking at
just number of

2739
01:42:33,369 --> 01:42:35,290
species and I don't
know if that's

2740
01:42:35,290 --> 01:42:40,104
actually a really good
way to interpret how

2741
01:42:40,104 --> 01:42:43,540
fungal communities and
particular mycorrhizae

2742
01:42:43,540 --> 01:42:47,079
are connected to
carbon sequestration.

2743
01:42:47,079 --> 01:42:48,220
I think I probably
would have

2744
01:42:48,220 --> 01:42:50,679
approached it a little
bit differently.

2745
01:42:50,679 --> 01:42:53,169
They're trying to
do some analysis,

2746
01:42:53,169 --> 01:42:55,450
but then a month like
a graduate though,

2747
01:42:55,450 --> 01:42:57,670
that's kind of what
I came up with,

2748
01:42:57,670 --> 01:43:00,069
the realities of grad
school. All right.

2749
01:43:00,069 --> 01:43:02,259
Our last question
is for Ugarit,

2750
01:43:02,259 --> 01:43:03,940
you mentioned that
90 percent of

2751
01:43:03,940 --> 01:43:05,289
people in us
will be living

2752
01:43:05,289 --> 01:43:07,929
in cities by 2050.
Parentheses.

2753
01:43:07,929 --> 01:43:10,750
And I mean that, that
correctly, Would you,

2754
01:43:10,750 --> 01:43:11,920
what do you think will be

2755
01:43:11,920 --> 01:43:13,060
the biggest challenge in

2756
01:43:13,060 --> 01:43:14,290
helping cities be livable

2757
01:43:14,290 --> 01:43:16,840
places with this
predicted growth?

2758
01:43:16,840 --> 01:43:18,774
Yeah, thanks for
the question.

2759
01:43:18,774 --> 01:43:20,229
I'll try to be brief.

2760
01:43:20,229 --> 01:43:21,100
Yes.

2761
01:43:21,100 --> 01:43:22,870
So in my opinion, it's a

2762
01:43:22,870 --> 01:43:24,940
little bit it
would be kind of

2763
01:43:24,940 --> 01:43:27,310
the heat and
equities where

2764
01:43:27,310 --> 01:43:28,749
certain groups
of people are

2765
01:43:28,749 --> 01:43:30,790
exposed to more
severe heat.

2766
01:43:30,790 --> 01:43:33,940
And so the challenge
of that provide kind

2767
01:43:33,940 --> 01:43:37,150
of cooling for every one
to, to prevent that.

2768
01:43:37,150 --> 01:43:38,410
And there's also
some environmental

2769
01:43:38,410 --> 01:43:39,909
implications I won't get

2770
01:43:39,909 --> 01:43:43,315
into for time
reasons. Great.

2771
01:43:43,315 --> 01:43:44,979
Thank you to all
of our presenters

2772
01:43:44,979 --> 01:43:46,059
really appreciate it.

2773
01:43:46,059 --> 01:43:47,559
Appreciate your
presentations and

2774
01:43:47,559 --> 01:43:48,939
also answering
the questions.

2775
01:43:48,939 --> 01:43:50,184
Great job.

2776
01:43:50,184 --> 01:43:51,640
We're going to head
into our poster

2777
01:43:51,640 --> 01:43:52,750
session now for anyone who

2778
01:43:52,750 --> 01:43:55,180
hasn't had a chance to
see the posters yet,

2779
01:43:55,180 --> 01:43:56,680
make your way over
to the link that

2780
01:43:56,680 --> 01:43:59,395
CROs going to drop
into the chat.

2781
01:43:59,395 --> 01:44:00,850
The last rather

2782
01:44:00,850 --> 01:44:02,425
the presentation
pins will start at

2783
01:44:02,425 --> 01:44:05,050
noon Pacific right
here on this link.

2784
01:44:05,050 --> 01:44:06,579
I will see you then.

2785
01:44:06,579 --> 01:44:08,665
We are here for

2786
01:44:08,665 --> 01:44:13,165
our final panelists
that sometimes yeah,

2787
01:44:13,165 --> 01:44:15,185
focusing on habitat today.

2788
01:44:15,185 --> 01:44:16,859
My name is Lindsey wise.

2789
01:44:16,859 --> 01:44:18,060
I work at
Portland State at

2790
01:44:18,060 --> 01:44:20,220
the Institute for
natural resources.

2791
01:44:20,220 --> 01:44:21,810
And our first speaker in

2792
01:44:21,810 --> 01:44:23,880
this habitat section
is going to be done.

2793
01:44:23,880 --> 01:44:26,130
Nick means, he's
a biologist and

2794
01:44:26,130 --> 01:44:27,794
environmentally
environmental

2795
01:44:27,794 --> 01:44:29,099
regulatory coordinator

2796
01:44:29,099 --> 01:44:29,190
at

2797
01:44:29,190 --> 01:44:31,754
the City of Portland
environmental services.

2798
01:44:31,754 --> 01:44:34,530
This talk today is
quantifying impacts to

2799
01:44:34,530 --> 01:44:36,359
water quality from
the introduction of

2800
01:44:36,359 --> 01:44:38,549
an invasive, what
boring insect.

2801
01:44:38,549 --> 01:44:40,599
Good luck Dominic.

2802
01:44:44,990 --> 01:44:47,085
Thanks for having me.

2803
01:44:47,085 --> 01:44:50,564
Greetings from beautiful
downtown Portland.

2804
01:44:50,564 --> 01:44:52,395
This is a neat
little study.

2805
01:44:52,395 --> 01:44:54,690
I think it's neat
study I embarked

2806
01:44:54,690 --> 01:44:58,004
upon with Julia wound
and more to Manson.

2807
01:44:58,004 --> 01:45:01,484
Current and former
colleagues.

2808
01:45:01,484 --> 01:45:03,450
Those of you who've
seen me talk before,

2809
01:45:03,450 --> 01:45:05,969
I like to have my
science the title,

2810
01:45:05,969 --> 01:45:09,345
and then weigh less
pretentious type.

2811
01:45:09,345 --> 01:45:11,279
Void that.

2812
01:45:11,279 --> 01:45:13,095
But we're not really
talking about

2813
01:45:13,095 --> 01:45:14,310
true bugs here.

2814
01:45:14,310 --> 01:45:15,554
We're talking
about a beetle,

2815
01:45:15,554 --> 01:45:17,024
emerald ash borer,

2816
01:45:17,024 --> 01:45:18,629
which we'll call the GAVI

2817
01:45:18,629 --> 01:45:20,444
for the purposes
of this talk,

2818
01:45:20,444 --> 01:45:22,919
the gorillas plan
a pedis realists

2819
01:45:22,919 --> 01:45:25,515
is actually the
largest animal genus.

2820
01:45:25,515 --> 01:45:26,400
Trivia.

2821
01:45:26,400 --> 01:45:27,524
If you don't remember

2822
01:45:27,524 --> 01:45:28,740
anything from this talk,

2823
01:45:28,740 --> 01:45:30,390
remember that it is

2824
01:45:30,390 --> 01:45:31,439
meant to call it
wouldn't boring

2825
01:45:31,439 --> 01:45:33,269
beetle lives one
to two years

2826
01:45:33,269 --> 01:45:34,559
depending on climate.

2827
01:45:34,559 --> 01:45:37,949
Host quality is a
host specialist

2828
01:45:37,949 --> 01:45:41,290
or the genus
Francis switches,

2829
01:45:41,300 --> 01:45:44,039
spills over to

2830
01:45:44,039 --> 01:45:45,750
other species
within that family.

2831
01:45:45,750 --> 01:45:48,014
The only see the
all and family.

2832
01:45:48,014 --> 01:45:50,249
It is from East Asia where

2833
01:45:50,249 --> 01:45:52,889
incest only stressed
fraction of trees,

2834
01:45:52,889 --> 01:45:56,055
which makes sense,
co-evolved with them.

2835
01:45:56,055 --> 01:45:57,959
Now there's things
there they eat it or

2836
01:45:57,959 --> 01:46:01,034
specialized in
eating EAB and

2837
01:46:01,034 --> 01:46:03,480
specialize in eating
asked trees that have

2838
01:46:03,480 --> 01:46:06,929
defenses for EAB
in North America,

2839
01:46:06,929 --> 01:46:08,340
in actually in
Eastern Europe

2840
01:46:08,340 --> 01:46:10,169
that it is a major test.

2841
01:46:10,169 --> 01:46:12,270
And NFS healthy
and stressed

2842
01:46:12,270 --> 01:46:16,620
Frank's lists trees
evolutionarily naive.

2843
01:46:16,620 --> 01:46:18,150
For x and its trees aren't

2844
01:46:18,150 --> 01:46:20,144
native North
American Francis,

2845
01:46:20,144 --> 01:46:23,430
there's a little guy first

2846
01:46:23,430 --> 01:46:25,060
detected in
Michigan, lesson 2,

2847
01:46:25,060 --> 01:46:25,869
which means it arrived

2848
01:46:25,869 --> 01:46:27,520
in early nineties,
mid-1990s,

2849
01:46:27,520 --> 01:46:29,590
probably on infested
would packing

2850
01:46:29,590 --> 01:46:31,990
material from East Asia.

2851
01:46:31,990 --> 01:46:33,865
Currently it's
western most

2852
01:46:33,865 --> 01:46:35,469
known population is in

2853
01:46:35,469 --> 01:46:37,359
Colorado and we get
our Mountain West

2854
01:46:37,359 --> 01:46:39,549
doesn't have a
lot praxis in it.

2855
01:46:39,549 --> 01:46:41,109
So it's kind of up against

2856
01:46:41,109 --> 01:46:43,300
a barrier there of
natural dispersal.

2857
01:46:43,300 --> 01:46:45,310
But of course
human dispersal.

2858
01:46:45,310 --> 01:46:47,740
The sky's the limit
how far it can go up.

2859
01:46:47,740 --> 01:46:49,299
And it's not a question

2860
01:46:49,299 --> 01:46:51,459
of if it'll reach

2861
01:46:51,459 --> 01:46:52,959
or it could have
been a west coast.

2862
01:46:52,959 --> 01:46:54,794
It's when without a doubt,

2863
01:46:54,794 --> 01:46:56,760
it is when we

2864
01:46:56,760 --> 01:46:58,065
don't know when that's
going to happen.

2865
01:46:58,065 --> 01:47:00,075
It is going to happen.

2866
01:47:00,075 --> 01:47:02,699
The impacts from the
eastern seaboard,

2867
01:47:02,699 --> 01:47:03,689
most of the focus has

2868
01:47:03,689 --> 01:47:04,830
been on the urban forest.

2869
01:47:04,830 --> 01:47:06,239
A forest that's where
most people live.

2870
01:47:06,239 --> 01:47:07,379
They see these impact to

2871
01:47:07,379 --> 01:47:08,640
their street trees
and they got

2872
01:47:08,640 --> 01:47:10,004
up high or an arborist,

2873
01:47:10,004 --> 01:47:11,310
municipalities
have to deal

2874
01:47:11,310 --> 01:47:13,080
with all these dead trees.

2875
01:47:13,080 --> 01:47:16,679
Sanitation for them,
huge costs and

2876
01:47:16,679 --> 01:47:18,539
risks to human
health and safety,

2877
01:47:18,539 --> 01:47:20,519
however, are concerned.

2878
01:47:20,519 --> 01:47:22,409
It's out here for
a few years and

2879
01:47:22,409 --> 01:47:24,510
is now being shown on
the eastern seaboard

2880
01:47:24,510 --> 01:47:26,730
with black ass swamps
is that there are

2881
01:47:26,730 --> 01:47:29,159
massive disruptions to

2882
01:47:29,159 --> 01:47:32,730
water quality. Food webs.

2883
01:47:32,730 --> 01:47:35,650
You name it, as
you would expect.

2884
01:47:35,780 --> 01:47:38,774
It's a very
important tree,

2885
01:47:38,774 --> 01:47:41,370
genius Black Ash as
it's Oregon and ash

2886
01:47:41,370 --> 01:47:43,350
are other study
species here,

2887
01:47:43,350 --> 01:47:44,834
which unfortunately,

2888
01:47:44,834 --> 01:47:48,539
with greenhouse studies
from the East Coast,

2889
01:47:48,539 --> 01:47:49,919
looks like Oregon amps is

2890
01:47:49,919 --> 01:47:52,169
probably the most
susceptible of

2891
01:47:52,169 --> 01:47:57,270
all 15 or 16 North
American native species.

2892
01:47:57,270 --> 01:48:00,149
Oh, wow. Good.

2893
01:48:00,149 --> 01:48:02,354
Here's Oregon
answers range.

2894
01:48:02,354 --> 01:48:04,529
It is a it can grow to be

2895
01:48:04,529 --> 01:48:06,719
a huge tree or
early successional,

2896
01:48:06,719 --> 01:48:08,324
the late successional
habitat,

2897
01:48:08,324 --> 01:48:11,444
ripe cherry in
floodplains, also uplands.

2898
01:48:11,444 --> 01:48:13,845
There's a trains down
into California,

2899
01:48:13,845 --> 01:48:16,140
california to
other species

2900
01:48:16,140 --> 01:48:18,704
which are smaller
trees usually.

2901
01:48:18,704 --> 01:48:21,030
Hello, This is
a critical tree

2902
01:48:21,030 --> 01:48:24,674
for a low elevation,
low gradient,

2903
01:48:24,674 --> 01:48:26,370
right carrion settings for

2904
01:48:26,370 --> 01:48:28,320
shading and providing
structure and

2905
01:48:28,320 --> 01:48:29,729
all sorts at a
pretty benefits

2906
01:48:29,729 --> 01:48:31,124
will wildlife and

2907
01:48:31,124 --> 01:48:33,419
specialized ligands
and insects

2908
01:48:33,419 --> 01:48:35,190
and only eat
asked et cetera.

2909
01:48:35,190 --> 01:48:37,844
When EAB arrives,
we expect

2910
01:48:37,844 --> 01:48:41,339
enroll or Oregon to be
functionally extinct.

2911
01:48:41,339 --> 01:48:43,590
Basically, you're
not going to see it.

2912
01:48:43,590 --> 01:48:45,179
Very often, probably

2913
01:48:45,179 --> 01:48:46,604
won't go totally extinct.

2914
01:48:46,604 --> 01:48:47,819
Or research questions,

2915
01:48:47,819 --> 01:48:48,839
what is the
contribution of

2916
01:48:48,839 --> 01:48:50,100
work and asked the local

2917
01:48:50,100 --> 01:48:51,150
right period in canopy,

2918
01:48:51,150 --> 01:48:52,890
what's going to happen
to that canopy?

2919
01:48:52,890 --> 01:48:53,819
And water?

2920
01:48:53,819 --> 01:48:55,650
After VAB arrives, we keep

2921
01:48:55,650 --> 01:48:57,449
speculating about
this and the region.

2922
01:48:57,449 --> 01:48:59,985
We're going to ask
DAB, well, heck,

2923
01:48:59,985 --> 01:49:01,229
let's use our science in

2924
01:49:01,229 --> 01:49:03,750
mines and trying to
figure something out.

2925
01:49:03,750 --> 01:49:05,610
Here's our two
water bodies

2926
01:49:05,610 --> 01:49:07,019
to studying systems.

2927
01:49:07,019 --> 01:49:09,224
Columbia sludge onto
Creek, obviously,

2928
01:49:09,224 --> 01:49:11,310
very different water
bodies plug is slow,

2929
01:49:11,310 --> 01:49:15,509
partially title pumped,
dikes, levees, etc.

2930
01:49:15,509 --> 01:49:18,060
Johnson preach,
higher gradients,

2931
01:49:18,060 --> 01:49:21,150
more mineral soils
through a bunch of ag,

2932
01:49:21,150 --> 01:49:23,429
land there in the East and

2933
01:49:23,429 --> 01:49:27,039
then go unbounded
urbanization.

2934
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:29,610
We selected a
number of quadrats.

2935
01:49:29,610 --> 01:49:30,540
I'll see the number soon.

2936
01:49:30,540 --> 01:49:32,399
30 by 30 meter
quadrats along

2937
01:49:32,399 --> 01:49:36,074
these two stream reaches
we've broken up.

2938
01:49:36,074 --> 01:49:37,559
We're going to be looking

2939
01:49:37,559 --> 01:49:38,999
at meditation
experience has

2940
01:49:38,999 --> 01:49:40,710
a different
contribution to

2941
01:49:40,710 --> 01:49:43,304
shading and cooling
for these streams.

2942
01:49:43,304 --> 01:49:46,770
We then characterized,
quantify

2943
01:49:46,770 --> 01:49:47,820
the canopy at

2944
01:49:47,820 --> 01:49:50,175
different
vegetation levels

2945
01:49:50,175 --> 01:49:51,870
within the structure,

2946
01:49:51,870 --> 01:49:53,189
and then determine what

2947
01:49:53,189 --> 01:49:54,315
proportion of that was

2948
01:49:54,315 --> 01:49:56,805
Oregon to ask for each
of those vegetate,

2949
01:49:56,805 --> 01:49:59,910
late, start, codon, want
to ascend from etc.

2950
01:49:59,910 --> 01:50:01,560
counted the number
of stems counted

2951
01:50:01,560 --> 01:50:03,944
all the other species,
still pretty cool.

2952
01:50:03,944 --> 01:50:10,069
Dataset, 262
quadrants over

2953
01:50:10,069 --> 01:50:13,324
5.2% of the area along
that 30-meter buffer,

2954
01:50:13,324 --> 01:50:16,760
north and south for
those stream reaches.

2955
01:50:16,760 --> 01:50:19,415
So I thought
pie in the sky,

2956
01:50:19,415 --> 01:50:21,875
3%, we've got five weeks.

2957
01:50:21,875 --> 01:50:25,490
So pretty robust
power there.

2958
01:50:25,490 --> 01:50:28,459
I'm just going to show
you some quick fingers

2959
01:50:28,459 --> 01:50:30,575
or FK to be abundance.

2960
01:50:30,575 --> 01:50:32,239
Columbia slid
west to east.

2961
01:50:32,239 --> 01:50:33,229
You can see along

2962
01:50:33,229 --> 01:50:35,554
those three bands
color-coded.

2963
01:50:35,554 --> 01:50:38,254
Let me just look at
Edward organized.

2964
01:50:38,254 --> 01:50:40,264
There's a lot of what
we're going to use.

2965
01:50:40,264 --> 01:50:41,329
Tree.

2966
01:50:41,329 --> 01:50:45,439
This is dominant
over story.

2967
01:50:45,439 --> 01:50:49,254
Johnson Creek of West
in Johnson Creek yeast.

2968
01:50:49,254 --> 01:50:52,574
Once again, not
as much Oregon,

2969
01:50:52,574 --> 01:50:54,809
but there's some funds.

2970
01:50:54,809 --> 01:50:56,880
So what about, what
does this mean?

2971
01:50:56,880 --> 01:50:58,034
Well, we used

2972
01:50:58,034 --> 01:51:01,620
the shade a later
module with it in

2973
01:51:01,620 --> 01:51:04,909
the heat source
model meeting like

2974
01:51:04,909 --> 01:51:08,579
Oregon dq for calculating
temperature TMDLs,

2975
01:51:08,579 --> 01:51:10,710
total maximum daily loads.

2976
01:51:10,710 --> 01:51:13,260
The first CDF for
Lindsey has a bunch of

2977
01:51:13,260 --> 01:51:14,730
regulatory
requirements when it

2978
01:51:14,730 --> 01:51:16,559
comes to all sorts
of TMD else.

2979
01:51:16,559 --> 01:51:18,480
So this is a big
deal for us just

2980
01:51:18,480 --> 01:51:21,045
from a regulatory
standpoint.

2981
01:51:21,045 --> 01:51:24,029
We use those datasets
we collected.

2982
01:51:24,029 --> 01:51:26,654
And then we use the 2019

2983
01:51:26,654 --> 01:51:28,649
LIDAR LIDAR data sets

2984
01:51:28,649 --> 01:51:29,910
for absolute heights of

2985
01:51:29,910 --> 01:51:34,259
vegetation Along those
stream reaches for

2986
01:51:34,259 --> 01:51:37,245
those fibrous joints

2987
01:51:37,245 --> 01:51:38,610
creak effective
shade scenario.

2988
01:51:38,610 --> 01:51:40,080
So effective shade
is the amount of

2989
01:51:40,080 --> 01:51:42,674
solar radiation
blocked by vegetation.

2990
01:51:42,674 --> 01:51:45,405
Based off that lidar
on our data sets,

2991
01:51:45,405 --> 01:51:46,799
Here's the max
potential of

2992
01:51:46,799 --> 01:51:48,900
what could occur with

2993
01:51:48,900 --> 01:51:50,865
native vegetation heights

2994
01:51:50,865 --> 01:51:53,534
along Johnson creek.

2995
01:51:53,534 --> 01:51:56,909
It's not equal straight
line across there.

2996
01:51:56,909 --> 01:51:58,650
And that's because
obviously you'll remember,

2997
01:51:58,650 --> 01:51:59,970
does all sorts of
different things

2998
01:51:59,970 --> 01:52:01,259
to different aspects

2999
01:52:01,259 --> 01:52:04,275
and slopes along
the bank, etc.

3000
01:52:04,275 --> 01:52:07,379
Here is the current
shading scenario.

3001
01:52:07,379 --> 01:52:10,170
There's parking lots
and all sorts of things

3002
01:52:10,170 --> 01:52:13,484
along Johnson treat
farm, so the same.

3003
01:52:13,484 --> 01:52:16,260
And here it is. If
we lose assets of

3004
01:52:16,260 --> 01:52:18,810
five to 10 percent
increase in solar loading,

3005
01:52:18,810 --> 01:52:20,580
and I know that doesn't
look like much ICO.

3006
01:52:20,580 --> 01:52:22,170
Well, that orangey stuff.

3007
01:52:22,170 --> 01:52:24,569
Oh, it's almost there that

3008
01:52:24,569 --> 01:52:27,029
occur and shade scenarios.

3009
01:52:27,029 --> 01:52:30,599
But really these both
the stream reaches

3010
01:52:30,599 --> 01:52:33,089
these water bodies already

3011
01:52:33,089 --> 01:52:34,335
kinda maxed out and

3012
01:52:34,335 --> 01:52:36,030
just getting
hotter and hotter.

3013
01:52:36,030 --> 01:52:37,769
And that five to 10
percent increase in

3014
01:52:37,769 --> 01:52:40,350
solar loading is
quite significant.

3015
01:52:40,350 --> 01:52:41,969
It's hard to say exactly

3016
01:52:41,969 --> 01:52:43,200
what that will
mean in terms of

3017
01:52:43,200 --> 01:52:44,969
absolute degrees
temperature at

3018
01:52:44,969 --> 01:52:46,410
a certain time
of the year.

3019
01:52:46,410 --> 01:52:48,820
But it's not good.

3020
01:52:50,090 --> 01:52:54,090
We're still analyzing
data, as we speak.

3021
01:52:54,090 --> 01:52:56,219
In summary, Oregon
to ask represents

3022
01:52:56,219 --> 01:52:57,360
a substantial component

3023
01:52:57,360 --> 01:52:58,380
of these
watersheds, right?

3024
01:52:58,380 --> 01:53:00,780
Period. And it be 1516 to

3025
01:53:00,780 --> 01:53:05,249
50% to water bodies
composed of organisms.

3026
01:53:05,249 --> 01:53:08,099
However, these
water bodies

3027
01:53:08,099 --> 01:53:11,640
going to create
a lot of apps,

3028
01:53:11,640 --> 01:53:15,120
but they are
not respective.

3029
01:53:15,120 --> 01:53:18,585
Most low gradient,
low elevation

3030
01:53:18,585 --> 01:53:20,970
trips of the Willamette or

3031
01:53:20,970 --> 01:53:23,580
lower at Columbia
along Let's Walton,

3032
01:53:23,580 --> 01:53:27,419
our own too often just
there to Southwest.

3033
01:53:27,419 --> 01:53:29,850
Even the lower 12th
and probably this is

3034
01:53:29,850 --> 01:53:31,830
anecdotal 90
percent ash upwards

3035
01:53:31,830 --> 01:53:33,419
Walton with that
photo is just from

3036
01:53:33,419 --> 01:53:36,654
a few days ago,
flooding nicely.

3037
01:53:36,654 --> 01:53:38,059
Like a 100 percent Ash

3038
01:53:38,059 --> 01:53:41,345
along big stretches out.

3039
01:53:41,345 --> 01:53:42,379
So what's going to happen?

3040
01:53:42,379 --> 01:53:43,355
We lose all that.

3041
01:53:43,355 --> 01:53:44,269
Kind of a bummer.

3042
01:53:44,269 --> 01:53:45,425
Probably.

3043
01:53:45,425 --> 01:53:47,690
The key remaining
questions have we manage

3044
01:53:47,690 --> 01:53:50,029
riparian systems to
moderate future impacts?

3045
01:53:50,029 --> 01:53:51,050
We know this things time

3046
01:53:51,050 --> 01:53:52,819
and we don't know when.

3047
01:53:52,819 --> 01:53:55,490
The other issue is,
folks in the reading.

3048
01:53:55,490 --> 01:53:57,605
We just can't
help ourselves

3049
01:53:57,605 --> 01:53:59,494
planting Oregon ash for

3050
01:53:59,494 --> 01:54:01,580
Chegg credit
period settings.

3051
01:54:01,580 --> 01:54:03,019
It does break be

3052
01:54:03,019 --> 01:54:04,310
related to at
once and awhile,

3053
01:54:04,310 --> 01:54:05,750
but it's just a workforce

3054
01:54:05,750 --> 01:54:07,309
species not being seems to

3055
01:54:07,309 --> 01:54:12,020
really kill it until
the ATP comes.

3056
01:54:12,020 --> 01:54:13,670
So how are we
going to prepare

3057
01:54:13,670 --> 01:54:15,560
for this future cat

3058
01:54:15,560 --> 01:54:21,210
astride catastrophic
loss of a big clap.

3059
01:54:21,210 --> 01:54:23,310
I like that quack, quack.

3060
01:54:23,310 --> 01:54:24,239
Good.

3061
01:54:24,239 --> 01:54:25,950
What else day I
know I'm going on

3062
01:54:25,950 --> 01:54:27,240
my laptop here, Eliana,

3063
01:54:27,240 --> 01:54:28,439
potential replacements for

3064
01:54:28,439 --> 01:54:30,390
Oregon assets open
for assembly.

3065
01:54:30,390 --> 01:54:33,074
I'm ideas and I put
that last thing there.

3066
01:54:33,074 --> 01:54:35,909
You can Google
that with ODF,

3067
01:54:35,909 --> 01:54:37,649
Oregon Department
of Forestry seed

3068
01:54:37,649 --> 01:54:40,439
collection
efforts going on.

3069
01:54:40,439 --> 01:54:42,030
And these are all
the partners who

3070
01:54:42,030 --> 01:54:43,679
assisted us and
they say system,

3071
01:54:43,679 --> 01:54:45,480
but also that we
coordinated with to

3072
01:54:45,480 --> 01:54:47,610
gain access to
public properties.

3073
01:54:47,610 --> 01:54:48,150
And thank you to

3074
01:54:48,150 --> 01:54:49,529
all the private
property owners

3075
01:54:49,529 --> 01:54:51,059
who let us onto
their land,

3076
01:54:51,059 --> 01:54:52,259
especially out
in boring where

3077
01:54:52,259 --> 01:54:53,640
you drive up the
City of Portland

3078
01:54:53,640 --> 01:54:56,954
truck way out in
some rural form.

3079
01:54:56,954 --> 01:54:59,504
Not necessarily friendly
from the get-go.

3080
01:54:59,504 --> 01:55:02,169
Everybody wound up mostly.

3081
01:55:03,110 --> 01:55:05,759
And I was trying to
play a clack sound,

3082
01:55:05,759 --> 01:55:07,559
but currently that
wasn't coming through.

3083
01:55:07,559 --> 01:55:11,325
I did was just saying
thank you, Dominic.

3084
01:55:11,325 --> 01:55:13,679
Next up we have
Lori headings.

3085
01:55:13,679 --> 01:55:15,269
Lori as a senior natural

3086
01:55:15,269 --> 01:55:16,380
resource scientist in

3087
01:55:16,380 --> 01:55:17,730
the conservation
program at

3088
01:55:17,730 --> 01:55:19,979
the parks in nature
Department of metro.

3089
01:55:19,979 --> 01:55:21,179
And she'll be presenting

3090
01:55:21,179 --> 01:55:23,264
today on metros
bond refinement,

3091
01:55:23,264 --> 01:55:25,559
identifying acquisition
priorities and

3092
01:55:25,559 --> 01:55:27,164
the urban target area.

3093
01:55:27,164 --> 01:55:29,459
Go for it. Worry. You have

3094
01:55:29,459 --> 01:55:33,000
your presentation notes
and things on there.

3095
01:55:33,000 --> 01:55:35,199
It's a shame.

3096
01:55:35,270 --> 01:55:37,350
I wonder how you do

3097
01:55:37,350 --> 01:55:38,564
that normal.
Okay. Hold on.

3098
01:55:38,564 --> 01:55:41,100
Let me just do it. How do

3099
01:55:41,100 --> 01:55:42,464
you get it off of there?

3100
01:55:42,464 --> 01:55:44,909
And there is a
display settings,

3101
01:55:44,909 --> 01:55:46,874
many of you know, swap.

3102
01:55:46,874 --> 01:55:48,960
That first advice has

3103
01:55:48,960 --> 01:55:51,765
had an awesome
That's one minute.

3104
01:55:51,765 --> 01:55:55,049
So Dominic, thank you
so much for introducing

3105
01:55:55,049 --> 01:55:56,669
a couple of our
opportunity areas

3106
01:55:56,669 --> 01:55:58,530
in the urban setting.

3107
01:55:58,530 --> 01:56:00,810
I'm talking to
you today about

3108
01:56:00,810 --> 01:56:02,939
metros bond
refinement process

3109
01:56:02,939 --> 01:56:04,590
from the 2019 bond.

3110
01:56:04,590 --> 01:56:06,300
I'm going to whip through
these first slides

3111
01:56:06,300 --> 01:56:08,249
because the funnest
part is at the end,

3112
01:56:08,249 --> 01:56:10,184
and I don't want
that duct to come.

3113
01:56:10,184 --> 01:56:11,699
So here's our team for

3114
01:56:11,699 --> 01:56:13,799
the target area
ecological assessment.

3115
01:56:13,799 --> 01:56:15,390
When we went out and
found out what places

3116
01:56:15,390 --> 01:56:17,655
like the two men,

3117
01:56:17,655 --> 01:56:19,830
the left are Andrew
tiling hast,

3118
01:56:19,830 --> 01:56:21,449
and Michael Young from not

3119
01:56:21,449 --> 01:56:24,690
consulting who were
with us the whole way.

3120
01:56:24,690 --> 01:56:26,729
From the left
for the women,

3121
01:56:26,729 --> 01:56:28,019
it's Renee Perry and

3122
01:56:28,019 --> 01:56:29,339
indigenous
community member

3123
01:56:29,339 --> 01:56:32,114
and activist duty
blew her skeleton,

3124
01:56:32,114 --> 01:56:32,730
professor of

3125
01:56:32,730 --> 01:56:34,634
Indigenous Studies
at Portland State

3126
01:56:34,634 --> 01:56:39,159
and from Metro Alaina
ruler and Katie 1.

3127
01:56:39,860 --> 01:56:41,790
So we kind of have an

3128
01:56:41,790 --> 01:56:43,320
in-between place
in terms of

3129
01:56:43,320 --> 01:56:44,909
parks providers were not

3130
01:56:44,909 --> 01:56:46,139
federal or state level.

3131
01:56:46,139 --> 01:56:47,520
We're not that
big, but we're

3132
01:56:47,520 --> 01:56:49,079
also not going
to probably be

3133
01:56:49,079 --> 01:56:49,890
working with the park

3134
01:56:49,890 --> 01:56:50,790
in the middle
of the city of

3135
01:56:50,790 --> 01:56:51,960
Portland where there's not

3136
01:56:51,960 --> 01:56:52,949
a lot of other habitat.

3137
01:56:52,949 --> 01:56:55,139
So those are more for
local jurisdictions.

3138
01:56:55,139 --> 01:56:58,989
Were more of a regional
park provider.

3139
01:56:59,120 --> 01:57:01,290
C. Okay.

3140
01:57:01,290 --> 01:57:02,835
So there have been

3141
01:57:02,835 --> 01:57:04,529
two previous bond measures

3142
01:57:04,529 --> 01:57:05,399
where the voters voted

3143
01:57:05,399 --> 01:57:07,259
money in to allow Metro to

3144
01:57:07,259 --> 01:57:09,914
buy lands on their
behalf and restore them.

3145
01:57:09,914 --> 01:57:12,329
Over about 25 years.

3146
01:57:12,329 --> 01:57:14,909
It's been about 17
thousand acres,

3147
01:57:14,909 --> 01:57:18,014
give or take a couple
thousand we good site,

3148
01:57:18,014 --> 01:57:19,049
couple of house and we

3149
01:57:19,049 --> 01:57:20,279
actually had early on that

3150
01:57:20,279 --> 01:57:22,559
started metro
parks department.

3151
01:57:22,559 --> 01:57:23,939
And so it's more
like 15 thousand

3152
01:57:23,939 --> 01:57:25,380
and the two bonds.

3153
01:57:25,380 --> 01:57:26,729
And now we're
starting the third.

3154
01:57:26,729 --> 01:57:28,949
And under those
we've, we've

3155
01:57:28,949 --> 01:57:30,810
conserved and
restored 90 miles

3156
01:57:30,810 --> 01:57:32,864
of stream and river banks.

3157
01:57:32,864 --> 01:57:35,310
So there are six areas of

3158
01:57:35,310 --> 01:57:37,109
funding, protect
and restore.

3159
01:57:37,109 --> 01:57:38,430
That's when we're
talking about today.

3160
01:57:38,430 --> 01:57:40,799
A 155 million local parks

3161
01:57:40,799 --> 01:57:43,439
in nature, nature,
neighborhoods,

3162
01:57:43,439 --> 01:57:46,335
capita grants,
parks, improvements,

3163
01:57:46,335 --> 01:57:48,000
walking and biking trails,

3164
01:57:48,000 --> 01:57:50,859
and large-scale
community visions.

3165
01:57:51,020 --> 01:57:54,839
So that protect
and restore land.

3166
01:57:54,839 --> 01:57:57,029
Council says
that Metro will

3167
01:57:57,029 --> 01:57:58,740
protecting and
connect greater

3168
01:57:58,740 --> 01:58:00,300
Portland special
places by using

3169
01:58:00,300 --> 01:58:01,889
bond funds to
purchase land from

3170
01:58:01,889 --> 01:58:03,899
willing sellers and
restored emphasis

3171
01:58:03,899 --> 01:58:05,895
on the willing
sellers bees.

3172
01:58:05,895 --> 01:58:09,270
So what has really
changed in this bond?

3173
01:58:09,270 --> 01:58:11,819
There's really a
strong emphasis on

3174
01:58:11,819 --> 01:58:13,920
racial equity and a lot

3175
01:58:13,920 --> 01:58:16,020
on preparing for
climate change.

3176
01:58:16,020 --> 01:58:19,785
We did a much stronger
outreach commitment

3177
01:58:19,785 --> 01:58:20,879
and which will tell

3178
01:58:20,879 --> 01:58:22,229
you just a little
bit about.

3179
01:58:22,229 --> 01:58:23,430
And for the first time we

3180
01:58:23,430 --> 01:58:24,885
have an urban target area.

3181
01:58:24,885 --> 01:58:27,120
I'll tell you about
target areas in a second.

3182
01:58:27,120 --> 01:58:29,909
What is meaningful
community engagement mean?

3183
01:58:29,909 --> 01:58:33,269
Whoa, we did so
much outreached.

3184
01:58:33,269 --> 01:58:34,170
I tried to start

3185
01:58:34,170 --> 01:58:35,519
summarizing it and
I just couldn't,

3186
01:58:35,519 --> 01:58:37,259
so I gave up and
just did this slide.

3187
01:58:37,259 --> 01:58:39,000
We did before
during after we've

3188
01:58:39,000 --> 01:58:40,784
spoken with
parks providers,

3189
01:58:40,784 --> 01:58:42,599
we took out
information out

3190
01:58:42,599 --> 01:58:44,639
to the communities
in their language.

3191
01:58:44,639 --> 01:58:47,220
We, we had we asked

3192
01:58:47,220 --> 01:58:49,619
indigenous members of
community to do close

3193
01:58:49,619 --> 01:58:52,350
reads on our early
bond information

3194
01:58:52,350 --> 01:58:55,019
and give us feedback
all the way along.

3195
01:58:55,019 --> 01:58:56,790
I can't describe it all,

3196
01:58:56,790 --> 01:58:59,534
but it's been a
lot. I'm impressed.

3197
01:58:59,534 --> 01:59:02,459
I really think Metro
is trying to fulfill

3198
01:59:02,459 --> 01:59:03,854
our commitment
to the community

3199
01:59:03,854 --> 01:59:06,059
and it's never enough.

3200
01:59:06,059 --> 01:59:09,390
So along all this input

3201
01:59:09,390 --> 01:59:11,114
and it's still going on,

3202
01:59:11,114 --> 01:59:13,649
the community helps
shape the bond criteria

3203
01:59:13,649 --> 01:59:14,820
which are pretty similar

3204
01:59:14,820 --> 01:59:16,199
from our previous bonds.

3205
01:59:16,199 --> 01:59:18,299
Focusing on salmon
and restoring

3206
01:59:18,299 --> 01:59:20,160
the AUC uncurry
habitats and

3207
01:59:20,160 --> 01:59:23,069
my paren fish and
wildlife habitat.

3208
01:59:23,069 --> 01:59:25,169
But we're we're
really trying

3209
01:59:25,169 --> 01:59:27,330
to tie into larger
scale efforts,

3210
01:59:27,330 --> 01:59:28,560
the the Port of

3211
01:59:28,560 --> 01:59:30,449
Vancouver regional
conservation strategy

3212
01:59:30,449 --> 01:59:32,129
and the Oregon
conservation strategy,

3213
01:59:32,129 --> 01:59:36,764
as well as the Federal
priorities for fish.

3214
01:59:36,764 --> 01:59:40,709
All of that output
from the comments

3215
01:59:40,709 --> 01:59:42,269
that people gave
us got mapped

3216
01:59:42,269 --> 01:59:44,640
and here's what that
map looks like.

3217
01:59:44,640 --> 01:59:47,400
And we got many
more comments

3218
01:59:47,400 --> 01:59:48,540
that weren't mappable,

3219
01:59:48,540 --> 01:59:51,735
but that still help
to guide the program.

3220
01:59:51,735 --> 01:59:54,690
All right, so 24
target areas when

3221
01:59:54,690 --> 01:59:57,734
metro submits a
bond to the voters.

3222
01:59:57,734 --> 02:00:01,259
Quiz, after having
worked with the public,

3223
02:00:01,259 --> 02:00:03,149
we set up 24 target areas

3224
02:00:03,149 --> 02:00:04,274
this time on the bonds.

3225
02:00:04,274 --> 02:00:06,419
Some of them are older
areas that we're

3226
02:00:06,419 --> 02:00:09,255
trying to do more and
more acquisition in.

3227
02:00:09,255 --> 02:00:11,999
So, but for the
very first time,

3228
02:00:11,999 --> 02:00:14,619
we had an urban
target area.

3229
02:00:14,900 --> 02:00:17,010
And that was actually due

3230
02:00:17,010 --> 02:00:18,344
to requests from
the public.

3231
02:00:18,344 --> 02:00:20,640
Many requests,
many urban target

3232
02:00:20,640 --> 02:00:21,780
area compared
to the rest of

3233
02:00:21,780 --> 02:00:24,540
the bond has
even stronger.

3234
02:00:24,540 --> 02:00:26,550
It elevates the needs of

3235
02:00:26,550 --> 02:00:28,770
historically marginalized
communities prepare

3236
02:00:28,770 --> 02:00:30,660
for climate change
and especially,

3237
02:00:30,660 --> 02:00:33,360
not especially, but more

3238
02:00:33,360 --> 02:00:35,310
so maybe than other
target areas,

3239
02:00:35,310 --> 02:00:36,660
we're looking for
opportunities

3240
02:00:36,660 --> 02:00:38,069
to connect people
with nature

3241
02:00:38,069 --> 02:00:41,520
and all or most
I think all of

3242
02:00:41,520 --> 02:00:43,499
our opportunity areas
are associated with

3243
02:00:43,499 --> 02:00:46,499
trails or trail segments
that could be built.

3244
02:00:46,499 --> 02:00:48,119
Now, I will put

3245
02:00:48,119 --> 02:00:50,670
the ecologically
appropriate placement and

3246
02:00:50,670 --> 02:00:54,300
building statement
in there.

3247
02:00:54,300 --> 02:00:58,530
So we had to do an
ecological assessment,

3248
02:00:58,530 --> 02:01:01,679
I should say we
got to do it.

3249
02:01:01,679 --> 02:01:04,004
A lot of data or not.

3250
02:01:04,004 --> 02:01:05,880
We've had a lot of
data start with

3251
02:01:05,880 --> 02:01:07,650
not create a lot
of data for us to

3252
02:01:07,650 --> 02:01:10,560
help really bond
specific criteria

3253
02:01:10,560 --> 02:01:12,120
and help us
look at things.

3254
02:01:12,120 --> 02:01:13,950
And we did that
and then we moved

3255
02:01:13,950 --> 02:01:15,960
on with refinement
process.

3256
02:01:15,960 --> 02:01:18,390
Then. So throughputs
through all this,

3257
02:01:18,390 --> 02:01:19,409
we found that

3258
02:01:19,409 --> 02:01:21,389
the best urban
opportunity areas

3259
02:01:21,389 --> 02:01:22,500
conserve and restore

3260
02:01:22,500 --> 02:01:24,255
fish and wildlife habitat.

3261
02:01:24,255 --> 02:01:26,430
That's kind of a given,
conserve and improve

3262
02:01:26,430 --> 02:01:27,840
biodiversity quarters

3263
02:01:27,840 --> 02:01:29,385
which we've got maps now,

3264
02:01:29,385 --> 02:01:31,364
or at least habitat
permeability

3265
02:01:31,364 --> 02:01:33,630
from a couple of
different things,

3266
02:01:33,630 --> 02:01:34,800
including the
original habitat

3267
02:01:34,800 --> 02:01:36,659
wildlife connectivity
work group

3268
02:01:36,659 --> 02:01:38,144
and the pre-work group.

3269
02:01:38,144 --> 02:01:40,935
We wanted to respond
to community needs.

3270
02:01:40,935 --> 02:01:44,610
And so what the
community is asking for,

3271
02:01:44,610 --> 02:01:47,355
especially BIPOC community
members in groups,

3272
02:01:47,355 --> 02:01:48,870
we really want to
try to respond to

3273
02:01:48,870 --> 02:01:51,240
that and facilitate
access to nature,

3274
02:01:51,240 --> 02:01:51,899
as I mentioned,

3275
02:01:51,899 --> 02:01:54,480
and concrete
climate resilience.

3276
02:01:54,480 --> 02:01:56,234
So these are
the best ways,

3277
02:01:56,234 --> 02:01:57,719
the combination
of things and an

3278
02:01:57,719 --> 02:01:59,819
opportunity area
that we wanted.

3279
02:01:59,819 --> 02:02:01,920
So after all the
outreach and

3280
02:02:01,920 --> 02:02:03,929
all the bond passage
and the Baldridge and

3281
02:02:03,929 --> 02:02:04,949
the outreach and
outreach and

3282
02:02:04,949 --> 02:02:06,180
they outreach
and outreach and

3283
02:02:06,180 --> 02:02:09,405
writing and they find
out in the field.

3284
02:02:09,405 --> 02:02:12,329
We came up with 13
opportunity areas

3285
02:02:12,329 --> 02:02:13,589
for acquisition.

3286
02:02:13,589 --> 02:02:15,630
And before I move
to this slide,

3287
02:02:15,630 --> 02:02:17,535
I'm going to a apologize

3288
02:02:17,535 --> 02:02:19,665
for my bad mapping skills.

3289
02:02:19,665 --> 02:02:21,179
I literally just turned in

3290
02:02:21,179 --> 02:02:23,189
our refinement
report last night,

3291
02:02:23,189 --> 02:02:25,980
had 0 time to
prepare for this.

3292
02:02:25,980 --> 02:02:29,729
But also say, if your
opportunity area,

3293
02:02:29,729 --> 02:02:31,440
quote unquote, did not

3294
02:02:31,440 --> 02:02:33,119
get selected, we're sorry.

3295
02:02:33,119 --> 02:02:35,010
And it was probably
also important.

3296
02:02:35,010 --> 02:02:37,140
We had way too
many options.

3297
02:02:37,140 --> 02:02:39,135
Here's what
they look like.

3298
02:02:39,135 --> 02:02:40,245
Right?

3299
02:02:40,245 --> 02:02:42,105
So over here for
the Hillsborough,

3300
02:02:42,105 --> 02:02:44,100
pray I'm sorry,
Hillsborough.

3301
02:02:44,100 --> 02:02:45,870
Ok. Prairie and
wetlands sets up

3302
02:02:45,870 --> 02:02:48,240
in a new area about there.

3303
02:02:48,240 --> 02:02:50,219
That's a great oaky area

3304
02:02:50,219 --> 02:02:51,630
with prairie habitat.

3305
02:02:51,630 --> 02:02:52,530
There's wetlands in

3306
02:02:52,530 --> 02:02:53,759
a stream that runs through

3307
02:02:53,759 --> 02:02:56,280
every single
opportunity area,

3308
02:02:56,280 --> 02:02:58,290
with the exception
of Kelly Butte,

3309
02:02:58,290 --> 02:03:00,990
is a key wildlife quarter

3310
02:03:00,990 --> 02:03:02,804
or biodiversity quarter
and the region,

3311
02:03:02,804 --> 02:03:04,829
council Creek,
we've metros

3312
02:03:04,829 --> 02:03:06,935
invest right around there.

3313
02:03:06,935 --> 02:03:08,510
We wanted to try
to complete that

3314
02:03:08,510 --> 02:03:10,805
and hook up to

3315
02:03:10,805 --> 02:03:12,590
other opportunity
areas as well

3316
02:03:12,590 --> 02:03:16,380
as target areas outside
to this direction.

3317
02:03:17,140 --> 02:03:20,719
Let's see, David Hill
is a new urban area.

3318
02:03:20,719 --> 02:03:21,994
Enforce growth.

3319
02:03:21,994 --> 02:03:23,794
Again, really oaky.

3320
02:03:23,794 --> 02:03:25,654
David Hill and
the Hillsborough

3321
02:03:25,654 --> 02:03:27,499
properties are lands

3322
02:03:27,499 --> 02:03:29,720
are really great large

3323
02:03:29,720 --> 02:03:31,250
patch opportunities
as well.

3324
02:03:31,250 --> 02:03:33,110
So we need large
habitat patches

3325
02:03:33,110 --> 02:03:35,360
in the region and there
aren't many left.

3326
02:03:35,360 --> 02:03:37,819
Rock Creek west side is

3327
02:03:37,819 --> 02:03:39,919
just an absolute hub
of connectivity.

3328
02:03:39,919 --> 02:03:41,030
Most of these strains

3329
02:03:41,030 --> 02:03:42,770
have lamprey and salmon,

3330
02:03:42,770 --> 02:03:44,990
trout or some
combination thereof.

3331
02:03:44,990 --> 02:03:46,189
I don't have
time to tell you

3332
02:03:46,189 --> 02:03:48,235
details now, but
it's in the report.

3333
02:03:48,235 --> 02:03:49,800
But are not creek

3334
02:03:49,800 --> 02:03:51,675
actually out kind
of by my house.

3335
02:03:51,675 --> 02:03:55,049
Another new area that
will be developing.

3336
02:03:55,049 --> 02:03:56,730
Beautiful spot.

3337
02:03:56,730 --> 02:03:58,110
I've seen order in
the stream there.

3338
02:03:58,110 --> 02:03:59,385
It's just a great area and

3339
02:03:59,385 --> 02:04:00,599
it's going to be
a nice place.

3340
02:04:00,599 --> 02:04:02,070
And some of these areas

3341
02:04:02,070 --> 02:04:03,599
is larger patches
might provide

3342
02:04:03,599 --> 02:04:06,120
really good access for

3343
02:04:06,120 --> 02:04:08,534
cultural activities
and gathering.

3344
02:04:08,534 --> 02:04:10,995
Phenol Creek is
kind of a given.

3345
02:04:10,995 --> 02:04:12,119
Everybody's
been working on

3346
02:04:12,119 --> 02:04:13,560
that quarter over
here on the west side

3347
02:04:13,560 --> 02:04:14,850
for years and we're
going to try to

3348
02:04:14,850 --> 02:04:16,410
help fill in the
blanks there.

3349
02:04:16,410 --> 02:04:18,690
Another hub of
connectivity that

3350
02:04:18,690 --> 02:04:21,810
leads to multiple other
streams and quarters.

3351
02:04:21,810 --> 02:04:23,789
The two big rivers,

3352
02:04:23,789 --> 02:04:25,409
Willamette and
the Columbia.

3353
02:04:25,409 --> 02:04:26,909
They're the backbone of

3354
02:04:26,909 --> 02:04:28,020
our conductivity system.

3355
02:04:28,020 --> 02:04:31,230
All of the streams
feed into them,

3356
02:04:31,230 --> 02:04:33,989
are fish swim by
or salmon or lamb

3357
02:04:33,989 --> 02:04:37,275
prey off channel
habitat they have.

3358
02:04:37,275 --> 02:04:41,505
And they're incredibly
culturally important.

3359
02:04:41,505 --> 02:04:43,919
As we heard this morning

3360
02:04:43,919 --> 02:04:45,809
from our keynote speaker.

3361
02:04:45,809 --> 02:04:49,050
So we've tried to pick
out areas that are

3362
02:04:49,050 --> 02:04:50,669
undeveloped and in

3363
02:04:50,669 --> 02:04:53,220
the Columbia slew, we
kinda cheated here.

3364
02:04:53,220 --> 02:04:54,989
This is a slew area and it

3365
02:04:54,989 --> 02:04:56,790
includes West Hayden
island and Columbia,

3366
02:04:56,790 --> 02:04:59,760
and it also hooks up OK,

3367
02:04:59,760 --> 02:05:03,284
OK, OK. Kellogg,
mount Scott Creek.

3368
02:05:03,284 --> 02:05:05,145
I didn't receive
any time warnings.

3369
02:05:05,145 --> 02:05:07,304
Cbn Creek, federal Creek,

3370
02:05:07,304 --> 02:05:08,910
Coffee lake
Creek to hook up

3371
02:05:08,910 --> 02:05:10,499
the Willamette River to

3372
02:05:10,499 --> 02:05:11,970
the toilet River up at

3373
02:05:11,970 --> 02:05:13,889
the National
Wildlife Refuge.

3374
02:05:13,889 --> 02:05:15,240
Thank you very much.

3375
02:05:15,240 --> 02:05:17,355
We'll see you
when I wrap up.

3376
02:05:17,355 --> 02:05:19,709
And thank so much, Larry.

3377
02:05:19,709 --> 02:05:21,989
Next we have Becky Talbot

3378
02:05:21,989 --> 02:05:24,450
and cheese from
PSU and Shopee

3379
02:05:24,450 --> 02:05:26,219
delivering a
presentation titled

3380
02:05:26,219 --> 02:05:28,379
spatial and
seasonal variations

3381
02:05:28,379 --> 02:05:29,520
of microplastics,

3382
02:05:29,520 --> 02:05:30,810
concentrations, and

3383
02:05:30,810 --> 02:05:33,479
Cortland freshwater
ecosystems.

3384
02:05:33,479 --> 02:05:35,410
Thank you, Becky.

3385
02:05:35,660 --> 02:05:37,589
Thank you so much.

3386
02:05:37,589 --> 02:05:41,350
I hope that I knew then.

3387
02:05:41,390 --> 02:05:44,860
And you can see my
screen hopefully.

3388
02:05:46,670 --> 02:05:48,884
Okay.

3389
02:05:48,884 --> 02:05:51,450
Yeah, thank you so much
for the introduction.

3390
02:05:51,450 --> 02:05:52,785
I'm going to be talking

3391
02:05:52,785 --> 02:05:54,540
a bit today about
the research that I

3392
02:05:54,540 --> 02:05:55,739
conducted as part of

3393
02:05:55,739 --> 02:05:58,889
my master's
thesis, excuse me,

3394
02:05:58,889 --> 02:06:00,449
at Portland
State University

3395
02:06:00,449 --> 02:06:02,084
on the spatial infusion,

3396
02:06:02,084 --> 02:06:03,539
seasonal variations in

3397
02:06:03,539 --> 02:06:05,010
micro plastic
concentrations

3398
02:06:05,010 --> 02:06:07,424
in Portland
freshwater bodies.

3399
02:06:07,424 --> 02:06:09,930
So just to give you
a brief overview

3400
02:06:09,930 --> 02:06:11,040
of microplastics,

3401
02:06:11,040 --> 02:06:13,349
they are generally
considered to be

3402
02:06:13,349 --> 02:06:15,299
any piece of plastic
that's less than

3403
02:06:15,299 --> 02:06:17,399
or equal to five
millimeters in length.

3404
02:06:17,399 --> 02:06:19,349
And they form
through the process

3405
02:06:19,349 --> 02:06:21,210
of either primary
production,

3406
02:06:21,210 --> 02:06:22,379
in which case they are

3407
02:06:22,379 --> 02:06:24,555
manufactured at
very small sizes.

3408
02:06:24,555 --> 02:06:26,909
More commonly through
secondary production,

3409
02:06:26,909 --> 02:06:27,855
which is the breakdown of

3410
02:06:27,855 --> 02:06:29,504
larger pieces of plastic.

3411
02:06:29,504 --> 02:06:32,189
So there are various
forms of microplastics

3412
02:06:32,189 --> 02:06:33,540
and these forms can

3413
02:06:33,540 --> 02:06:36,390
often be indicative
of sources.

3414
02:06:36,390 --> 02:06:39,419
So urban land use
in particular

3415
02:06:39,419 --> 02:06:40,470
has been very closely

3416
02:06:40,470 --> 02:06:41,655
linked with microplastics,

3417
02:06:41,655 --> 02:06:44,234
collusion, probably no
big surprise there.

3418
02:06:44,234 --> 02:06:45,780
These regions tend to have

3419
02:06:45,780 --> 02:06:47,459
higher rates of
plastic production.

3420
02:06:47,459 --> 02:06:49,440
There tends to be a
lot more litter there.

3421
02:06:49,440 --> 02:06:51,659
And he's also
tend to be places

3422
02:06:51,659 --> 02:06:51,989
where

3423
02:06:51,989 --> 02:06:53,955
wastewater treatment
plants are located,

3424
02:06:53,955 --> 02:06:55,649
which have been
shown to be

3425
02:06:55,649 --> 02:06:57,300
important delivery
pathways of

3426
02:06:57,300 --> 02:06:59,984
microplastics to
freshwater environments.

3427
02:06:59,984 --> 02:07:02,129
So population
density is also

3428
02:07:02,129 --> 02:07:04,139
often linked with micro
plastic pollution,

3429
02:07:04,139 --> 02:07:06,689
as is agricultural
land use.

3430
02:07:06,689 --> 02:07:08,519
And this can be
potentially through

3431
02:07:08,519 --> 02:07:10,155
the use of
either biosolids

3432
02:07:10,155 --> 02:07:11,819
or that heavy
use of plastics

3433
02:07:11,819 --> 02:07:13,680
such as tarps or
baling twine.

3434
02:07:13,680 --> 02:07:15,030
So all of these plastics

3435
02:07:15,030 --> 02:07:15,959
can break down over time.

3436
02:07:15,959 --> 02:07:18,150
I break down over
time and then make

3437
02:07:18,150 --> 02:07:21,369
their way back into
our freshwater bodies.

3438
02:07:21,650 --> 02:07:23,730
Microplastics, I've also

3439
02:07:23,730 --> 02:07:25,110
been linked with
seasonality,

3440
02:07:25,110 --> 02:07:27,974
particularly with regard
to precipitation.

3441
02:07:27,974 --> 02:07:29,400
Generally speaking,

3442
02:07:29,400 --> 02:07:31,109
lower microplastics
concentrations

3443
02:07:31,109 --> 02:07:32,999
tend to be found
in the dry season

3444
02:07:32,999 --> 02:07:34,889
with higher
concentrations in

3445
02:07:34,889 --> 02:07:36,390
the wet season
or also after

3446
02:07:36,390 --> 02:07:38,069
storm events
when runoff will

3447
02:07:38,069 --> 02:07:40,860
introduce them to
freshwater bodies.

3448
02:07:40,860 --> 02:07:43,559
Also, lower flow
rates can lead

3449
02:07:43,559 --> 02:07:45,599
to the accumulation
of microplastics.

3450
02:07:45,599 --> 02:07:47,010
And this can be
a particularly

3451
02:07:47,010 --> 02:07:49,899
apparent along riverbanks.

3452
02:07:50,380 --> 02:07:53,840
So what this graph here

3453
02:07:53,840 --> 02:07:55,459
shows is that
microplastics

3454
02:07:55,459 --> 02:07:57,155
can vary over
space and time.

3455
02:07:57,155 --> 02:07:59,090
It can also be
very heterogeneous

3456
02:07:59,090 --> 02:08:01,115
with any given
body of water.

3457
02:08:01,115 --> 02:08:02,959
So not too many studies

3458
02:08:02,959 --> 02:08:04,190
have evaluated the role of

3459
02:08:04,190 --> 02:08:05,540
seasonality with regard

3460
02:08:05,540 --> 02:08:07,940
to micro plastic
concentrations.

3461
02:08:07,940 --> 02:08:09,860
Generally speaking,
it's been a lot more

3462
02:08:09,860 --> 02:08:11,959
common for studies
to provide

3463
02:08:11,959 --> 02:08:12,935
more of a snapshot at

3464
02:08:12,935 --> 02:08:14,899
micro plastic
pollution and

3465
02:08:14,899 --> 02:08:16,849
include a single
sampling session

3466
02:08:16,849 --> 02:08:18,424
in their study designs.

3467
02:08:18,424 --> 02:08:20,720
So what the current
study was to

3468
02:08:20,720 --> 02:08:23,630
accomplish was to
examine the role

3469
02:08:23,630 --> 02:08:25,430
that seasonality plays in

3470
02:08:25,430 --> 02:08:27,784
Portland freshwater
bodies and

3471
02:08:27,784 --> 02:08:29,509
to conduct these
analyses at birth,

3472
02:08:29,509 --> 02:08:32,789
the river reach and
sub-watershed level.

3473
02:08:32,990 --> 02:08:35,699
So we do already
have a lot of

3474
02:08:35,699 --> 02:08:37,635
data about other
contaminants.

3475
02:08:37,635 --> 02:08:38,969
They've been pretty
well documented

3476
02:08:38,969 --> 02:08:40,019
in the Portland area.

3477
02:08:40,019 --> 02:08:43,049
But there's really
not a whole lot

3478
02:08:43,049 --> 02:08:44,069
that we know in terms of

3479
02:08:44,069 --> 02:08:46,634
microplastics and grow
and freshwater bodies.

3480
02:08:46,634 --> 02:08:48,000
So for this study,

3481
02:08:48,000 --> 02:08:49,320
we were particularly

3482
02:08:49,320 --> 02:08:50,790
interested in how Michael

3483
02:08:50,790 --> 02:08:52,049
classic concentrations are

3484
02:08:52,049 --> 02:08:54,735
influenced by
spatial factors,

3485
02:08:54,735 --> 02:08:56,970
including Watershed
attributes like

3486
02:08:56,970 --> 02:08:58,259
land use in slope,

3487
02:08:58,259 --> 02:08:59,940
and how they're
also influenced

3488
02:08:59,940 --> 02:09:01,560
by temporal factors,

3489
02:09:01,560 --> 02:09:03,059
which would include things

3490
02:09:03,059 --> 02:09:05,114
like flow rate and
precipitation.

3491
02:09:05,114 --> 02:09:06,690
We were also
interested in seeing

3492
02:09:06,690 --> 02:09:08,400
what morphologies
of microplastics

3493
02:09:08,400 --> 02:09:10,410
are present in these
areas and what

3494
02:09:10,410 --> 02:09:13,244
ties can be made to
potential sources.

3495
02:09:13,244 --> 02:09:15,450
So for this study,
we included

3496
02:09:15,450 --> 02:09:17,864
two watersheds in the
Portland metro area,

3497
02:09:17,864 --> 02:09:19,020
but the Johnson Creek

3498
02:09:19,020 --> 02:09:21,404
Watershed and
requirements watershed.

3499
02:09:21,404 --> 02:09:23,099
Both of these
watersheds cover

3500
02:09:23,099 --> 02:09:25,334
a range of land cover
characteristics

3501
02:09:25,334 --> 02:09:27,839
and the majority
of sites of

3502
02:09:27,839 --> 02:09:29,370
our study sites
were selected to

3503
02:09:29,370 --> 02:09:32,890
coincide with USGS
gaging stations.

3504
02:09:33,020 --> 02:09:36,720
So we collected three
samples at each of

3505
02:09:36,720 --> 02:09:38,580
the 10 sites over
the course of

3506
02:09:38,580 --> 02:09:40,799
three separate
sampling sessions.

3507
02:09:40,799 --> 02:09:42,750
The first the first

3508
02:09:42,750 --> 02:09:44,054
sampling session
was conducted

3509
02:09:44,054 --> 02:09:45,690
back in August of 2020

3510
02:09:45,690 --> 02:09:47,309
during base flow
conditions.

3511
02:09:47,309 --> 02:09:49,140
And the second
two sessions were

3512
02:09:49,140 --> 02:09:51,344
conducted in
the wet season,

3513
02:09:51,344 --> 02:09:53,430
person September of 2020

3514
02:09:53,430 --> 02:09:54,510
and the early wet season,

3515
02:09:54,510 --> 02:09:56,549
and then in February 2021

3516
02:09:56,549 --> 02:09:58,840
in the mid wet season.

3517
02:09:59,390 --> 02:10:02,699
So just to give you a
very brief overview

3518
02:10:02,699 --> 02:10:04,785
of how we process
our samples.

3519
02:10:04,785 --> 02:10:06,450
So in order to isolate

3520
02:10:06,450 --> 02:10:08,384
microplastics from the
rest of the sample,

3521
02:10:08,384 --> 02:10:09,480
we first put them through

3522
02:10:09,480 --> 02:10:11,459
inorganic matter
digestion step

3523
02:10:11,459 --> 02:10:14,369
using a potassium
hydroxide solution.

3524
02:10:14,369 --> 02:10:15,690
We did with them

3525
02:10:15,690 --> 02:10:17,339
curate density
separation step

3526
02:10:17,339 --> 02:10:19,530
with the hyper
sailing solution.

3527
02:10:19,530 --> 02:10:23,024
Vacuum filtered them
onto filter papers,

3528
02:10:23,024 --> 02:10:25,049
which were then looked
at under a microscope.

3529
02:10:25,049 --> 02:10:26,340
And finally, a subset

3530
02:10:26,340 --> 02:10:27,390
of our sample
is worse than

3531
02:10:27,390 --> 02:10:30,569
County Oregon State
University analysis

3532
02:10:30,569 --> 02:10:32,279
using FTIR so
that we could

3533
02:10:32,279 --> 02:10:35,290
identify specific
polymer types.

3534
02:10:36,320 --> 02:10:38,759
So as I mentioned earlier,

3535
02:10:38,759 --> 02:10:40,110
we also incorporated to

3536
02:10:40,110 --> 02:10:41,579
spatial skills of analysis

3537
02:10:41,579 --> 02:10:43,095
into that study design.

3538
02:10:43,095 --> 02:10:45,510
We delineated
subwatersheds in arc

3539
02:10:45,510 --> 02:10:47,939
GIS for each of the
ten study sites.

3540
02:10:47,939 --> 02:10:49,289
And we also incorporated

3541
02:10:49,289 --> 02:10:50,969
a near streams scale,

3542
02:10:50,969 --> 02:10:54,699
which was just a 500
meter upstream buffer.

3543
02:10:54,800 --> 02:10:58,259
And we did find
significant differences in

3544
02:10:58,259 --> 02:11:00,120
micro plastic
concentrations between

3545
02:11:00,120 --> 02:11:01,020
the August and

3546
02:11:01,020 --> 02:11:02,805
the February
simple infections.

3547
02:11:02,805 --> 02:11:05,039
So so between
the dry season

3548
02:11:05,039 --> 02:11:07,185
in the Midwest season with

3549
02:11:07,185 --> 02:11:08,879
actually higher
concentrations of

3550
02:11:08,879 --> 02:11:09,900
microplastics during

3551
02:11:09,900 --> 02:11:11,640
the August
sampling session.

3552
02:11:11,640 --> 02:11:13,410
So perhaps we're
seeing here

3553
02:11:13,410 --> 02:11:15,269
the accumulation
of microplastics

3554
02:11:15,269 --> 02:11:17,339
during the dry period.

3555
02:11:17,339 --> 02:11:19,799
So and going hand

3556
02:11:19,799 --> 02:11:21,390
in hand with the
previous slide,

3557
02:11:21,390 --> 02:11:23,310
we saw a negative
correlation

3558
02:11:23,310 --> 02:11:25,289
between flow rate
and microplastics,

3559
02:11:25,289 --> 02:11:26,520
although this
was only true

3560
02:11:26,520 --> 02:11:28,019
for the August
sampling session,

3561
02:11:28,019 --> 02:11:29,700
not the other
two sessions.

3562
02:11:29,700 --> 02:11:32,370
So again, possibly that
lower flow rate in

3563
02:11:32,370 --> 02:11:34,169
the dry season might
have resulted in

3564
02:11:34,169 --> 02:11:36,809
the accumulation
of microplastics.

3565
02:11:36,809 --> 02:11:39,030
We didn't have a
whole Watch report in

3566
02:11:39,030 --> 02:11:40,649
terms of precipitation
except for

3567
02:11:40,649 --> 02:11:42,525
one correlation between

3568
02:11:42,525 --> 02:11:45,179
24-hour antecedent
precipitation

3569
02:11:45,179 --> 02:11:46,919
and mycoplasma
concentrations

3570
02:11:46,919 --> 02:11:48,149
for the February
example in

3571
02:11:48,149 --> 02:11:53,405
section and EPA
near screen scale.

3572
02:11:53,405 --> 02:11:54,589
So again, this is within

3573
02:11:54,589 --> 02:11:57,680
a 500 meter upstream
buffer microplastics

3574
02:11:57,680 --> 02:11:58,894
in both the September 8th,

3575
02:11:58,894 --> 02:12:00,560
February sampling
sessions had

3576
02:12:00,560 --> 02:12:01,849
negative correlations with

3577
02:12:01,849 --> 02:12:03,499
agricultural lands.

3578
02:12:03,499 --> 02:12:06,155
So looking into this
a little bit more,

3579
02:12:06,155 --> 02:12:08,180
previous research
suggests that

3580
02:12:08,180 --> 02:12:09,559
this could
potentially be due to

3581
02:12:09,559 --> 02:12:11,570
more permeable
agricultural soil

3582
02:12:11,570 --> 02:12:14,134
serving as a sink
for microplastics.

3583
02:12:14,134 --> 02:12:16,069
And otherwise,
there were very

3584
02:12:16,069 --> 02:12:17,359
few significant results to

3585
02:12:17,359 --> 02:12:18,379
report in terms of

3586
02:12:18,379 --> 02:12:20,795
y actually
characteristics.

3587
02:12:20,795 --> 02:12:22,940
So this slide here shows

3588
02:12:22,940 --> 02:12:24,349
four of the common types

3589
02:12:24,349 --> 02:12:25,550
of morphologies that I

3590
02:12:25,550 --> 02:12:27,320
encountered under
the microscope.

3591
02:12:27,320 --> 02:12:28,880
You can see there's
a broad range of

3592
02:12:28,880 --> 02:12:31,614
forms and colors
and sizes.

3593
02:12:31,614 --> 02:12:34,079
Fragments were most
common by far,

3594
02:12:34,079 --> 02:12:37,470
but also fibres were
very common morphology

3595
02:12:37,470 --> 02:12:41,669
that we also notice

3596
02:12:41,669 --> 02:12:43,469
an abundance of tire
wear particles,

3597
02:12:43,469 --> 02:12:44,880
which was one of the
most interesting

3598
02:12:44,880 --> 02:12:46,784
aspects of the
study for me,

3599
02:12:46,784 --> 02:12:48,690
we found a significant
difference

3600
02:12:48,690 --> 02:12:50,849
entire wear particle
concentrations between

3601
02:12:50,849 --> 02:12:52,050
the August and September

3602
02:12:52,050 --> 02:12:53,850
sampling sessions with

3603
02:12:53,850 --> 02:12:56,114
many more tire
wear particles

3604
02:12:56,114 --> 02:12:58,514
see you in September
than in August.

3605
02:12:58,514 --> 02:13:00,030
So this could potentially

3606
02:13:00,030 --> 02:13:01,440
indicate that these
particles are

3607
02:13:01,440 --> 02:13:02,910
being flushed
into waterways

3608
02:13:02,910 --> 02:13:04,904
at the onset of
the wet season.

3609
02:13:04,904 --> 02:13:06,569
So there has
been increasing

3610
02:13:06,569 --> 02:13:08,340
research lately on
the toxicity of

3611
02:13:08,340 --> 02:13:10,379
tire wear particles
to a variety

3612
02:13:10,379 --> 02:13:12,614
of fish species, in
particular salmon.

3613
02:13:12,614 --> 02:13:14,640
So this influx of

3614
02:13:14,640 --> 02:13:16,020
tire wear particles
at the beginning of

3615
02:13:16,020 --> 02:13:16,950
the wet season is

3616
02:13:16,950 --> 02:13:20,409
a very concerning
phenomenon.

3617
02:13:20,870 --> 02:13:23,129
And in these graphs,

3618
02:13:23,129 --> 02:13:25,770
you can see the
increase of

3619
02:13:25,770 --> 02:13:27,029
tire wear
particles between

3620
02:13:27,029 --> 02:13:29,760
the August and September
sampling sessions.

3621
02:13:29,760 --> 02:13:31,949
And generally
speaking, of course,

3622
02:13:31,949 --> 02:13:33,359
you could see that
fragments were

3623
02:13:33,359 --> 02:13:35,505
the most common
morphology noted,

3624
02:13:35,505 --> 02:13:37,590
which indicates that maybe

3625
02:13:37,590 --> 02:13:39,479
the breakdown of
larger pieces

3626
02:13:39,479 --> 02:13:41,024
of plastic is a,

3627
02:13:41,024 --> 02:13:42,870
a critical source
of microplastics

3628
02:13:42,870 --> 02:13:45,850
in Portland
freshwater bodies.

3629
02:13:46,370 --> 02:13:49,230
And here we see
the results of

3630
02:13:49,230 --> 02:13:51,449
the FTIR analyses
conducted

3631
02:13:51,449 --> 02:13:53,504
at Oregon State
University.

3632
02:13:53,504 --> 02:13:55,710
They tested
approximately 10

3633
02:13:55,710 --> 02:13:56,880
percent of our particles,

3634
02:13:56,880 --> 02:13:58,170
which is fairly standard

3635
02:13:58,170 --> 02:14:00,224
for this line of research.

3636
02:14:00,224 --> 02:14:02,189
The chart a course just

3637
02:14:02,189 --> 02:14:04,020
kinda gives us an idea of

3638
02:14:04,020 --> 02:14:05,880
the breakdown of polymers

3639
02:14:05,880 --> 02:14:07,829
at each of the
ten study sites.

3640
02:14:07,829 --> 02:14:10,110
We did note that
polyethylene was

3641
02:14:10,110 --> 02:14:11,684
the most common polymer

3642
02:14:11,684 --> 02:14:13,230
and the soft with

3643
02:14:13,230 --> 02:14:15,134
them and things
like plastic bags.

3644
02:14:15,134 --> 02:14:16,680
And this was
followed closely

3645
02:14:16,680 --> 02:14:17,804
by polypropylene,

3646
02:14:17,804 --> 02:14:19,725
which is found
in a variety of

3647
02:14:19,725 --> 02:14:21,180
packaging
materials and also

3648
02:14:21,180 --> 02:14:23,500
different types
of clothing.

3649
02:14:24,980 --> 02:14:27,149
And yeah,

3650
02:14:27,149 --> 02:14:30,315
that's basically what
I have to report.

3651
02:14:30,315 --> 02:14:32,040
Again, just
wrapping things up,

3652
02:14:32,040 --> 02:14:33,510
we did see links
but several

3653
02:14:33,510 --> 02:14:35,070
spatial into
plural variables.

3654
02:14:35,070 --> 02:14:36,449
Although this was
not necessarily

3655
02:14:36,449 --> 02:14:38,685
true for each
brain section,

3656
02:14:38,685 --> 02:14:40,739
the finding of more
significant results

3657
02:14:40,739 --> 02:14:42,090
at the knee up and
you're streaming

3658
02:14:42,090 --> 02:14:43,650
scale emphasizes

3659
02:14:43,650 --> 02:14:46,260
the importance of
local analyses.

3660
02:14:46,260 --> 02:14:48,989
Again, we see that
possibly early rains might

3661
02:14:48,989 --> 02:14:50,219
flush tire wear particles

3662
02:14:50,219 --> 02:14:51,945
into freshwater
environments.

3663
02:14:51,945 --> 02:14:53,159
Pregnancy fibers were

3664
02:14:53,159 --> 02:14:54,690
the most dominant
morphology

3665
02:14:54,690 --> 02:14:56,654
than polyethylene
polypropylene,

3666
02:14:56,654 --> 02:14:58,785
where the most
common polymers.

3667
02:14:58,785 --> 02:15:01,559
So I'm probably
out of time.

3668
02:15:01,559 --> 02:15:03,269
I just want to say
thank you so much for

3669
02:15:03,269 --> 02:15:04,319
the funding partners for

3670
02:15:04,319 --> 02:15:06,359
allowing this research.

3671
02:15:06,359 --> 02:15:10,710
Thank you so much.
Thank you, Becky.

3672
02:15:10,710 --> 02:15:14,025
Our last speaker
today is Laura.

3673
02:15:14,025 --> 02:15:16,560
Good are young
and he's with

3674
02:15:16,560 --> 02:15:17,670
the Portland Parks and

3675
02:15:17,670 --> 02:15:19,080
Recreation and she's going

3676
02:15:19,080 --> 02:15:20,580
to talk about
Whittaker ponds,

3677
02:15:20,580 --> 02:15:22,754
natural area of
remediation projects,

3678
02:15:22,754 --> 02:15:23,939
a brilliant example of

3679
02:15:23,939 --> 02:15:25,034
successful partnership,

3680
02:15:25,034 --> 02:15:28,244
communication and
realization of goals.

3681
02:15:28,244 --> 02:15:29,490
Thank you, Laura.

3682
02:15:29,490 --> 02:15:30,675
Everybody.

3683
02:15:30,675 --> 02:15:32,955
So yes, Usually
when I come

3684
02:15:32,955 --> 02:15:35,490
before the IRC conference,

3685
02:15:35,490 --> 02:15:37,949
I'm talking about
some variation

3686
02:15:37,949 --> 02:15:40,020
of frogs, salamanders
or hurdles.

3687
02:15:40,020 --> 02:15:41,969
And I'm switching it
up today by talking

3688
02:15:41,969 --> 02:15:44,250
about a restoration and

3689
02:15:44,250 --> 02:15:45,839
mediation project
that happened at one

3690
02:15:45,839 --> 02:15:47,550
of the sites that
I am in charge

3691
02:15:47,550 --> 02:15:51,269
of restoring Whittaker
Ponts natural area.

3692
02:15:51,269 --> 02:15:52,320
And the reason I
wanted to bring

3693
02:15:52,320 --> 02:15:53,339
this to you all

3694
02:15:53,339 --> 02:15:54,989
today was not only to

3695
02:15:54,989 --> 02:15:56,849
celebrate the success
of the projects,

3696
02:15:56,849 --> 02:15:58,289
but also because it
was an incredible

3697
02:15:58,289 --> 02:16:00,389
learning experience
for me personally,

3698
02:16:00,389 --> 02:16:02,640
I went into this project

3699
02:16:02,640 --> 02:16:04,559
with a very
negative attitude.

3700
02:16:04,559 --> 02:16:06,239
I could not fathom how

3701
02:16:06,239 --> 02:16:08,399
this projects could
be carried out in

3702
02:16:08,399 --> 02:16:10,289
a way that did not
negatively impacts

3703
02:16:10,289 --> 02:16:11,939
the ecology and

3704
02:16:11,939 --> 02:16:14,219
the ecological
value of the site.

3705
02:16:14,219 --> 02:16:15,779
And so I was very

3706
02:16:15,779 --> 02:16:19,560
hesitant to
participate fully.

3707
02:16:19,560 --> 02:16:20,730
And it was very

3708
02:16:20,730 --> 02:16:23,279
much a learning experience
for me in terms

3709
02:16:23,279 --> 02:16:24,780
of professional
development and

3710
02:16:24,780 --> 02:16:25,800
career development
to always

3711
02:16:25,800 --> 02:16:27,089
keep a positive attitude.

3712
02:16:27,089 --> 02:16:29,639
And so much can

3713
02:16:29,639 --> 02:16:30,810
be done if you have
the right team

3714
02:16:30,810 --> 02:16:33,555
of people with
the right values

3715
02:16:33,555 --> 02:16:34,949
looking at a project.

3716
02:16:34,949 --> 02:16:39,060
So this project
takes place at

3717
02:16:39,060 --> 02:16:40,229
Whittaker ponds
natural area

3718
02:16:40,229 --> 02:16:41,399
up in the Columbia
sluice are

3719
02:16:41,399 --> 02:16:45,075
roughly Columbia
Boulevard and 47th ish.

3720
02:16:45,075 --> 02:16:48,014
Right next door to
Whittaker pons.

3721
02:16:48,014 --> 02:16:49,709
On the east side

3722
02:16:49,709 --> 02:16:53,144
is a company called
Metro metals Northwest.

3723
02:16:53,144 --> 02:16:55,155
It's a metal
recycling company.

3724
02:16:55,155 --> 02:16:58,364
And for many, many years,

3725
02:16:58,364 --> 02:17:01,440
water runoff and
wastewater was

3726
02:17:01,440 --> 02:17:04,709
entering from their
property onto you,

3727
02:17:04,709 --> 02:17:08,549
the East pond of Whitaker
pods and causing

3728
02:17:08,549 --> 02:17:12,224
pretty tremendous
concentrations of

3729
02:17:12,224 --> 02:17:14,909
PCBs, metals, and PAHs.

3730
02:17:14,909 --> 02:17:17,940
In the late 90s,
early 2000s,

3731
02:17:17,940 --> 02:17:20,309
there were some new
stormwater facilities put

3732
02:17:20,309 --> 02:17:22,409
in and that
contamination stops,

3733
02:17:22,409 --> 02:17:23,190
but there were still

3734
02:17:23,190 --> 02:17:26,039
all the historical
contamination

3735
02:17:26,039 --> 02:17:27,809
in the pond itself.

3736
02:17:27,809 --> 02:17:31,724
And so through a long
process, de-queue.

3737
02:17:31,724 --> 02:17:36,735
A mitigation
project was created

3738
02:17:36,735 --> 02:17:39,644
whereby the
furthest east end

3739
02:17:39,644 --> 02:17:42,449
of the East pond
would be excavated.

3740
02:17:42,449 --> 02:17:44,400
So all of that contaminated
sediment would be

3741
02:17:44,400 --> 02:17:46,675
completely removed
and hauled off site.

3742
02:17:46,675 --> 02:17:48,170
The middle third of

3743
02:17:48,170 --> 02:17:50,690
the pond would
be covered in

3744
02:17:50,690 --> 02:17:52,219
six inches of

3745
02:17:52,219 --> 02:17:54,994
activated charcoal
and sand mix.

3746
02:17:54,994 --> 02:17:57,905
And then the
furthest West Third

3747
02:17:57,905 --> 02:18:00,619
would be just six
inches of sand.

3748
02:18:00,619 --> 02:18:03,200
And that furthest west
portion is the part

3749
02:18:03,200 --> 02:18:07,460
that Portland Parks
and Recreation owns.

3750
02:18:07,460 --> 02:18:09,650
And so if you're
not familiar

3751
02:18:09,650 --> 02:18:10,865
with Whittaker pons,

3752
02:18:10,865 --> 02:18:13,549
how dare you, You
have to get up there.

3753
02:18:13,549 --> 02:18:17,150
It is a tremendously
active wildlife area.

3754
02:18:17,150 --> 02:18:18,980
There's a population of

3755
02:18:18,980 --> 02:18:20,539
Western painted
turtles that is

3756
02:18:20,539 --> 02:18:24,079
successfully reading
and surviving

3757
02:18:24,079 --> 02:18:26,059
there we have
river otters,

3758
02:18:26,059 --> 02:18:29,510
we have native fish,
including stickleback.

3759
02:18:29,510 --> 02:18:30,499
Up there.

3760
02:18:30,499 --> 02:18:31,730
We have green heron

3761
02:18:31,730 --> 02:18:33,874
and we have
freshwater mussels.

3762
02:18:33,874 --> 02:18:37,579
It is in particularly
a really great spot

3763
02:18:37,579 --> 02:18:38,750
for bird diversity.

3764
02:18:38,750 --> 02:18:40,235
A lot of birders we'll go

3765
02:18:40,235 --> 02:18:43,550
and kind of mark
the seasons by

3766
02:18:43,550 --> 02:18:45,079
noticing which theses had

3767
02:18:45,079 --> 02:18:46,369
come to Whittaker pons and

3768
02:18:46,369 --> 02:18:49,729
not so this dredging and

3769
02:18:49,729 --> 02:18:51,529
capping project of
the entirety of

3770
02:18:51,529 --> 02:18:53,659
East pond was
poised to have

3771
02:18:53,659 --> 02:18:56,899
a hugely significant
effect on

3772
02:18:56,899 --> 02:18:58,355
the ecology and

3773
02:18:58,355 --> 02:19:00,620
ecological value
of that pond.

3774
02:19:00,620 --> 02:19:03,260
And as you can see from
this map to the West,

3775
02:19:03,260 --> 02:19:05,809
pons has a trail
going around it.

3776
02:19:05,809 --> 02:19:08,390
The east pond has
been purposely left

3777
02:19:08,390 --> 02:19:10,280
alone because of that
ecological value

3778
02:19:10,280 --> 02:19:11,620
and wanting to
preserve it.

3779
02:19:11,620 --> 02:19:14,069
So again, going
into this projects,

3780
02:19:14,069 --> 02:19:14,519
it was one of

3781
02:19:14,519 --> 02:19:16,349
the first projects that
I was brought into

3782
02:19:16,349 --> 02:19:17,639
in 2015 when I started

3783
02:19:17,639 --> 02:19:18,960
for Portland
Parks and Rec.

3784
02:19:18,960 --> 02:19:20,580
I just could
not imagine how

3785
02:19:20,580 --> 02:19:22,260
we could do this
project in a way that

3786
02:19:22,260 --> 02:19:25,545
did not negatively
impact all of these,

3787
02:19:25,545 --> 02:19:27,750
this diversity, these
plants and animals that

3788
02:19:27,750 --> 02:19:30,990
live and reside
at that Han's.

3789
02:19:30,990 --> 02:19:32,959
And so it took
me six years

3790
02:19:32,959 --> 02:19:34,815
really fully get on board.

3791
02:19:34,815 --> 02:19:37,080
And it was in part
because of all of

3792
02:19:37,080 --> 02:19:39,689
the different
team players in

3793
02:19:39,689 --> 02:19:41,370
this project that we were

3794
02:19:41,370 --> 02:19:43,349
able to successfully
create partnerships,

3795
02:19:43,349 --> 02:19:46,380
communication, and as well

3796
02:19:46,380 --> 02:19:48,945
as realise the actual
construction goals.

3797
02:19:48,945 --> 02:19:50,819
So these are some
of the partnership

3798
02:19:50,819 --> 02:19:52,874
successes that we had.

3799
02:19:52,874 --> 02:19:55,679
So from the very
beginning, as I said,

3800
02:19:55,679 --> 02:19:57,210
when I was brought
in in 2015,

3801
02:19:57,210 --> 02:20:01,544
2016, metro metals and DQ.

3802
02:20:01,544 --> 02:20:04,854
And there the contractor
on the project,

3803
02:20:04,854 --> 02:20:06,255
my foster a longing,

3804
02:20:06,255 --> 02:20:08,175
but we're very positive

3805
02:20:08,175 --> 02:20:10,469
in driving
stakeholder meetings.

3806
02:20:10,469 --> 02:20:13,199
So the Columbia
Watershed Council,

3807
02:20:13,199 --> 02:20:15,000
throughout their
office on this site,

3808
02:20:15,000 --> 02:20:16,605
Portland Parks and Rec,

3809
02:20:16,605 --> 02:20:18,674
Oregon Department of
Fish and Wildlife.

3810
02:20:18,674 --> 02:20:20,790
Nea, also the Native
American youth and

3811
02:20:20,790 --> 02:20:23,295
family center is a
neighbor at this site.

3812
02:20:23,295 --> 02:20:25,889
Everybody was continuously
brought in on

3813
02:20:25,889 --> 02:20:27,479
the stakeholder
meetings that we could

3814
02:20:27,479 --> 02:20:29,459
understand what
was happening,

3815
02:20:29,459 --> 02:20:30,779
what decisions
are being made,

3816
02:20:30,779 --> 02:20:32,429
and why those decisions
were being made.

3817
02:20:32,429 --> 02:20:33,735
And we were also asked.

3818
02:20:33,735 --> 02:20:35,700
For our input on

3819
02:20:35,700 --> 02:20:38,909
project design at really
every single level.

3820
02:20:38,909 --> 02:20:40,739
One of the pieces that I

3821
02:20:40,739 --> 02:20:42,240
recognize right
away was kind of

3822
02:20:42,240 --> 02:20:43,559
my wheelhouse
was going to be

3823
02:20:43,559 --> 02:20:46,020
the wildlife
protection piece.

3824
02:20:46,020 --> 02:20:47,894
And so I jumped
right on top

3825
02:20:47,894 --> 02:20:50,804
of working with
ODF W2 work

3826
02:20:50,804 --> 02:20:53,790
on identifying
which animals

3827
02:20:53,790 --> 02:20:56,070
in the pond would
be most effective,

3828
02:20:56,070 --> 02:20:59,849
most affected negatively
by this project.

3829
02:20:59,849 --> 02:21:02,130
And figuring out what
needed to be protected,

3830
02:21:02,130 --> 02:21:03,885
what needed to
be salvaged,

3831
02:21:03,885 --> 02:21:06,360
and what needed
to be relocated.

3832
02:21:06,360 --> 02:21:08,039
I also started doing some

3833
02:21:08,039 --> 02:21:10,379
benthic macro invertebrate
characterization.

3834
02:21:10,379 --> 02:21:12,599
So I had a bunch
of volunteers out

3835
02:21:12,599 --> 02:21:15,555
with me every month for
the last three years

3836
02:21:15,555 --> 02:21:18,584
trying to figure out
the diversity and

3837
02:21:18,584 --> 02:21:20,820
the quantity of
macro invertebrates

3838
02:21:20,820 --> 02:21:21,839
that we're using
the bottom of

3839
02:21:21,839 --> 02:21:23,069
the pond and again,

3840
02:21:23,069 --> 02:21:25,860
putting six inches of
sand down was going to

3841
02:21:25,860 --> 02:21:28,920
dramatically influence
that benthic habitat.

3842
02:21:28,920 --> 02:21:30,149
And so I wanted to see

3843
02:21:30,149 --> 02:21:32,534
long-term what
those changes were.

3844
02:21:32,534 --> 02:21:34,590
And then we also have
existing restoration

3845
02:21:34,590 --> 02:21:36,449
happening both on city

3846
02:21:36,449 --> 02:21:39,060
property as well as the

3847
02:21:39,060 --> 02:21:42,179
NEA property through
their name up projects.

3848
02:21:42,179 --> 02:21:43,379
And we wanted to
make sure that

3849
02:21:43,379 --> 02:21:45,060
any mitigation
restoration that

3850
02:21:45,060 --> 02:21:47,160
happened was going to

3851
02:21:47,160 --> 02:21:50,145
match what was already
existing on site.

3852
02:21:50,145 --> 02:21:52,934
In terms of communication.

3853
02:21:52,934 --> 02:21:56,909
Huge successes
Between with

3854
02:21:56,909 --> 02:21:59,820
DQ communication
staff working with

3855
02:21:59,820 --> 02:22:02,250
Portland Parks
and Recreation to

3856
02:22:02,250 --> 02:22:03,659
create a storyboard that

3857
02:22:03,659 --> 02:22:05,189
was on dequeues website.

3858
02:22:05,189 --> 02:22:06,690
So anybody that
came to East would

3859
02:22:06,690 --> 02:22:08,834
occur ponds could
use this QR code.

3860
02:22:08,834 --> 02:22:10,200
It would take
them immediately

3861
02:22:10,200 --> 02:22:12,270
to the geeky website
where there was

3862
02:22:12,270 --> 02:22:16,290
this beautiful
multi-page storyboard

3863
02:22:16,290 --> 02:22:17,820
that told the
entire story of

3864
02:22:17,820 --> 02:22:20,580
this project and why
it was important.

3865
02:22:20,580 --> 02:22:24,164
We also had numerous
community meetings

3866
02:22:24,164 --> 02:22:25,919
where anybody in
the community was

3867
02:22:25,919 --> 02:22:27,540
invited to come
and interact

3868
02:22:27,540 --> 02:22:29,219
with DQ staff and

3869
02:22:29,219 --> 02:22:31,140
park staff to ask

3870
02:22:31,140 --> 02:22:32,280
questions and learn more

3871
02:22:32,280 --> 02:22:34,079
about what was
happening and why.

3872
02:22:34,079 --> 02:22:35,699
And then
additionally, we also

3873
02:22:35,699 --> 02:22:39,035
had Information Packets

3874
02:22:39,035 --> 02:22:40,460
in numerous languages,

3875
02:22:40,460 --> 02:22:42,259
over a dozen languages set

3876
02:22:42,259 --> 02:22:44,179
up around the actual
construction sites

3877
02:22:44,179 --> 02:22:45,724
so that casual visitors

3878
02:22:45,724 --> 02:22:47,929
would be able
to write away,

3879
02:22:47,929 --> 02:22:49,549
grasp what was going

3880
02:22:49,549 --> 02:22:52,250
on and why this
was important.

3881
02:22:52,250 --> 02:22:54,860
And then in terms of
realization of goals.

3882
02:22:54,860 --> 02:22:55,969
So if you're not

3883
02:22:55,969 --> 02:22:57,830
familiar with
Whittaker pons,

3884
02:22:57,830 --> 02:22:59,810
the bottom photo there
is actually from

3885
02:22:59,810 --> 02:23:02,209
the Metro metals
property that

3886
02:23:02,209 --> 02:23:04,339
the East end of the
East cons looking

3887
02:23:04,339 --> 02:23:07,445
back across towards
the parks property,

3888
02:23:07,445 --> 02:23:09,620
you can see the amount
of construction

3889
02:23:09,620 --> 02:23:11,119
that occurred in
the upper photo,

3890
02:23:11,119 --> 02:23:12,710
you can see the number
of thousands of

3891
02:23:12,710 --> 02:23:15,140
plants that were
put into match

3892
02:23:15,140 --> 02:23:17,059
the restoration
is existing on

3893
02:23:17,059 --> 02:23:18,470
the parks property that's

3894
02:23:18,470 --> 02:23:20,110
right adjacent to it.

3895
02:23:20,110 --> 02:23:22,440
So ecologically at in

3896
02:23:22,440 --> 02:23:24,270
terms of the actual
remediation,

3897
02:23:24,270 --> 02:23:26,235
the removal of
the sediments,

3898
02:23:26,235 --> 02:23:28,529
add capping the the rest

3899
02:23:28,529 --> 02:23:30,720
of sediment that is
still in the pond and

3900
02:23:30,720 --> 02:23:31,829
preventing it from moving

3901
02:23:31,829 --> 02:23:32,760
into the water column and

3902
02:23:32,760 --> 02:23:35,804
into the food web.

3903
02:23:35,804 --> 02:23:38,699
We're also incredibly
successful.

3904
02:23:38,699 --> 02:23:40,709
So from here on out,

3905
02:23:40,709 --> 02:23:43,979
additional surveys and
projects are ongoing.

3906
02:23:43,979 --> 02:23:45,209
So pour water sampling to

3907
02:23:45,209 --> 02:23:46,815
make sure that that app is

3908
02:23:46,815 --> 02:23:50,625
in tax and not
leaking in any way.

3909
02:23:50,625 --> 02:23:52,110
I'm continuing to do

3910
02:23:52,110 --> 02:23:54,119
turtle surveys out
there to make sure that

3911
02:23:54,119 --> 02:23:56,880
the dozens and dozens
of Benin turtles

3912
02:23:56,880 --> 02:23:57,899
that live in that pond

3913
02:23:57,899 --> 02:24:00,014
successfully made it
through the projects.

3914
02:24:00,014 --> 02:24:01,380
Macro invertebrates
surveys

3915
02:24:01,380 --> 02:24:02,130
are going to focus

3916
02:24:02,130 --> 02:24:04,439
on an After view now.

3917
02:24:04,439 --> 02:24:06,134
So we've got three
years before

3918
02:24:06,134 --> 02:24:07,439
diversity information
and we're

3919
02:24:07,439 --> 02:24:08,820
going to look at after.

3920
02:24:08,820 --> 02:24:10,560
Same thing with
vegetation monitoring.

3921
02:24:10,560 --> 02:24:13,035
We've got photo
points set up and

3922
02:24:13,035 --> 02:24:14,699
vegetation plots
to look at the

3923
02:24:14,699 --> 02:24:16,500
before and after
of this projects.

3924
02:24:16,500 --> 02:24:18,719
And then community
science also is looking

3925
02:24:18,719 --> 02:24:21,239
at or for the wildlife.

3926
02:24:21,239 --> 02:24:22,590
That's all I got.

3927
02:24:22,590 --> 02:24:23,859
Thank

3928
02:24:26,450 --> 02:24:27,570
you.

3929
02:24:27,570 --> 02:24:29,010
Thank you, Laura.

3930
02:24:29,010 --> 02:24:32,610
So we're now going
into our Q&A section.

3931
02:24:32,610 --> 02:24:34,695
Please keep
dropping questions

3932
02:24:34,695 --> 02:24:37,500
and for our leader.

3933
02:24:37,500 --> 02:24:39,840
Presenters today,
don't have as

3934
02:24:39,840 --> 02:24:42,329
many banked questions yet.

3935
02:24:42,329 --> 02:24:46,214
But I will start with a
question for Dominic.

3936
02:24:46,214 --> 02:24:48,180
And so we have
some questions

3937
02:24:48,180 --> 02:24:51,240
about is there any
way there could be

3938
02:24:51,240 --> 02:24:53,579
selective breeding to
see if we can find

3939
02:24:53,579 --> 02:24:57,254
selections not
susceptible to ELB.

3940
02:24:57,254 --> 02:24:59,700
I believe Joanna lake,

3941
02:24:59,700 --> 02:25:02,099
US Forest Service
facility.

3942
02:25:02,099 --> 02:25:03,239
I expanded Konig's grow

3943
02:25:03,239 --> 02:25:04,589
where they did work with

3944
02:25:04,589 --> 02:25:06,539
a port offered

3945
02:25:06,539 --> 02:25:10,050
cedar and phytophthora
lateralis research.

3946
02:25:10,050 --> 02:25:12,030
There's a
breeding program,

3947
02:25:12,030 --> 02:25:15,329
they're beginning
a course.

3948
02:25:15,329 --> 02:25:17,879
Phytophthora lateralis

3949
02:25:17,879 --> 02:25:19,710
was a slow
moving pathogen.

3950
02:25:19,710 --> 02:25:22,740
An EAP probably be pretty
rabid on normally.

3951
02:25:22,740 --> 02:25:24,719
Say yes and they'll

3952
02:25:24,719 --> 02:25:26,670
probably be a couple
of resistant trees.

3953
02:25:26,670 --> 02:25:30,149
But in terms of
collecting seed in and

3954
02:25:30,149 --> 02:25:34,574
getting enough stock
in Pompeii take,

3955
02:25:34,574 --> 02:25:35,775
but it doesn't mean it's

3956
02:25:35,775 --> 02:25:37,049
a lost cause for

3957
02:25:37,049 --> 02:25:38,594
Oregon amps but
functionally extinct?

3958
02:25:38,594 --> 02:25:39,810
Yes. On the way and

3959
02:25:39,810 --> 02:25:43,044
hopefully in the near
term, once it arrives.

3960
02:25:43,044 --> 02:25:45,529
I worry.

3961
02:25:45,529 --> 02:25:47,525
Can you talk a bit about

3962
02:25:47,525 --> 02:25:50,670
what the worker
Kelly get one tail?

3963
02:25:51,250 --> 02:25:54,450
And that's a
great question.

3964
02:25:54,460 --> 02:25:57,410
This actually was
the last thing

3965
02:25:57,410 --> 02:25:58,489
that we added on,

3966
02:25:58,489 --> 02:25:59,900
and it was because
of a request

3967
02:25:59,900 --> 02:26:01,610
from indigenous
community members.

3968
02:26:01,610 --> 02:26:04,819
It's a culturally
important place to him.

3969
02:26:04,819 --> 02:26:07,954
And I think that

3970
02:26:07,954 --> 02:26:11,180
if Metro is able to
acquire properties there,

3971
02:26:11,180 --> 02:26:13,250
I would expect that the
indigenous community

3972
02:26:13,250 --> 02:26:15,635
would have a lot to
do with management.

3973
02:26:15,635 --> 02:26:20,344
Great question for Becky.

3974
02:26:20,344 --> 02:26:23,090
Are there any tools
or interception

3975
02:26:23,090 --> 02:26:26,559
perform microplastics
get larger waterways?

3976
02:26:26,559 --> 02:26:29,235
That is a fantastic
question.

3977
02:26:29,235 --> 02:26:31,455
And I am not quite

3978
02:26:31,455 --> 02:26:33,090
certain if there really is

3979
02:26:33,090 --> 02:26:35,759
anything like that
out there quite now.

3980
02:26:35,759 --> 02:26:38,939
I know that I

3981
02:26:38,939 --> 02:26:41,850
have seen in my in my
searching that there is

3982
02:26:41,850 --> 02:26:43,349
some type of net
that I've seen

3983
02:26:43,349 --> 02:26:45,149
attached to some
outfalls that

3984
02:26:45,149 --> 02:26:47,099
apparently is supposed
to help prevent

3985
02:26:47,099 --> 02:26:51,540
some release of
microplastics to waterways.

3986
02:26:51,540 --> 02:26:53,430
I don't really know
how effective it

3987
02:26:53,430 --> 02:26:53,939
is and I don't really

3988
02:26:53,939 --> 02:26:55,319
know a whole lot about it.

3989
02:26:55,319 --> 02:26:57,254
But other than that,

3990
02:26:57,254 --> 02:26:58,740
I'm not really sure what's

3991
02:26:58,740 --> 02:26:59,880
what's out there to Brett,

3992
02:26:59,880 --> 02:27:00,659
prevent them from

3993
02:27:00,659 --> 02:27:01,950
entering these
water bodies.

3994
02:27:01,950 --> 02:27:03,299
It's definitely something

3995
02:27:03,299 --> 02:27:04,740
that we're really
going to need to

3996
02:27:04,740 --> 02:27:08,650
step up on in terms of
finding a solution.

3997
02:27:09,440 --> 02:27:10,964
Okay?

3998
02:27:10,964 --> 02:27:13,484
Another question
for Dominic.

3999
02:27:13,484 --> 02:27:16,500
Have EAB population
has been observed to

4000
02:27:16,500 --> 02:27:18,120
disappear and
regions where

4001
02:27:18,120 --> 02:27:19,635
the ash had
been wiped out,

4002
02:27:19,635 --> 02:27:21,779
weed seeds, seed saving

4003
02:27:21,779 --> 02:27:23,670
allow us to wait
out the wave,

4004
02:27:23,670 --> 02:27:26,639
whereas EAB expected
to become endemic.

4005
02:27:26,639 --> 02:27:28,170
That's a great question,

4006
02:27:28,170 --> 02:27:30,239
but unfortunately
the landscape

4007
02:27:30,239 --> 02:27:32,189
is large enough
and heterogametic

4008
02:27:32,189 --> 02:27:34,319
enough to where
they're always be

4009
02:27:34,319 --> 02:27:36,690
refugia as populations
move around.

4010
02:27:36,690 --> 02:27:37,889
So you would expect to see

4011
02:27:37,889 --> 02:27:40,384
this classic Lotka-Volterra
curve right of

4012
02:27:40,384 --> 02:27:42,630
ash and then following

4013
02:27:42,630 --> 02:27:44,534
it and kinda
billowing out low.

4014
02:27:44,534 --> 02:27:46,200
But you'll have
that refuse.

4015
02:27:46,200 --> 02:27:47,279
Yeah, it'll be
moving around.

4016
02:27:47,279 --> 02:27:49,185
You'll also have
the urban forest,

4017
02:27:49,185 --> 02:27:50,700
which has a lot of

4018
02:27:50,700 --> 02:27:54,105
Exotic asked which are
co-evolved with EAB,

4019
02:27:54,105 --> 02:27:56,639
where they can persist
the low densities not

4020
02:27:56,639 --> 02:27:59,250
cause much damage or
might cause some damage.

4021
02:27:59,250 --> 02:28:01,860
And it's, and it's

4022
02:28:01,860 --> 02:28:03,659
not going to happen
once it's here.

4023
02:28:03,659 --> 02:28:07,620
That's a neat idea to
wait it out, but yeah.

4024
02:28:07,620 --> 02:28:10,259
But always be refuse
us somewhere.

4025
02:28:10,259 --> 02:28:15,014
Like late night.

4026
02:28:15,014 --> 02:28:17,745
Said that a
question for Lori.

4027
02:28:17,745 --> 02:28:19,875
Will the urban
target areas

4028
02:28:19,875 --> 02:28:21,210
include school ground and

4029
02:28:21,210 --> 02:28:23,009
partnerships
for nature and

4030
02:28:23,009 --> 02:28:26,385
ecological corridor
connectivity.

4031
02:28:26,385 --> 02:28:28,710
That's a great question.

4032
02:28:28,710 --> 02:28:30,749
It's a hard question.

4033
02:28:30,749 --> 02:28:33,359
I think that that

4034
02:28:33,359 --> 02:28:36,344
belongs more in the
realm of some of metros,

4035
02:28:36,344 --> 02:28:40,275
other programs, like
the education program,

4036
02:28:40,275 --> 02:28:42,270
we're always trying to tie

4037
02:28:42,270 --> 02:28:43,784
our programs together.

4038
02:28:43,784 --> 02:28:45,675
And so it's a
really great idea.

4039
02:28:45,675 --> 02:28:48,720
The, the, the short
answer is, I don't know.

4040
02:28:48,720 --> 02:28:52,815
The long answer is it
may not be strictly

4041
02:28:52,815 --> 02:28:55,320
the acquisitions part
of it that makes that

4042
02:28:55,320 --> 02:28:56,219
happen and maybe other

4043
02:28:56,219 --> 02:28:58,509
programs that
make that happen.

4044
02:29:02,390 --> 02:29:06,780
Becky, smaller scale
and some larger scale

4045
02:29:06,780 --> 02:29:08,804
organic farming
is very dependent

4046
02:29:08,804 --> 02:29:11,204
on thin plastic
sheeting as mulch,

4047
02:29:11,204 --> 02:29:12,419
it gets placed out,

4048
02:29:12,419 --> 02:29:14,340
puncture and
reused and reused,

4049
02:29:14,340 --> 02:29:15,750
likely lots of fragments

4050
02:29:15,750 --> 02:29:17,550
becoming freed
and its use.

4051
02:29:17,550 --> 02:29:19,439
Do you know where
these fall into

4052
02:29:19,439 --> 02:29:21,795
types of plastics
you identified?

4053
02:29:21,795 --> 02:29:23,669
I think that we probably

4054
02:29:23,669 --> 02:29:25,695
identified some of
these particles,

4055
02:29:25,695 --> 02:29:26,730
especially at one of

4056
02:29:26,730 --> 02:29:28,259
our more
agricultural sites,

4057
02:29:28,259 --> 02:29:30,150
which was a long
deep Creek.

4058
02:29:30,150 --> 02:29:33,150
We found a lot of
films and fragments in

4059
02:29:33,150 --> 02:29:34,319
that location
that we thought

4060
02:29:34,319 --> 02:29:35,839
might be tied to torques.

4061
02:29:35,839 --> 02:29:37,710
And we actually found
a lot of tarps and

4062
02:29:37,710 --> 02:29:38,880
the like pieces of

4063
02:29:38,880 --> 02:29:40,545
tarps in the
stream itself,

4064
02:29:40,545 --> 02:29:42,269
which I'm guessing is

4065
02:29:42,269 --> 02:29:43,559
the source for a lot of

4066
02:29:43,559 --> 02:29:45,119
the particles that we saw.

4067
02:29:45,119 --> 02:29:46,979
I think it will
be interesting

4068
02:29:46,979 --> 02:29:50,160
for research to
kind of more

4069
02:29:50,160 --> 02:29:51,960
encapsulate microplastics

4070
02:29:51,960 --> 02:29:53,670
in soil going
forward because

4071
02:29:53,670 --> 02:29:55,380
there really has not
been a whole lot of

4072
02:29:55,380 --> 02:29:57,945
research in that
department yet.

4073
02:29:57,945 --> 02:29:59,879
And it seems like possibly

4074
02:29:59,879 --> 02:30:01,170
some of those
really might be

4075
02:30:01,170 --> 02:30:02,670
getting trapped
in the soil for

4076
02:30:02,670 --> 02:30:04,440
longer periods of
time as opposed to

4077
02:30:04,440 --> 02:30:06,525
being washed
into waterways

4078
02:30:06,525 --> 02:30:07,920
during storm events.

4079
02:30:07,920 --> 02:30:10,560
So what we're really
interested in

4080
02:30:10,560 --> 02:30:14,230
following that research,
see what happens.

4081
02:30:14,240 --> 02:30:16,830
I had a question
for Laura.

4082
02:30:16,830 --> 02:30:18,539
I was just wondering
if you think

4083
02:30:18,539 --> 02:30:21,179
your experience was
unique or do you

4084
02:30:21,179 --> 02:30:23,819
think it would be
somewhat easy to expand

4085
02:30:23,819 --> 02:30:24,899
to other sites or

4086
02:30:24,899 --> 02:30:27,264
other projects
and hematuria.

4087
02:30:27,264 --> 02:30:31,010
Absolutely. I think
in my experience the,

4088
02:30:31,010 --> 02:30:36,170
the kind of holistic
success was very unique.

4089
02:30:36,170 --> 02:30:38,090
But that is one of
the things that I'm

4090
02:30:38,090 --> 02:30:39,980
taking forward in parks as

4091
02:30:39,980 --> 02:30:41,990
well as in working with

4092
02:30:41,990 --> 02:30:44,660
other organizations
and other entities.

4093
02:30:44,660 --> 02:30:47,090
Is it can be done
that we can,

4094
02:30:47,090 --> 02:30:48,590
We got this, we
can do this.

4095
02:30:48,590 --> 02:30:50,269
And there are some
very simple things

4096
02:30:50,269 --> 02:30:51,499
that I think made

4097
02:30:51,499 --> 02:30:52,070
this project

4098
02:30:52,070 --> 02:30:53,450
successful that
we can absolutely

4099
02:30:53,450 --> 02:30:55,430
carry forward into
many other projects,

4100
02:30:55,430 --> 02:30:58,370
whether they're
additional dq cleanups

4101
02:30:58,370 --> 02:30:59,930
that are additional
capping is

4102
02:30:59,930 --> 02:31:01,400
happening in the
Columbia slew

4103
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:02,870
or just restoration
projects in

4104
02:31:02,870 --> 02:31:04,640
general and community
involvement?

4105
02:31:04,640 --> 02:31:06,870
Yes, absolutely.

4106
02:31:07,210 --> 02:31:08,359
Okay.

4107
02:31:08,359 --> 02:31:10,225
Another question
for dominant.

4108
02:31:10,225 --> 02:31:12,179
And would you
recommend people

4109
02:31:12,179 --> 02:31:14,445
start printing Oregon ash

4110
02:31:14,445 --> 02:31:16,080
and it fell wet would be

4111
02:31:16,080 --> 02:31:19,605
a good substitute
species to use.

4112
02:31:19,605 --> 02:31:22,050
There's so much Oregon ash

4113
02:31:22,050 --> 02:31:23,789
in the system already.

4114
02:31:23,789 --> 02:31:25,410
It's hard to say
stop planting and

4115
02:31:25,410 --> 02:31:27,299
riparian for riparian
restoration.

4116
02:31:27,299 --> 02:31:28,350
If you say are planting,

4117
02:31:28,350 --> 02:31:30,390
ask for shade,
pre-screened eggs,

4118
02:31:30,390 --> 02:31:31,890
stability, all
these efforts, Yes.

4119
02:31:31,890 --> 02:31:33,210
I think that's it.
Stop planting.

4120
02:31:33,210 --> 02:31:35,430
I think you're
setting up more of

4121
02:31:35,430 --> 02:31:37,950
a catastrophic
heating scenario

4122
02:31:37,950 --> 02:31:38,610
in terms of what

4123
02:31:38,610 --> 02:31:41,849
to place if organize
disappearance,

4124
02:31:41,849 --> 02:31:42,735
it's not going to be

4125
02:31:42,735 --> 02:31:44,430
likely native
species moving

4126
02:31:44,430 --> 02:31:47,009
AND OR NOT gate

4127
02:31:47,009 --> 02:31:49,020
of Hawthorne's
non-native pair.

4128
02:31:49,020 --> 02:31:50,160
So piracy, critique as

4129
02:31:50,160 --> 02:31:51,779
multi-joint and
critique is header

4130
02:31:51,779 --> 02:31:53,684
awful lot species
like that

4131
02:31:53,684 --> 02:31:56,789
which don't provide
that same canopy.

4132
02:31:56,789 --> 02:31:58,724
Folks have mentioned

4133
02:31:58,724 --> 02:32:00,404
Pacific willow,
cottonwood.

4134
02:32:00,404 --> 02:32:02,310
Those are great species

4135
02:32:02,310 --> 02:32:03,749
but they prefer
more minerals,

4136
02:32:03,749 --> 02:32:06,524
soils, at least the
cottonwood does.

4137
02:32:06,524 --> 02:32:08,099
And so if your plant,

4138
02:32:08,099 --> 02:32:10,080
any species
that's great in

4139
02:32:10,080 --> 02:32:12,630
these short to mid-term,

4140
02:32:12,630 --> 02:32:14,940
some of them are
want to live trees.

4141
02:32:14,940 --> 02:32:16,679
And Agile
recruitment may not

4142
02:32:16,679 --> 02:32:18,629
happen with our
dealing systems.

4143
02:32:18,629 --> 02:32:19,829
We're going to
impoundment systems.

4144
02:32:19,829 --> 02:32:21,345
How we've changed
hydrology

4145
02:32:21,345 --> 02:32:23,640
is we have facilitated

4146
02:32:23,640 --> 02:32:27,194
preferential setting
for org dash

4147
02:32:27,194 --> 02:32:29,549
on the Lower Columbia
with our parliaments,

4148
02:32:29,549 --> 02:32:31,739
all the big dam
hydroelectric structured,

4149
02:32:31,739 --> 02:32:34,230
we've decreased at
scour on them alignment

4150
02:32:34,230 --> 02:32:36,719
and on the Columbia,
on the tributaries.

4151
02:32:36,719 --> 02:32:38,760
And so we've created these

4152
02:32:38,760 --> 02:32:41,429
what a soil
series types with

4153
02:32:41,429 --> 02:32:44,009
high organic
material that really

4154
02:32:44,009 --> 02:32:45,660
the only native
tree that grows

4155
02:32:45,660 --> 02:32:48,344
there naturally grows
there, recruits there.

4156
02:32:48,344 --> 02:32:49,620
Oregon.

4157
02:32:49,620 --> 02:32:52,319
Actually have basically
org and white oak.

4158
02:32:52,319 --> 02:32:54,584
And as we know, that's
a slow growing tree,

4159
02:32:54,584 --> 02:32:56,190
evening, great conditions.

4160
02:32:56,190 --> 02:32:58,589
Their species we're
at where we are at

4161
02:32:58,589 --> 02:33:00,209
the northern end of
the range like white

4162
02:33:00,209 --> 02:33:01,845
all there on this
problem been a folio,

4163
02:33:01,845 --> 02:33:03,614
which might be a
great replacement,

4164
02:33:03,614 --> 02:33:06,300
rowing, but it's
going to be tough.

4165
02:33:06,300 --> 02:33:07,515
I mean, even
plant stuff in

4166
02:33:07,515 --> 02:33:09,449
there that'll
hold the space.

4167
02:33:09,449 --> 02:33:10,620
But will it naturally

4168
02:33:10,620 --> 02:33:11,955
recruit for the long-term?

4169
02:33:11,955 --> 02:33:13,079
I don't know.

4170
02:33:13,079 --> 02:33:15,419
I kind of adapted it
from what I've seen,

4171
02:33:15,419 --> 02:33:19,230
but we shall see one
day somebody will

4172
02:33:19,230 --> 02:33:21,569
see EAB arrive and wipe

4173
02:33:21,569 --> 02:33:24,000
out Oregon Ash Wednesday,

4174
02:33:24,000 --> 02:33:29,290
you may not be, but
it will happen.

4175
02:33:30,400 --> 02:33:33,439
Sad now, I think that

4176
02:33:33,439 --> 02:33:36,154
ends our Q and a session.

4177
02:33:36,154 --> 02:33:38,575
And I'm now going
to pass it back to

4178
02:33:38,575 --> 02:33:42,199
worry as going to wrap up.

4179
02:33:42,199 --> 02:33:43,729
Thanks for the symposium.

4180
02:33:43,729 --> 02:33:45,604
Thank you all very much.

4181
02:33:45,604 --> 02:33:48,620
Thank you,
Lindsey. Let's see

4182
02:33:48,620 --> 02:33:51,960
my mikes on right.
Okay. I see it.

4183
02:33:52,420 --> 02:33:55,489
First of all, I want
to thank everybody for

4184
02:33:55,489 --> 02:33:57,799
coming to the symposium
again this year.

4185
02:33:57,799 --> 02:33:59,960
This our 20th anniversary

4186
02:33:59,960 --> 02:34:02,135
next year will be
old enough to drink.

4187
02:34:02,135 --> 02:34:06,050
First of all, we're

4188
02:34:06,050 --> 02:34:08,479
really excited to
announce the first time

4189
02:34:08,479 --> 02:34:10,549
this year that we
are able to award

4190
02:34:10,549 --> 02:34:12,320
a cash prize of

4191
02:34:12,320 --> 02:34:15,179
$500.1 of the best
student poster.

4192
02:34:15,179 --> 02:34:16,769
And I'm really
excited to announce

4193
02:34:16,769 --> 02:34:20,249
that a poster called
Natives and native ours,

4194
02:34:20,249 --> 02:34:22,140
understanding pollinator
preference for

4195
02:34:22,140 --> 02:34:23,820
native plants and
they're cultivated

4196
02:34:23,820 --> 02:34:26,115
counterparts in the
Pacific Northwest

4197
02:34:26,115 --> 02:34:29,309
won the prize and that
author was Jen Hayes.

4198
02:34:29,309 --> 02:34:32,340
Congratulations Jenn
and you win $500.

4199
02:34:32,340 --> 02:34:34,469
And I hope everybody,

4200
02:34:34,469 --> 02:34:35,984
all the students think
about submitting

4201
02:34:35,984 --> 02:34:37,169
posters next year so

4202
02:34:37,169 --> 02:34:40,005
that we can spend
more money on you.

4203
02:34:40,005 --> 02:34:42,510
You deserve it.
Another reminder,

4204
02:34:42,510 --> 02:34:45,629
the tours will be
beginning at 230 TA today.

4205
02:34:45,629 --> 02:34:46,740
So if you sign up for one,

4206
02:34:46,740 --> 02:34:48,300
make sure to check the
appropriate address,

4207
02:34:48,300 --> 02:34:49,455
make your way there.

4208
02:34:49,455 --> 02:34:51,149
And don't forget
you're required

4209
02:34:51,149 --> 02:34:52,919
to wear appropriate
footwear,

4210
02:34:52,919 --> 02:34:55,619
dress for the weather,
and wear a mask.

4211
02:34:55,619 --> 02:34:57,510
And I believe that if we

4212
02:34:57,510 --> 02:34:59,294
haven't done so already,

4213
02:34:59,294 --> 02:35:01,170
as Sears going
to drop a link

4214
02:35:01,170 --> 02:35:03,195
in the chat for
the Survey Monkey,

4215
02:35:03,195 --> 02:35:05,745
we actually do reader
surveys every year.

4216
02:35:05,745 --> 02:35:07,709
And if we can do
something about it,

4217
02:35:07,709 --> 02:35:09,840
and there seems to be
common theme we do.

4218
02:35:09,840 --> 02:35:13,150
So please keep those
surveys come in.

4219
02:35:13,790 --> 02:35:15,960
Now.

4220
02:35:15,960 --> 02:35:20,399
It's been our habit
unless I don't know,

4221
02:35:20,399 --> 02:35:22,139
maybe 10 or 15 years.

4222
02:35:22,139 --> 02:35:24,569
When you're I gave
the a 100 word wrap

4223
02:35:24,569 --> 02:35:26,039
up my test with

4224
02:35:26,039 --> 02:35:27,540
wrap up and I

4225
02:35:27,540 --> 02:35:28,559
decided to do a 100

4226
02:35:28,559 --> 02:35:29,835
words and I've been pitch,

4227
02:35:29,835 --> 02:35:32,010
I mean, pleased to

4228
02:35:32,010 --> 02:35:33,960
be able to do that
every year again.

4229
02:35:33,960 --> 02:35:35,850
So this year we're
going to go,

4230
02:35:35,850 --> 02:35:37,499
this is the review of

4231
02:35:37,499 --> 02:35:39,120
the urban ecology
symposium

4232
02:35:39,120 --> 02:35:41,400
2020 in a 100
words or less.

4233
02:35:41,400 --> 02:35:42,540
Ready.

4234
02:35:42,540 --> 02:35:45,510
Okay. Uniquely lab like

4235
02:35:45,510 --> 02:35:47,910
a legacies live on as to

4236
02:35:47,910 --> 02:35:49,859
Elaine's towards

4237
02:35:49,859 --> 02:35:53,834
greening spaces
that children use.

4238
02:35:53,834 --> 02:35:57,749
Houseless communities,
uplifting nature.

4239
02:35:57,749 --> 02:36:01,364
Time for tree equity
in Vancouver.

4240
02:36:01,364 --> 02:36:05,310
St. Louis springs
conservation home.

4241
02:36:05,310 --> 02:36:11,069
Lamb prey, eyelashes,
meso carnivores,

4242
02:36:11,069 --> 02:36:12,720
humans, a winner or

4243
02:36:12,720 --> 02:36:17,040
Possums love
pavement, roving,

4244
02:36:17,040 --> 02:36:22,230
eco roof, Whittaker
wildlife bingo,

4245
02:36:22,230 --> 02:36:25,089
aka Teacher of the Year.

4246
02:36:25,250 --> 02:36:29,529
At first, tribal
people were helpful.

4247
02:36:30,590 --> 02:36:34,149
Frozen screens
and hot air.

4248
02:36:34,430 --> 02:36:37,815
I3 at PCC.

4249
02:36:37,815 --> 02:36:40,604
The climate lens for
Westmont Lummus,

4250
02:36:40,604 --> 02:36:42,270
soil and water
conservation district

4251
02:36:42,270 --> 02:36:45,390
or way to go
climate in turn.

4252
02:36:45,390 --> 02:36:50,080
Odds ratios for
finding fun dies.

4253
02:36:50,660 --> 02:36:52,919
It's not if, it's

4254
02:36:52,919 --> 02:36:57,120
when lawyers talk,
blah, blah, blah.

4255
02:36:57,120 --> 02:37:00,540
Dominant micro
plastic morphologies.

4256
02:37:00,540 --> 02:37:05,069
And finally, we're occurs
wicked remediation.

4257
02:37:05,069 --> 02:37:08,520
So 20 years ago or I

4258
02:37:08,520 --> 02:37:10,050
just had entered
this field

4259
02:37:10,050 --> 02:37:11,819
and urban ecology
as an afterthought.

4260
02:37:11,819 --> 02:37:13,560
And back then when I
went to a conference,

4261
02:37:13,560 --> 02:37:15,540
my talk would always
be the last one on

4262
02:37:15,540 --> 02:37:16,739
the last day and most of

4263
02:37:16,739 --> 02:37:18,539
the people had
headed home by then.

4264
02:37:18,539 --> 02:37:20,129
And I can really say that

4265
02:37:20,129 --> 02:37:21,509
things have changed
in 40 years a

4266
02:37:21,509 --> 02:37:23,460
lot and urban ecology

4267
02:37:23,460 --> 02:37:25,290
has come to the forefront.

4268
02:37:25,290 --> 02:37:28,229
So last year I wrapped
up the urban ecologies

4269
02:37:28,229 --> 02:37:29,279
and posing by
telling you how

4270
02:37:29,279 --> 02:37:30,810
much your work matters,

4271
02:37:30,810 --> 02:37:32,384
both alone and
collectively.

4272
02:37:32,384 --> 02:37:34,349
And that has not changed.

4273
02:37:34,349 --> 02:37:36,134
But this year
is different.

4274
02:37:36,134 --> 02:37:37,830
And we've just finished
in the second year of

4275
02:37:37,830 --> 02:37:39,629
a terrible world pandemic,

4276
02:37:39,629 --> 02:37:41,400
national and
world politics

4277
02:37:41,400 --> 02:37:42,750
for making large
print headlines.

4278
02:37:42,750 --> 02:37:46,065
And some families,
including my own,

4279
02:37:46,065 --> 02:37:47,670
are filming Traditions

4280
02:37:47,670 --> 02:37:49,379
They've never felt before.

4281
02:37:49,379 --> 02:37:52,259
And holy cow last
summer was far,

4282
02:37:52,259 --> 02:37:53,895
far too hot.

4283
02:37:53,895 --> 02:37:55,905
Nothing is normal.

4284
02:37:55,905 --> 02:37:57,330
These are the
most trying times

4285
02:37:57,330 --> 02:37:58,829
many of us have
ever experienced,

4286
02:37:58,829 --> 02:38:00,284
and they've certainly
been for me.

4287
02:38:00,284 --> 02:38:02,339
I've been around
for a while now.

4288
02:38:02,339 --> 02:38:04,139
So maybe you feel
like you haven't

4289
02:38:04,139 --> 02:38:05,369
been as productive
as usual

4290
02:38:05,369 --> 02:38:06,600
of the last two years or

4291
02:38:06,600 --> 02:38:08,490
you haven't done
your best work,

4292
02:38:08,490 --> 02:38:10,229
maybe you've worried
about your kids

4293
02:38:10,229 --> 02:38:12,495
mental health,
or your own.

4294
02:38:12,495 --> 02:38:14,610
You might feel isolated
from your friends and

4295
02:38:14,610 --> 02:38:16,860
colleagues or maybe
you gained 15 pounds.

4296
02:38:16,860 --> 02:38:18,809
Like I see a lot
of our news people

4297
02:38:18,809 --> 02:38:20,940
did good on them.

4298
02:38:20,940 --> 02:38:24,285
Some of us got
sick. Some days.

4299
02:38:24,285 --> 02:38:25,710
Maybe the best you
can do is throw on

4300
02:38:25,710 --> 02:38:28,020
a T-shirt and hide
your pajama bottoms.

4301
02:38:28,020 --> 02:38:29,699
And you know, it's okay.

4302
02:38:29,699 --> 02:38:30,989
We're also stressed out

4303
02:38:30,989 --> 02:38:31,890
and none of us are at our

4304
02:38:31,890 --> 02:38:34,695
best and most of us are
our own worst judges.

4305
02:38:34,695 --> 02:38:36,644
So consider giving
yourself break,

4306
02:38:36,644 --> 02:38:37,739
a break and go ahead

4307
02:38:37,739 --> 02:38:39,255
and be less than perfect.

4308
02:38:39,255 --> 02:38:40,634
You already were anyway.

4309
02:38:40,634 --> 02:38:42,300
And maybe give other
folks break too

4310
02:38:42,300 --> 02:38:44,549
because they're
feeling it too.

4311
02:38:44,549 --> 02:38:46,109
And we're all
going to make

4312
02:38:46,109 --> 02:38:47,174
it through this together.

4313
02:38:47,174 --> 02:38:50,040
We always do and
we will again.

4314
02:38:50,040 --> 02:38:52,664
And remember, the
work that you do

4315
02:38:52,664 --> 02:38:55,454
every single day matters
more than you know,

4316
02:38:55,454 --> 02:38:56,969
I've been around for
a while and I've seen

4317
02:38:56,969 --> 02:38:59,159
a lot of cumulative
changes for the better.

4318
02:38:59,159 --> 02:39:02,310
Trust me, you all
make a difference.

4319
02:39:02,310 --> 02:39:04,680
And thank you so very
much again for being

4320
02:39:04,680 --> 02:39:06,689
part of the urban
ecology symposium.

4321
02:39:06,689 --> 02:39:08,849
And I say this every,
nearly every year,

4322
02:39:08,849 --> 02:39:10,469
but we truly had

4323
02:39:10,469 --> 02:39:12,929
an amazing useful set
of talks this year,

4324
02:39:12,929 --> 02:39:15,015
including two excellent
keynote speakers

4325
02:39:15,015 --> 02:39:16,889
that were really
grateful for.

4326
02:39:16,889 --> 02:39:18,690
We look forward to
seeing your faces

4327
02:39:18,690 --> 02:39:19,769
again next year and

4328
02:39:19,769 --> 02:39:21,059
I am hopeful that

4329
02:39:21,059 --> 02:39:22,470
we'll get to see
you in person.

4330
02:39:22,470 --> 02:39:24,359
And we will turn 21.

4331
02:39:24,359 --> 02:39:26,595
In keeping with that,
we'll have beer,

4332
02:39:26,595 --> 02:39:30,630
as Ellen said, at the
back of the room.

4333
02:39:30,630 --> 02:39:32,489
Thank you, everyone.
And unless

4334
02:39:32,489 --> 02:39:33,885
someone tells
me otherwise,

4335
02:39:33,885 --> 02:39:36,309
I do believe
we're finished.