1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,900 It's okay with Gwen if we record. Ricardo. 2 00:00:03,900 --> 00:00:05,430 Thank you. 3 00:00:05,430 --> 00:00:07,410 Just so everyone else knows, 4 00:00:07,410 --> 00:00:08,490 if you're making comments, 5 00:00:08,490 --> 00:00:09,239 those will be recorded. 6 00:00:09,239 --> 00:00:10,709 But this way we can share with other folks, 7 00:00:10,709 --> 00:00:11,504 I apologize, 8 00:00:11,504 --> 00:00:13,035 should have said at the beginning. 9 00:00:13,035 --> 00:00:14,354 Yeah, go ahead. 10 00:00:14,354 --> 00:00:15,930 And I totally spaced that. 11 00:00:15,930 --> 00:00:17,549 So I'm glad you remember. 12 00:00:17,549 --> 00:00:19,604 We're still early in the presentation. 13 00:00:19,604 --> 00:00:22,605 So they beg you started the presentation. 14 00:00:22,605 --> 00:00:24,390 What you've missed is kind 15 00:00:24,390 --> 00:00:26,624 of some of the literature review. 16 00:00:26,624 --> 00:00:28,080 Why is carbon, where, 17 00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:29,790 why am I looking at below ground carbon? 18 00:00:29,790 --> 00:00:31,019 What even is it? Why do 19 00:00:31,019 --> 00:00:32,280 we care about climate change? 20 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:34,770 And now we're talking about what is 21 00:00:34,770 --> 00:00:36,344 happening with carbon markets 22 00:00:36,344 --> 00:00:38,594 in America. Primarily. 23 00:00:38,594 --> 00:00:40,050 What we're looking at is 24 00:00:40,050 --> 00:00:42,339 something that's happening California. 25 00:00:42,339 --> 00:00:44,674 And that's the stomach. 26 00:00:44,674 --> 00:00:48,289 So we're looking at implementation, 27 00:00:48,289 --> 00:00:50,479 these carbon markets and California, 28 00:00:50,479 --> 00:00:51,949 in this picture from 29 00:00:51,949 --> 00:00:53,945 the California Air Resources Board, 30 00:00:53,945 --> 00:00:58,310 we see on the left-hand side of the picture, 31 00:00:58,310 --> 00:01:01,130 the emissions that are happening from 32 00:01:01,130 --> 00:01:03,200 different emitters will just 33 00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:05,945 say they can only emit so much. 34 00:01:05,945 --> 00:01:08,164 And when they over emit, 35 00:01:08,164 --> 00:01:10,084 they have to buy carbon credits. 36 00:01:10,084 --> 00:01:12,244 The purchase of those carbon credits 37 00:01:12,244 --> 00:01:14,510 through that California Air Resources Board, 38 00:01:14,510 --> 00:01:16,909 go directly to fund projects that help 39 00:01:16,909 --> 00:01:19,429 mitigate emissions 40 00:01:19,429 --> 00:01:22,310 and potentially mitigate climate change. 41 00:01:22,310 --> 00:01:24,350 So we see kind of at the bottom, 42 00:01:24,350 --> 00:01:25,819 it's made this full circle. 43 00:01:25,819 --> 00:01:28,685 And there's like electric cars, their solar. 44 00:01:28,685 --> 00:01:31,790 That's what this graphic is trying to imply, 45 00:01:31,790 --> 00:01:34,144 that the cap and trade mark is trying to, 46 00:01:34,144 --> 00:01:36,470 in some ways pay for itself. 47 00:01:36,470 --> 00:01:39,530 Another aspect of that market is 48 00:01:39,530 --> 00:01:42,139 land use change and 49 00:01:42,139 --> 00:01:45,125 how people are able to avoid conversion. 50 00:01:45,125 --> 00:01:46,969 That can be something that can 51 00:01:46,969 --> 00:01:51,650 be a carbon credit reforestation. 52 00:01:51,650 --> 00:01:53,449 And now finally, we're looking 53 00:01:53,449 --> 00:01:55,985 into soil carbon sequestration. 54 00:01:55,985 --> 00:01:58,490 But all these land use change markets 55 00:01:58,490 --> 00:02:01,099 also rely on long-term monitoring to 56 00:02:01,099 --> 00:02:03,709 really confirm that the changes 57 00:02:03,709 --> 00:02:06,964 that are happening are actually happening. 58 00:02:06,964 --> 00:02:10,370 So now we'll talk about how below 59 00:02:10,370 --> 00:02:14,330 carbon blow ground carbon is sequestered. 60 00:02:14,330 --> 00:02:16,640 This graphic is another one 61 00:02:16,640 --> 00:02:18,560 from Brinkley and bisher. 62 00:02:18,560 --> 00:02:21,650 And it's equating the input of 63 00:02:21,650 --> 00:02:25,399 carbon into the soil to a bathtub. 64 00:02:25,399 --> 00:02:29,089 At number one, we have the spigot, that is, 65 00:02:29,089 --> 00:02:31,250 the litter fall the water or 66 00:02:31,250 --> 00:02:33,679 the carbon is coming onto 67 00:02:33,679 --> 00:02:35,974 the top layer soil and 68 00:02:35,974 --> 00:02:38,839 essentially filling up the pool of carbon. 69 00:02:38,839 --> 00:02:43,115 We have number 2 equating to the waterline. 70 00:02:43,115 --> 00:02:45,350 The change in storage 71 00:02:45,350 --> 00:02:49,280 for the carbon or the water is 72 00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:50,390 dependent on how much litter 73 00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:51,590 fall is coming in and 74 00:02:51,590 --> 00:02:54,485 how much carbon dioxide fluxes 75 00:02:54,485 --> 00:02:56,059 happening, which is the drain. 76 00:02:56,059 --> 00:02:57,589 We're skipping ahead to number four. 77 00:02:57,589 --> 00:03:00,979 But the water that's inside of the pool, 78 00:03:00,979 --> 00:03:03,889 That's the acronym TV CA, 79 00:03:03,889 --> 00:03:05,975 the total below ground carbon allocation. 80 00:03:05,975 --> 00:03:08,510 That is like the pool of water that 81 00:03:08,510 --> 00:03:11,975 is more or less staying in place. 82 00:03:11,975 --> 00:03:15,740 So then I wanted to lead this 83 00:03:15,740 --> 00:03:17,539 into like what affects 84 00:03:17,539 --> 00:03:19,429 that total below ground carbon. 85 00:03:19,429 --> 00:03:21,889 And one thing that can 86 00:03:21,889 --> 00:03:24,710 have an effect is my garage easy. 87 00:03:24,710 --> 00:03:26,479 And what, what is Mancur, 88 00:03:26,479 --> 00:03:29,285 IZ it is fungi. 89 00:03:29,285 --> 00:03:31,460 And specifically there, we're going to talk 90 00:03:31,460 --> 00:03:32,509 about arbuscular 91 00:03:32,509 --> 00:03:34,129 mycorrhizae and active member. 92 00:03:34,129 --> 00:03:35,495 I see they form 93 00:03:35,495 --> 00:03:38,029 symbiotic relationships with plants. 94 00:03:38,029 --> 00:03:40,850 About 70 percent of plant species 95 00:03:40,850 --> 00:03:42,230 have a relationship with 96 00:03:42,230 --> 00:03:44,015 arbuscular mycorrhizae. 97 00:03:44,015 --> 00:03:46,489 About 7% of plant species 98 00:03:46,489 --> 00:03:49,190 have a relationship with ecto mycorrhizae. 99 00:03:49,190 --> 00:03:51,560 And this relationship, 100 00:03:51,560 --> 00:03:55,115 regardless of the type it is, 101 00:03:55,115 --> 00:03:57,829 there is the exchange nutrients, 102 00:03:57,829 --> 00:04:01,280 water, calm, all of carbohydrates, 103 00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:03,755 aka carbon, and this is 104 00:04:03,755 --> 00:04:05,975 being exchanged between 105 00:04:05,975 --> 00:04:07,489 the fungi and the plants. 106 00:04:07,489 --> 00:04:09,259 And that can have an effect 107 00:04:09,259 --> 00:04:12,169 on the total below ground carbon 108 00:04:12,169 --> 00:04:14,930 as carbohydrates are kind 109 00:04:14,930 --> 00:04:17,839 of coming in to the root zone. 110 00:04:17,839 --> 00:04:20,435 And the fungi are able to uptake 111 00:04:20,435 --> 00:04:23,585 that carbon and respire, 112 00:04:23,585 --> 00:04:27,229 but they also die and that builds up. 113 00:04:27,229 --> 00:04:28,744 Especially because 114 00:04:28,744 --> 00:04:29,990 microarrays are able to form 115 00:04:29,990 --> 00:04:34,294 such thick mats of their micro root system. 116 00:04:34,294 --> 00:04:35,689 When that dies, that gets 117 00:04:35,689 --> 00:04:37,100 and so incorporated into 118 00:04:37,100 --> 00:04:40,445 the soil organic carbon layer. 119 00:04:40,445 --> 00:04:43,250 So then this is 120 00:04:43,250 --> 00:04:46,490 kinda going to lead into all How is that, 121 00:04:46,490 --> 00:04:48,709 what is happening in a riparian area 122 00:04:48,709 --> 00:04:49,759 and how is carbon 123 00:04:49,759 --> 00:04:53,630 like getting incorporated into that? 124 00:04:53,630 --> 00:04:57,605 And this is from a paper by set fun at all. 125 00:04:57,605 --> 00:04:59,569 And I'm going to just quickly go 126 00:04:59,569 --> 00:05:01,549 over this concept of 127 00:05:01,549 --> 00:05:05,479 how carbon is getting into the riparian area. 128 00:05:05,479 --> 00:05:07,849 We have box a that 129 00:05:07,849 --> 00:05:10,054 is talking about the woody biomass, 130 00:05:10,054 --> 00:05:15,620 which has like seven to about 2000 megatons, 131 00:05:15,620 --> 00:05:16,789 and that's the mg. 132 00:05:16,789 --> 00:05:19,759 Cha, megatons of carbon per Hecht acre. 133 00:05:19,759 --> 00:05:22,400 And it moves through a, 134 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:24,230 B, C, and D. 135 00:05:24,230 --> 00:05:26,464 But C is kind of where we're going to focus, 136 00:05:26,464 --> 00:05:30,500 which has the potential to sequester or 137 00:05:30,500 --> 00:05:33,020 bank kind of the most carbon out of 138 00:05:33,020 --> 00:05:35,570 any of those other categories. 139 00:05:35,570 --> 00:05:36,139 And it's not that 140 00:05:36,139 --> 00:05:37,789 those other categories aren't important. 141 00:05:37,789 --> 00:05:40,820 It's just, we're going to focus here because 142 00:05:40,820 --> 00:05:42,980 if it has this great potential 143 00:05:42,980 --> 00:05:44,809 to hold carbon, 144 00:05:44,809 --> 00:05:46,609 we really should maybe 145 00:05:46,609 --> 00:05:48,229 know a little bit more about it. 146 00:05:48,229 --> 00:05:50,359 And that is where 147 00:05:50,359 --> 00:05:53,030 the methods and materials 148 00:05:53,030 --> 00:05:54,410 for this project came in. 149 00:05:54,410 --> 00:05:56,809 I was able to go out into 150 00:05:56,809 --> 00:05:59,600 the field and sample on 151 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:01,625 some clean water services and 152 00:06:01,625 --> 00:06:02,659 Walton Soil and 153 00:06:02,659 --> 00:06:05,224 Water Conservation District gland. 154 00:06:05,224 --> 00:06:08,164 Much of the land was privately owned. 155 00:06:08,164 --> 00:06:12,110 So I'm going to try and keep it keep it 156 00:06:12,110 --> 00:06:14,000 that way and make it sure I'm not invading 157 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:16,010 anybody's privacy by sharing the stats, 158 00:06:16,010 --> 00:06:19,310 but I was able to go out during 159 00:06:19,310 --> 00:06:23,525 the winter and he can see there's the water. 160 00:06:23,525 --> 00:06:25,250 It was flooded in many places 161 00:06:25,250 --> 00:06:27,260 and I also was able to get a little bit of 162 00:06:27,260 --> 00:06:32,194 help and from all sorts of people and a dog. 163 00:06:32,194 --> 00:06:36,694 And I was sampling seven sites. 164 00:06:36,694 --> 00:06:41,329 And I broke those sites into year categories. 165 00:06:41,329 --> 00:06:42,710 Kinda what I was talking about 166 00:06:42,710 --> 00:06:44,420 that year since restoration, 167 00:06:44,420 --> 00:06:45,619 I'm calling at year 168 00:06:45,619 --> 00:06:48,559 0 where no restoration has occurred. 169 00:06:48,559 --> 00:06:50,869 You're too which is two-year sense 170 00:06:50,869 --> 00:06:53,420 restoration year for four years, 171 00:06:53,420 --> 00:06:56,419 your 1414 year since restoration? 172 00:06:56,419 --> 00:06:59,105 I tried to make it so 173 00:06:59,105 --> 00:07:02,405 all the areas were well, 174 00:07:02,405 --> 00:07:05,599 obviously even aged and an even size. 175 00:07:05,599 --> 00:07:07,339 But to do so, because some of 176 00:07:07,339 --> 00:07:09,365 the projects were so small, 177 00:07:09,365 --> 00:07:11,599 we kind of had to combined 178 00:07:11,599 --> 00:07:14,300 different sites that had the same year, 179 00:07:14,300 --> 00:07:16,639 but we're in the same floodplain, 180 00:07:16,639 --> 00:07:19,909 but not right next to each other necessarily. 181 00:07:19,909 --> 00:07:24,530 So the other important selection parameters 182 00:07:24,530 --> 00:07:26,210 for that they needed to be 183 00:07:26,210 --> 00:07:28,430 considered a riparian forest. 184 00:07:28,430 --> 00:07:31,024 Though we did have one wetland site 185 00:07:31,024 --> 00:07:33,349 that was a year zeros site, 186 00:07:33,349 --> 00:07:35,419 which meant we had to year 0 sites 187 00:07:35,419 --> 00:07:37,474 and that will become important later. 188 00:07:37,474 --> 00:07:40,984 And then the other parameter is I. 189 00:07:40,984 --> 00:07:42,680 Since these are all restored areas, 190 00:07:42,680 --> 00:07:45,019 I wanted to ensure they were they had the 191 00:07:45,019 --> 00:07:46,039 previous they had the 192 00:07:46,039 --> 00:07:47,675 same previous you'll conditions. 193 00:07:47,675 --> 00:07:49,579 So they worry they were 194 00:07:49,579 --> 00:07:51,800 used for crop cultivation and 195 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:56,405 not like cattle land or anything like that. 196 00:07:56,405 --> 00:08:02,690 So the next slide, a sum up. 197 00:08:02,690 --> 00:08:04,414 What I did in the field. 198 00:08:04,414 --> 00:08:06,934 Each year site had 199 00:08:06,934 --> 00:08:09,229 nine random plots that I hand 200 00:08:09,229 --> 00:08:11,359 sampled or I had help 201 00:08:11,359 --> 00:08:14,390 with sampling with the hydraulic probe. 202 00:08:14,390 --> 00:08:17,255 For samples were taken at each plot. 203 00:08:17,255 --> 00:08:18,920 Three were used for 204 00:08:18,920 --> 00:08:20,314 the analytical analysis is 205 00:08:20,314 --> 00:08:21,830 like the chemical analysis, 206 00:08:21,830 --> 00:08:23,390 and then one of 207 00:08:23,390 --> 00:08:28,774 the samples was used for DNA extraction. 208 00:08:28,774 --> 00:08:30,320 I had that grid. 209 00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:34,730 I threw it out haphazardly and pick or 210 00:08:34,730 --> 00:08:36,230 used a random number generator 211 00:08:36,230 --> 00:08:39,740 to get four different squares. 212 00:08:39,740 --> 00:08:42,710 And then the cores themselves are broken 213 00:08:42,710 --> 00:08:43,999 up only in 214 00:08:43,999 --> 00:08:46,475 the analytical analysis, unfortunately. 215 00:08:46,475 --> 00:08:49,549 But between 010 centimeters in depth, 216 00:08:49,549 --> 00:08:52,024 ten to 20 centimeters and 20 to 30. 217 00:08:52,024 --> 00:08:53,644 And then the stamp, 218 00:08:53,644 --> 00:08:54,769 the three samples that were 219 00:08:54,769 --> 00:08:56,465 taken at each plot, 220 00:08:56,465 --> 00:09:01,340 we're pooled with the corresponding deaths 221 00:09:01,340 --> 00:09:03,934 just for the analytical samples. 222 00:09:03,934 --> 00:09:06,709 So that leads into 223 00:09:06,709 --> 00:09:09,574 the laboratory work that I was able to do. 224 00:09:09,574 --> 00:09:11,930 This was during COVID. 225 00:09:11,930 --> 00:09:13,699 So I unfortunately was not 226 00:09:13,699 --> 00:09:15,590 able to do the lab work 227 00:09:15,590 --> 00:09:17,540 myself only so far as 228 00:09:17,540 --> 00:09:20,734 getting the samples, preps. 229 00:09:20,734 --> 00:09:23,269 It was definitely a challenge to be able to 230 00:09:23,269 --> 00:09:25,204 get even to get on campus, 231 00:09:25,204 --> 00:09:28,639 let alone get into somebody else's lab who 232 00:09:28,639 --> 00:09:32,149 had the the equipment to do these analyses. 233 00:09:32,149 --> 00:09:35,119 But I first got the samples. 234 00:09:35,119 --> 00:09:36,454 I let them air dry. 235 00:09:36,454 --> 00:09:37,760 I said them through 236 00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:39,770 a two millimeter sieve for and again, 237 00:09:39,770 --> 00:09:42,605 this is also all for the analytical samples. 238 00:09:42,605 --> 00:09:44,720 And once that was done, 239 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:47,059 we were able to oven dry them 240 00:09:47,059 --> 00:09:49,834 for the bulk density and submit them to 241 00:09:49,834 --> 00:09:52,130 the analytical lab to work 242 00:09:52,130 --> 00:09:55,729 up the carbon percentage, 243 00:09:55,729 --> 00:09:57,439 the nitrogen percentage, the 244 00:09:57,439 --> 00:10:00,980 concentration potassium and phosphorus. 245 00:10:00,980 --> 00:10:03,710 And then the other thing 246 00:10:03,710 --> 00:10:06,335 we did was do a DNA extraction. 247 00:10:06,335 --> 00:10:08,885 Those samples were kept in the freezer 248 00:10:08,885 --> 00:10:11,824 and when they are ready to be submitted, 249 00:10:11,824 --> 00:10:13,100 I was able to bring 250 00:10:13,100 --> 00:10:14,150 them up to room temperature, 251 00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:18,199 makes them move the corresponding samples 252 00:10:18,199 --> 00:10:19,520 into extraction plates and 253 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:21,049 submit that to the lab. 254 00:10:21,049 --> 00:10:22,550 And then again, this is 255 00:10:22,550 --> 00:10:24,845 just the write-up of what I did. 256 00:10:24,845 --> 00:10:25,969 If you want to read a 257 00:10:25,969 --> 00:10:27,259 little bit more into this, 258 00:10:27,259 --> 00:10:30,979 I can ensure that this slideshow get shared. 259 00:10:30,979 --> 00:10:32,870 But the next thing we're 260 00:10:32,870 --> 00:10:34,550 going to talk about is the analysis. 261 00:10:34,550 --> 00:10:35,840 And I'm just going to kind 262 00:10:35,840 --> 00:10:37,820 of briefly go over what's in 263 00:10:37,820 --> 00:10:39,500 the graphs and it will be 264 00:10:39,500 --> 00:10:41,600 more discussed in the analysis, 265 00:10:41,600 --> 00:10:42,680 earn on the analysis in 266 00:10:42,680 --> 00:10:45,260 the discussion portion of this. 267 00:10:45,260 --> 00:10:47,225 Presentation. 268 00:10:47,225 --> 00:10:49,324 But the thing I really want to 269 00:10:49,324 --> 00:10:51,860 show here is we use 270 00:10:51,860 --> 00:10:54,199 linear mixed models to 271 00:10:54,199 --> 00:10:56,615 look at how the carbon percentage. 272 00:10:56,615 --> 00:10:59,285 And we did this with like all of 273 00:10:59,285 --> 00:11:03,500 the different chemical things we looked at. 274 00:11:03,500 --> 00:11:04,609 But right here we 275 00:11:04,609 --> 00:11:07,340 have carbon percentage on the left-hand side 276 00:11:07,340 --> 00:11:11,525 and year since restoration on the bottom. 277 00:11:11,525 --> 00:11:14,479 And sense, the sampling was only done it for 278 00:11:14,479 --> 00:11:15,784 your sequences 279 00:11:15,784 --> 00:11:17,689 are four different year sequences. 280 00:11:17,689 --> 00:11:19,400 We don't have anything in-between, 281 00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:21,439 but really what I want to show 282 00:11:21,439 --> 00:11:25,160 here is how different the depths are. 283 00:11:25,160 --> 00:11:27,680 So 0 to 10 centimeters is 284 00:11:27,680 --> 00:11:31,339 the blue line and the green line is 10 to 20, 285 00:11:31,339 --> 00:11:33,380 and the orange line is 20 to 30. 286 00:11:33,380 --> 00:11:36,304 And the black line is like that added means 287 00:11:36,304 --> 00:11:38,329 overall for these depths 288 00:11:38,329 --> 00:11:40,475 so that the whole soil profile. 289 00:11:40,475 --> 00:11:42,439 And I also want to highlight that 290 00:11:42,439 --> 00:11:44,960 this is area to as year 0. 291 00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:48,320 And area two represents 292 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:50,570 the right pair in 293 00:11:50,570 --> 00:11:54,095 the riparian forest kind of as year 0, 294 00:11:54,095 --> 00:11:55,369 whereas area of one 295 00:11:55,369 --> 00:11:57,469 is the wetland that's being 296 00:11:57,469 --> 00:11:59,209 compared to all the 297 00:11:59,209 --> 00:12:01,700 other riparian forest areas. 298 00:12:01,700 --> 00:12:03,485 So what we really kind of 299 00:12:03,485 --> 00:12:06,434 see overall is this first, 300 00:12:06,434 --> 00:12:08,289 I'll use my mouse 301 00:12:08,289 --> 00:12:09,910 instead of pointing him ion screen than 0 302 00:12:09,910 --> 00:12:14,035 and C. But we have this initial bump, 303 00:12:14,035 --> 00:12:16,209 Braam years, year to year two. 304 00:12:16,209 --> 00:12:18,700 And it kind of slowly keeps 305 00:12:18,700 --> 00:12:21,519 increasing and the topsoil layer, 306 00:12:21,519 --> 00:12:24,159 but then decreases and 307 00:12:24,159 --> 00:12:25,810 the other two soil layers, 308 00:12:25,810 --> 00:12:28,495 which gives this overall drop 309 00:12:28,495 --> 00:12:32,065 and the total sequestered. 310 00:12:32,065 --> 00:12:35,215 But still a very large jump just 311 00:12:35,215 --> 00:12:38,995 in those first two years over all. 312 00:12:38,995 --> 00:12:42,339 And what the next slide, 313 00:12:42,339 --> 00:12:43,929 this is where it comes important 314 00:12:43,929 --> 00:12:45,265 to differentiate the areas. 315 00:12:45,265 --> 00:12:48,914 This is area 1, the wetland area. 316 00:12:48,914 --> 00:12:51,754 And then we have carbon percentage 317 00:12:51,754 --> 00:12:53,630 again on the left hand side 318 00:12:53,630 --> 00:12:55,339 and years since restoration. 319 00:12:55,339 --> 00:12:56,539 And the other thing I want to 320 00:12:56,539 --> 00:12:57,769 highlight on here is 321 00:12:57,769 --> 00:13:00,559 just the difference in carbon percentage. 322 00:13:00,559 --> 00:13:03,095 So this goes up to like 26 percent 323 00:13:03,095 --> 00:13:06,950 overall carbon percentage for 324 00:13:06,950 --> 00:13:10,324 the weight of the sample. 325 00:13:10,324 --> 00:13:13,100 And then we have again the 326 00:13:13,100 --> 00:13:16,535 same 0 to 10 and blue. 327 00:13:16,535 --> 00:13:19,069 Green is the 10 to 20 328 00:13:19,069 --> 00:13:20,719 and oranges the 20 to 30 329 00:13:20,719 --> 00:13:24,755 and the black is the mean over at it overall. 330 00:13:24,755 --> 00:13:28,189 And when a wetland is the control, 331 00:13:28,189 --> 00:13:33,049 we see this really large amount 332 00:13:33,049 --> 00:13:36,815 of carbon percentage that appears to drop. 333 00:13:36,815 --> 00:13:38,974 And we'll talk about that more in a sec. 334 00:13:38,974 --> 00:13:40,835 And then here is 335 00:13:40,835 --> 00:13:44,209 a graphic for the fungal community analysis. 336 00:13:44,209 --> 00:13:46,324 This is using non-metric 337 00:13:46,324 --> 00:13:48,274 multidimensional scaling. 338 00:13:48,274 --> 00:13:51,049 And it kind of seems like a lot. 339 00:13:51,049 --> 00:13:53,015 But I want to highlight that 340 00:13:53,015 --> 00:13:57,200 each polygon represents a different area. 341 00:13:57,200 --> 00:13:59,960 And again, they're still four-year period, 342 00:13:59,960 --> 00:14:03,170 so 2 and 3 go together, 343 00:14:03,170 --> 00:14:07,549 and 4 and 5 go together. Bye. 344 00:14:07,549 --> 00:14:08,494 Oh sorry. 345 00:14:08,494 --> 00:14:11,104 34 go together, 56 go together. 346 00:14:11,104 --> 00:14:15,200 And each polygon, or each of 347 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:16,969 these dots is a poster 348 00:14:16,969 --> 00:14:19,774 represent a different fungal species. 349 00:14:19,774 --> 00:14:22,430 And the more grouped 350 00:14:22,430 --> 00:14:24,170 those fungal species are, 351 00:14:24,170 --> 00:14:26,119 the more alike they are 352 00:14:26,119 --> 00:14:29,330 given the other parameters we looked at. 353 00:14:29,330 --> 00:14:32,210 So the things that are kind of According to 354 00:14:32,210 --> 00:14:33,589 this non metric 355 00:14:33,589 --> 00:14:35,765 multidimensional scaling analysis. 356 00:14:35,765 --> 00:14:36,980 The things that are kind of driving 357 00:14:36,980 --> 00:14:38,044 speciation 358 00:14:38,044 --> 00:14:40,774 or the fungal community composition. 359 00:14:40,774 --> 00:14:42,559 And where they are, 360 00:14:42,559 --> 00:14:45,049 are the carbon stock, the carbon percentage, 361 00:14:45,049 --> 00:14:46,429 which is really kind of 362 00:14:46,429 --> 00:14:48,124 similar to one another, 363 00:14:48,124 --> 00:14:50,749 and then the nitrogen percentage. 364 00:14:50,749 --> 00:14:52,459 And then what's fleeting it in 365 00:14:52,459 --> 00:14:54,680 this direction is the bulk density, 366 00:14:54,680 --> 00:14:57,170 which also works with carbon stocks. 367 00:14:57,170 --> 00:14:59,149 But basically, the way 368 00:14:59,149 --> 00:15:01,969 that this can be interpreted is as 369 00:15:01,969 --> 00:15:05,480 bulk density goes is 370 00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:09,439 decreasing and carbon percentage 371 00:15:09,439 --> 00:15:11,494 and nitrogen are increasing, 372 00:15:11,494 --> 00:15:13,460 that is causing the speciation 373 00:15:13,460 --> 00:15:14,600 in this direction. 374 00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:17,974 And we see that area one, the wetland, 375 00:15:17,974 --> 00:15:21,559 has a really unique species 376 00:15:21,559 --> 00:15:23,509 commune or fungal community when 377 00:15:23,509 --> 00:15:26,300 compared to the other areas. 378 00:15:26,300 --> 00:15:29,689 And this big gray area 379 00:15:29,689 --> 00:15:31,535 is the year for IT team. 380 00:15:31,535 --> 00:15:34,249 This orange area that's also 381 00:15:34,249 --> 00:15:37,714 big is the year 0. 382 00:15:37,714 --> 00:15:40,715 And they seem to encapsulate all the 383 00:15:40,715 --> 00:15:44,554 other years more or less. 384 00:15:44,554 --> 00:15:45,830 So this was really 385 00:15:45,830 --> 00:15:46,909 the first step and 386 00:15:46,909 --> 00:15:48,904 looking at fungal communities. 387 00:15:48,904 --> 00:15:50,119 Unfortunately, I didn't have 388 00:15:50,119 --> 00:15:51,275 time to dive deeper 389 00:15:51,275 --> 00:15:52,460 into the 390 00:15:52,460 --> 00:15:54,680 actual like community grouping themselves, 391 00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:55,790 but that's really kind of 392 00:15:55,790 --> 00:15:59,194 the next hopeful step through everything. 393 00:15:59,194 --> 00:16:00,950 And since we're running kind 394 00:16:00,950 --> 00:16:03,110 of out of some time, 395 00:16:03,110 --> 00:16:04,430 I'm going to try and go 396 00:16:04,430 --> 00:16:05,779 a little bit quicker and talk 397 00:16:05,779 --> 00:16:07,670 about the odds ratios 398 00:16:07,670 --> 00:16:09,005 that we were able to use. 399 00:16:09,005 --> 00:16:11,524 This is kind of what I had time for. 400 00:16:11,524 --> 00:16:14,045 And this is really saying, 401 00:16:14,045 --> 00:16:16,985 what are the odds that will have 402 00:16:16,985 --> 00:16:20,145 higher fungal presence in an area? 403 00:16:20,145 --> 00:16:23,059 Well, let's just start with this. 404 00:16:23,059 --> 00:16:26,675 So in year 2 versus year 0, what is, 405 00:16:26,675 --> 00:16:27,740 what are the odds that will 406 00:16:27,740 --> 00:16:28,999 have a higher presence of 407 00:16:28,999 --> 00:16:32,239 fungi in year 2, then your 0. 408 00:16:32,239 --> 00:16:34,219 And the ratio itself 409 00:16:34,219 --> 00:16:36,260 is here on the left-hand side. 410 00:16:36,260 --> 00:16:39,140 And if the line straw before 411 00:16:39,140 --> 00:16:42,334 below this red dotted line at one, 412 00:16:42,334 --> 00:16:44,359 it is signifying that 413 00:16:44,359 --> 00:16:45,979 there isn't a significant difference 414 00:16:45,979 --> 00:16:48,244 between the presence found 415 00:16:48,244 --> 00:16:51,215 in those year comparisons. 416 00:16:51,215 --> 00:16:53,329 And the dot is really 417 00:16:53,329 --> 00:16:56,300 kind of the mean or the median for that. 418 00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:58,714 And the whiskers are 419 00:16:58,714 --> 00:17:01,084 the standard deviation for that. 420 00:17:01,084 --> 00:17:03,679 So really wide range 421 00:17:03,679 --> 00:17:06,424 isn't really telling you a lot. 422 00:17:06,424 --> 00:17:08,420 And that is consistent 423 00:17:08,420 --> 00:17:10,939 between the mycorrhizal gills that we looked 424 00:17:10,939 --> 00:17:13,249 at broken up and 425 00:17:13,249 --> 00:17:14,689 the fungal presence that we looked at 426 00:17:14,689 --> 00:17:16,460 open up or yeah. 427 00:17:16,460 --> 00:17:17,224 Overall. 428 00:17:17,224 --> 00:17:20,689 And also with both area one and 429 00:17:20,689 --> 00:17:24,110 area two as the year 0 control areas. 430 00:17:24,110 --> 00:17:26,570 So there might be 431 00:17:26,570 --> 00:17:28,594 a slight increase and 432 00:17:28,594 --> 00:17:32,434 fungal presence between year 0 and year two. 433 00:17:32,434 --> 00:17:35,674 Not so much for any of the other years. 434 00:17:35,674 --> 00:17:38,405 So really saying the same thing, 435 00:17:38,405 --> 00:17:40,624 we're going to go to the results. 436 00:17:40,624 --> 00:17:43,129 And these are statements 437 00:17:43,129 --> 00:17:45,335 pulled from my thesis. 438 00:17:45,335 --> 00:17:47,089 But we're going to go 439 00:17:47,089 --> 00:17:48,470 back to the soil chemistry, 440 00:17:48,470 --> 00:17:50,390 chemistry aspect of the study. 441 00:17:50,390 --> 00:17:53,179 And so when are two is the control. 442 00:17:53,179 --> 00:17:55,265 We estimate the mean carbon percentage to 443 00:17:55,265 --> 00:17:57,799 increase by 2.2 times from 444 00:17:57,799 --> 00:17:59,659 year 0 to year 14 throughout 445 00:17:59,659 --> 00:18:01,385 the whole soil profile 446 00:18:01,385 --> 00:18:04,009 and went area one is a control again, 447 00:18:04,009 --> 00:18:06,154 this is the wetland area and 448 00:18:06,154 --> 00:18:08,780 estimate a decrease in the medium soil. 449 00:18:08,780 --> 00:18:10,564 The median carbon percentage by 450 00:18:10,564 --> 00:18:14,175 3.92 times from year 0 to year 4 team. 451 00:18:14,175 --> 00:18:18,354 And this is statements from 452 00:18:18,354 --> 00:18:22,970 the whisker graph that we just saw. 453 00:18:23,070 --> 00:18:25,374 I'm not going to read it out loud. 454 00:18:25,374 --> 00:18:27,219 So you just kinda went over at over that, 455 00:18:27,219 --> 00:18:29,245 but it really wasn't conclusive. 456 00:18:29,245 --> 00:18:32,799 So let's get into the discussion portion. 457 00:18:32,799 --> 00:18:36,249 And so really what we saw on 458 00:18:36,249 --> 00:18:38,529 the soil chemistry portion 459 00:18:38,529 --> 00:18:41,319 in when we compared riparian forest, 460 00:18:41,319 --> 00:18:42,370 riparian forest, 461 00:18:42,370 --> 00:18:44,049 we expect the percentage of carbon to 462 00:18:44,049 --> 00:18:45,940 nearly double 14 years 463 00:18:45,940 --> 00:18:47,139 after restoration and it's 464 00:18:47,139 --> 00:18:48,564 waltz and watershed. 465 00:18:48,564 --> 00:18:51,474 So as an example, 466 00:18:51,474 --> 00:18:54,294 if the soil profile average was 3.5%, 467 00:18:54,294 --> 00:19:00,214 we'd expect to see 7% carbon 14 years later. 468 00:19:00,214 --> 00:19:03,965 And how does this translate to carbon stocks? 469 00:19:03,965 --> 00:19:05,689 It's a bit more complicated 470 00:19:05,689 --> 00:19:07,489 because we really would need to, 471 00:19:07,489 --> 00:19:09,080 we have to incorporate the depth but 472 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:11,090 then also the bulk density. 473 00:19:11,090 --> 00:19:13,160 And so if we just take 474 00:19:13,160 --> 00:19:15,710 the average bone density at each step 475 00:19:15,710 --> 00:19:19,055 across all the samples sites 476 00:19:19,055 --> 00:19:22,129 for when we're comparing riparian forest, 477 00:19:22,129 --> 00:19:25,970 riparian forest, the overall sum of 478 00:19:25,970 --> 00:19:28,219 all the carbon stocks is 479 00:19:28,219 --> 00:19:32,450 363 mega tonnes per hectare acre. 480 00:19:32,450 --> 00:19:35,375 So this is also, 481 00:19:35,375 --> 00:19:37,969 we have to have all these kind of 482 00:19:37,969 --> 00:19:40,459 correlating conditions to have 483 00:19:40,459 --> 00:19:42,709 that kind of effect. 484 00:19:42,709 --> 00:19:47,089 But it's, it's a potential that could happen. 485 00:19:47,089 --> 00:19:49,310 So then when we compare to 486 00:19:49,310 --> 00:19:50,689 the riparian forest to 487 00:19:50,689 --> 00:19:52,310 those wetland conditions, 488 00:19:52,310 --> 00:19:53,450 we really see that area 489 00:19:53,450 --> 00:19:55,564 want when Area 1 is to control. 490 00:19:55,564 --> 00:19:59,060 The results do not support my hypothesis. 491 00:19:59,060 --> 00:20:01,279 And that this kind of make sense. 492 00:20:01,279 --> 00:20:04,070 Wetlands have this historic flooding 493 00:20:04,070 --> 00:20:06,095 and drying out. 494 00:20:06,095 --> 00:20:08,930 Yeah, conditions which kind of prevent 495 00:20:08,930 --> 00:20:10,400 the complete breakdown of 496 00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:13,099 soil organic matter, soil organic carbon. 497 00:20:13,099 --> 00:20:16,219 It doesn't really get eaten or respire, 498 00:20:16,219 --> 00:20:18,695 kinda stays in place. 499 00:20:18,695 --> 00:20:22,700 And then we will 500 00:20:22,700 --> 00:20:24,049 look at the soil chemistry 501 00:20:24,049 --> 00:20:26,464 and the fungal proportions. 502 00:20:26,464 --> 00:20:30,124 And this is getting to that and NMS graphic. 503 00:20:30,124 --> 00:20:32,149 And it really kind of appears that again, 504 00:20:32,149 --> 00:20:33,439 the wetland area has 505 00:20:33,439 --> 00:20:35,210 the unique community composition 506 00:20:35,210 --> 00:20:37,489 when compared to the other areas. 507 00:20:37,489 --> 00:20:40,910 The year two or the area to an area seven, 508 00:20:40,910 --> 00:20:44,689 which represent year 0 and year 14. 509 00:20:44,689 --> 00:20:46,520 They encapsulate kind of the, 510 00:20:46,520 --> 00:20:48,949 all the other areas. 511 00:20:48,949 --> 00:20:52,250 So those communities might be really similar. 512 00:20:52,250 --> 00:20:54,049 But what's really driving 513 00:20:54,049 --> 00:20:56,000 that community composition 514 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:57,350 is the carbon percentage, 515 00:20:57,350 --> 00:20:59,449 the nitrogen percentage density. 516 00:20:59,449 --> 00:21:01,969 Just from looking at that NMS graphic, 517 00:21:01,969 --> 00:21:04,399 we really kind of me and more information to 518 00:21:04,399 --> 00:21:07,144 have a solid thing to say. 519 00:21:07,144 --> 00:21:13,100 But then this is getting into the, 520 00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:15,185 again, the fungal proportions. 521 00:21:15,185 --> 00:21:16,400 We really didn't see 522 00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:18,515 a difference and proportion of 523 00:21:18,515 --> 00:21:21,470 fungal species or Michael Russell presence 524 00:21:21,470 --> 00:21:23,749 with time since restoration 525 00:21:23,749 --> 00:21:25,295 and either control. 526 00:21:25,295 --> 00:21:26,720 These results don't really 527 00:21:26,720 --> 00:21:29,689 support the literature that the proportion of 528 00:21:29,689 --> 00:21:31,669 high microbial biomass producers 529 00:21:31,669 --> 00:21:34,069 such as mycorrhiza keep on mycorrhizal fungi. 530 00:21:34,069 --> 00:21:35,630 They shooting, they should 531 00:21:35,630 --> 00:21:38,120 correlate with increased soil carbon. 532 00:21:38,120 --> 00:21:40,009 Since we kind of saw that 533 00:21:40,009 --> 00:21:42,575 carbon was increasing over time, 534 00:21:42,575 --> 00:21:44,299 we would anticipate that 535 00:21:44,299 --> 00:21:46,309 the proportion might increase, 536 00:21:46,309 --> 00:21:49,130 but I just really don't believe we're 537 00:21:49,130 --> 00:21:50,750 kind of looking at the thing 538 00:21:50,750 --> 00:21:52,804 we actually want to look at. 539 00:21:52,804 --> 00:21:54,320 So we're going to get into 540 00:21:54,320 --> 00:21:56,359 the limitations of this study. 541 00:21:56,359 --> 00:21:58,580 There's a high amount of unaccounted 542 00:21:58,580 --> 00:22:00,950 for variability with the fungal models. 543 00:22:00,950 --> 00:22:03,349 I wasn't able to split up 544 00:22:03,349 --> 00:22:06,094 the sampling depths by or by depth. 545 00:22:06,094 --> 00:22:09,049 So that soil core that was for the DNA 546 00:22:09,049 --> 00:22:12,440 that all got into one sample. 547 00:22:12,440 --> 00:22:13,490 So it was that 548 00:22:13,490 --> 00:22:16,220 0 to 30 centimeters all in one, 549 00:22:16,220 --> 00:22:20,129 mixing it together and putting it in 550 00:22:20,170 --> 00:22:23,120 the DNA extraction plate so that 551 00:22:23,120 --> 00:22:26,494 really we lost a lot of nuance there. 552 00:22:26,494 --> 00:22:30,200 The other things that happened when we were 553 00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:34,070 looking at the species is for the NMOS, 554 00:22:34,070 --> 00:22:35,405 we were really looking at 555 00:22:35,405 --> 00:22:38,330 whether species were present or absent. 556 00:22:38,330 --> 00:22:40,399 It might be, it's helpful to 557 00:22:40,399 --> 00:22:42,200 visualize the community composition, 558 00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:43,250 but it's not really helping 559 00:22:43,250 --> 00:22:44,854 us understand like 560 00:22:44,854 --> 00:22:51,139 how total mycorrhizal species or community, 561 00:22:51,139 --> 00:22:53,584 or just the amount that might be there 562 00:22:53,584 --> 00:22:56,674 might correspond with changes over time. 563 00:22:56,674 --> 00:22:58,760 I really honestly, I think 564 00:22:58,760 --> 00:22:59,705 everybody would say this. 565 00:22:59,705 --> 00:23:00,635 They just needed more. 566 00:23:00,635 --> 00:23:04,984 I needed more time. So what we can conclude 567 00:23:04,984 --> 00:23:07,699 is riparian restoration efforts 568 00:23:07,699 --> 00:23:10,055 have really a lot of added benefits. 569 00:23:10,055 --> 00:23:12,605 And they can potentially increase 570 00:23:12,605 --> 00:23:14,359 the soil carbon percentage of 571 00:23:14,359 --> 00:23:15,619 carbon stocks over time and 572 00:23:15,619 --> 00:23:17,120 it's wallets and watershed. 573 00:23:17,120 --> 00:23:20,120 But land use history and area conditions can 574 00:23:20,120 --> 00:23:22,880 lead to different initial carbon percentages, 575 00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:24,380 such as the wetland conditions 576 00:23:24,380 --> 00:23:26,809 that we observe in Area 1. 577 00:23:26,809 --> 00:23:29,059 Additionally, 578 00:23:29,059 --> 00:23:30,829 we observe that area 579 00:23:30,829 --> 00:23:32,749 one has a really unique bunk goal. 580 00:23:32,749 --> 00:23:34,849 Community composition makes sense. 581 00:23:34,849 --> 00:23:35,750 A wetland might have 582 00:23:35,750 --> 00:23:37,579 a different community composition 583 00:23:37,579 --> 00:23:39,710 then riparian areas. 584 00:23:39,710 --> 00:23:41,660 I really think the next steps 585 00:23:41,660 --> 00:23:44,629 would include resampling the 586 00:23:44,629 --> 00:23:46,414 fungal or even looking at 587 00:23:46,414 --> 00:23:48,260 overall microbial community is 588 00:23:48,260 --> 00:23:50,285 at the multiple depth layers. 589 00:23:50,285 --> 00:23:52,160 And to do so, 590 00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:53,810 I really think establishing 591 00:23:53,810 --> 00:23:56,420 plots at these areas that 592 00:23:56,420 --> 00:23:58,519 have not been restored would 593 00:23:58,519 --> 00:24:00,859 be a really good first step to observe, 594 00:24:00,859 --> 00:24:03,920 both to observe that specific location 595 00:24:03,920 --> 00:24:05,719 over time since restoration, 596 00:24:05,719 --> 00:24:08,900 which could then provide a causal imprints on 597 00:24:08,900 --> 00:24:10,580 how restoration effects like 598 00:24:10,580 --> 00:24:12,080 those places and 599 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:14,344 their carbon sequestration over time. 600 00:24:14,344 --> 00:24:17,450 And according to the powerplants 601 00:24:17,450 --> 00:24:19,414 than 30 minutes and 47 seconds. 602 00:24:19,414 --> 00:24:22,170 So does anybody have any questions? 603 00:24:23,140 --> 00:24:25,039 Thank you very much. 604 00:24:25,039 --> 00:24:28,295 That's please give a round of applause. 605 00:24:28,295 --> 00:24:31,740 Either virtual or you can turn on your mics. 606 00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:33,829 The z. 607 00:24:33,829 --> 00:24:35,345 So yeah, we have a chance for questions. 608 00:24:35,345 --> 00:24:36,724 Zambia have a question. 609 00:24:36,724 --> 00:24:38,779 Raise your hand or just chime 610 00:24:38,779 --> 00:24:42,269 in on mute your microphone. 611 00:24:48,610 --> 00:24:50,990 When I'll say, I suspect 612 00:24:50,990 --> 00:24:52,370 that a lot of us can appreciate 613 00:24:52,370 --> 00:24:53,750 the time constraints of doing 614 00:24:53,750 --> 00:24:54,965 a master's project when 615 00:24:54,965 --> 00:24:56,615 you're trying to get more data. 616 00:24:56,615 --> 00:24:58,354 And the whole deal. 617 00:24:58,354 --> 00:25:00,739 Yeah, going out sampling and 618 00:25:00,739 --> 00:25:04,160 then dealing with the Intermix I've COVID, 619 00:25:04,160 --> 00:25:06,080 I think during that time period, 620 00:25:06,080 --> 00:25:08,945 just kind of constrained thing. 621 00:25:08,945 --> 00:25:12,305 So it did take a long time to get the data 622 00:25:12,305 --> 00:25:15,874 back for the fungal samples and 623 00:25:15,874 --> 00:25:18,500 then I only had like they 624 00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:21,545 go was maybe two months 625 00:25:21,545 --> 00:25:25,084 to go from just raw DNA data 626 00:25:25,084 --> 00:25:27,694 to having something that was workable. 627 00:25:27,694 --> 00:25:29,975 For the first time I've ever been a like 628 00:25:29,975 --> 00:25:32,465 even seen data like that. 629 00:25:32,465 --> 00:25:34,309 It was a long haul, 630 00:25:34,309 --> 00:25:35,839 but at least we got something and we 631 00:25:35,839 --> 00:25:38,300 have ideas for next steps. 632 00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:41,504 Excellent. John, did you have a question? 633 00:25:41,504 --> 00:25:44,709 Yeah, Totally. Thanks, Gwen. Good stuff. 634 00:25:44,709 --> 00:25:45,789 Good to see you again. 635 00:25:45,789 --> 00:25:46,959 Is here. 636 00:25:46,959 --> 00:25:49,120 Can you please 637 00:25:49,120 --> 00:25:51,340 because I know the answer to this, 638 00:25:51,340 --> 00:25:53,169 but could you please explain 639 00:25:53,169 --> 00:25:55,149 a little look why some of 640 00:25:55,149 --> 00:25:56,800 the samples were pulled 641 00:25:56,800 --> 00:25:57,910 together in the way that 642 00:25:57,910 --> 00:26:00,249 we in the way that you did? 643 00:26:00,249 --> 00:26:06,700 Yes. So why we ended up pulling the sample? 644 00:26:06,700 --> 00:26:08,140 Because it wasn't like 645 00:26:08,140 --> 00:26:09,699 a part of the initial plan. 646 00:26:09,699 --> 00:26:11,695 We wanted to have a lot, 647 00:26:11,695 --> 00:26:14,424 a lot of data points to look at. 648 00:26:14,424 --> 00:26:16,389 But the pulling ended up happening 649 00:26:16,389 --> 00:26:18,099 it because when we needed 650 00:26:18,099 --> 00:26:21,640 to submit the data to the analytical lab, 651 00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:24,630 there wasn't enough soil to run the tests. 652 00:26:24,630 --> 00:26:28,190 So I ended up pulling together 653 00:26:28,190 --> 00:26:32,630 those different soil cores by the depth that 654 00:26:32,630 --> 00:26:34,520 they were at to have 655 00:26:34,520 --> 00:26:37,160 enough soil for them to run the analyses. 656 00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:39,304 And in doing that, 657 00:26:39,304 --> 00:26:42,154 I just kind of apply that across the board, 658 00:26:42,154 --> 00:26:43,820 which wasn't necessary for 659 00:26:43,820 --> 00:26:46,100 the DNA sample that I was like, 660 00:26:46,100 --> 00:26:46,429 okay, 661 00:26:46,429 --> 00:26:48,035 blanket where this is what we're going to do. 662 00:26:48,035 --> 00:26:49,370 We're going to pull everything. 663 00:26:49,370 --> 00:26:50,899 And so that got 664 00:26:50,899 --> 00:26:52,010 pulled when I really didn't 665 00:26:52,010 --> 00:26:53,119 need to be pooled. 666 00:26:53,119 --> 00:26:56,699 And but now we learn. 667 00:26:57,250 --> 00:27:00,230 So there is a question in 668 00:27:00,230 --> 00:27:03,245 the chat from Whitney, 669 00:27:03,245 --> 00:27:06,320 Bailey and someone else wrote in. 670 00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:10,325 Okay, there it is. Madness this but well, 671 00:27:10,325 --> 00:27:12,379 but from what conditions were 672 00:27:12,379 --> 00:27:14,375 the sites restored cropland up. 673 00:27:14,375 --> 00:27:17,255 Yeah. So specifically, I wanted to 674 00:27:17,255 --> 00:27:20,285 kind of limit extraneous variables. 675 00:27:20,285 --> 00:27:22,070 So the sites were limited to 676 00:27:22,070 --> 00:27:23,420 cropland as 677 00:27:23,420 --> 00:27:26,285 being the previous site condition. 678 00:27:26,285 --> 00:27:29,789 Give me 1 second. Actually somebody is. 679 00:27:35,890 --> 00:27:37,474 Okay. 680 00:27:37,474 --> 00:27:43,055 So the Anki and then the other thing. 681 00:27:43,055 --> 00:27:46,160 But what kind of wetland Marie working in. 682 00:27:46,160 --> 00:27:49,400 And how do you think different 683 00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:51,200 from other wetland types? 684 00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:53,990 To be honest, I'm not sure. 685 00:27:53,990 --> 00:27:56,434 I'm not a wetland exper 686 00:27:56,434 --> 00:27:59,495 I'm more of a forestry expert. 687 00:27:59,495 --> 00:28:02,209 So I am sorry, 688 00:28:02,209 --> 00:28:06,330 but I can't quite answer that question. 689 00:28:07,930 --> 00:28:10,339 And I don't know how it would 690 00:28:10,339 --> 00:28:12,245 vary for other wetland types either. 691 00:28:12,245 --> 00:28:13,310 That's something I would need 692 00:28:13,310 --> 00:28:14,570 to do more research on. 693 00:28:14,570 --> 00:28:15,889 So but if somebody knows about 694 00:28:15,889 --> 00:28:19,415 wetland types, please chime in. 695 00:28:19,415 --> 00:28:22,040 Whitney had a follow up also. 696 00:28:22,040 --> 00:28:23,629 Did you find or would you expect 697 00:28:23,629 --> 00:28:25,280 different soil carbon results from 698 00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:28,680 different types of restoration trajectories? 699 00:28:32,500 --> 00:28:36,469 I would expect So. 700 00:28:36,469 --> 00:28:37,610 And I think it would also 701 00:28:37,610 --> 00:28:39,020 depend on like where 702 00:28:39,020 --> 00:28:41,915 the restoration is taking place. 703 00:28:41,915 --> 00:28:44,015 So I think while focus, 704 00:28:44,015 --> 00:28:47,630 focusing on riparian forests can add 705 00:28:47,630 --> 00:28:49,490 a lot because the 706 00:28:49,490 --> 00:28:52,099 type of plants that are there, 707 00:28:52,099 --> 00:28:54,469 often like maples and 708 00:28:54,469 --> 00:28:56,374 willows, they're able to, 709 00:28:56,374 --> 00:28:58,849 they have a lot of leaves, 710 00:28:58,849 --> 00:29:00,800 they drop a lot of leaf litter. 711 00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:05,779 They contribute a lot of carbon to the soil. 712 00:29:05,779 --> 00:29:07,399 And there's a lot of water 713 00:29:07,399 --> 00:29:09,514 and a riparian areas, 714 00:29:09,514 --> 00:29:11,179 so it allows for 715 00:29:11,179 --> 00:29:14,480 more restaurant or respiration to occur. 716 00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:16,940 Whereas if the soil is drier, 717 00:29:16,940 --> 00:29:20,285 you might not have that as much of 718 00:29:20,285 --> 00:29:22,730 an increase in carbon sequestration 719 00:29:22,730 --> 00:29:23,930 and not just say When happen, 720 00:29:23,930 --> 00:29:27,269 I just don't think it would be as traumatic. 721 00:29:28,120 --> 00:29:31,460 I hope that answers the question. 722 00:29:31,460 --> 00:29:32,300 Sure. 723 00:29:32,300 --> 00:29:34,205 John, you still have your hand up. 724 00:29:34,205 --> 00:29:38,104 You have another question that gribble. 725 00:29:38,104 --> 00:29:39,334 If it's okay. 726 00:29:39,334 --> 00:29:39,799 Grand. 727 00:29:39,799 --> 00:29:42,380 Do you mind if I add a little too? 728 00:29:42,380 --> 00:29:48,664 As late as question about the wetland types? 729 00:29:48,664 --> 00:29:50,180 Take it away. 730 00:29:50,180 --> 00:29:50,914 Thanks. 731 00:29:50,914 --> 00:29:52,400 It's a it's a it's a good one. 732 00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:56,450 So the the site we were looking at was 733 00:29:56,450 --> 00:29:58,879 predominantly at this point is 734 00:29:58,879 --> 00:30:02,359 predominantly covered with Rican or egress. 735 00:30:02,359 --> 00:30:03,619 And the desired future 736 00:30:03,619 --> 00:30:05,299 condition is to be more of 737 00:30:05,299 --> 00:30:08,719 that in palaestra and emergent wetland. 738 00:30:08,719 --> 00:30:10,970 So that's one potential 739 00:30:10,970 --> 00:30:12,890 trajectory for this area. 740 00:30:12,890 --> 00:30:15,439 Like Gwen said, there will be willows and 741 00:30:15,439 --> 00:30:16,925 other shrubs and things 742 00:30:16,925 --> 00:30:18,410 that are part of that. 743 00:30:18,410 --> 00:30:20,779 But predominantly sedges, rushes 744 00:30:20,779 --> 00:30:24,575 want TO list things like this. 745 00:30:24,575 --> 00:30:26,630 But the other thing 746 00:30:26,630 --> 00:30:29,705 that that I think needs to be 747 00:30:29,705 --> 00:30:31,429 considered when you're thinking about 748 00:30:31,429 --> 00:30:33,620 different restoration trajectories or 749 00:30:33,620 --> 00:30:35,359 wetland types 750 00:30:35,359 --> 00:30:39,004 is the soil type that you're working with. 751 00:30:39,004 --> 00:30:40,249 And that's something we didn't 752 00:30:40,249 --> 00:30:41,810 really dig into, 753 00:30:41,810 --> 00:30:45,500 pardon the pun with this, with this study, 754 00:30:45,500 --> 00:30:46,985 but future studies should 755 00:30:46,985 --> 00:30:49,295 definitely include an evaluation 756 00:30:49,295 --> 00:30:51,470 of the soil types 757 00:30:51,470 --> 00:30:53,794 because you'll have different rate. 758 00:30:53,794 --> 00:30:55,399 I suspect that we would see 759 00:30:55,399 --> 00:30:57,620 different trajectories are different. 760 00:30:57,620 --> 00:31:02,630 Initial rates of carbon has already been. 761 00:31:02,630 --> 00:31:04,219 We would see different rates of 762 00:31:04,219 --> 00:31:05,929 carbon if we were starting 763 00:31:05,929 --> 00:31:09,995 from a I got out Whopper TO, 764 00:31:09,995 --> 00:31:13,925 or Lubitsch soil type versus a cove clay. 765 00:31:13,925 --> 00:31:15,814 So that's something very, 766 00:31:15,814 --> 00:31:17,404 very important to consider 767 00:31:17,404 --> 00:31:18,859 and that's that would hold true, 768 00:31:18,859 --> 00:31:21,484 I believe, for riparian restoration 769 00:31:21,484 --> 00:31:24,589 as in the soil types as well. 770 00:31:24,589 --> 00:31:27,380 So that's kind of like next level steps 771 00:31:27,380 --> 00:31:29,029 with sophistication that, 772 00:31:29,029 --> 00:31:31,849 that during, like Glenn said, 773 00:31:31,849 --> 00:31:34,535 time crunch coded all of these things. 774 00:31:34,535 --> 00:31:36,379 We can only evaluate so much, 775 00:31:36,379 --> 00:31:38,794 but hopefully that helps add a little, 776 00:31:38,794 --> 00:31:41,690 add a little to food for thought there. 777 00:31:41,690 --> 00:31:42,349 And thank you. 778 00:31:42,349 --> 00:31:43,280 That's great. That's great. 779 00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:44,375 Thank you very much. 780 00:31:44,375 --> 00:31:46,919 Any other questions we're going 781 00:31:47,140 --> 00:31:50,435 I've known as another question idea of like, 782 00:31:50,435 --> 00:31:53,104 of just a follow up on what John said we did, 783 00:31:53,104 --> 00:31:56,959 at least from the soil web standpoint 784 00:31:56,959 --> 00:31:58,219 and where the thoughts are, 785 00:31:58,219 --> 00:32:00,604 we were able to write 786 00:32:00,604 --> 00:32:03,350 in what the soil types were. 787 00:32:03,350 --> 00:32:05,960 So it's something we can go back and do. 788 00:32:05,960 --> 00:32:09,319 But also ideally, we would profile 789 00:32:09,319 --> 00:32:11,120 the soil type ourselves when we're 790 00:32:11,120 --> 00:32:13,145 there to know exactly what it is. 791 00:32:13,145 --> 00:32:14,555 Because everybody knows 792 00:32:14,555 --> 00:32:16,714 soil web can have different, 793 00:32:16,714 --> 00:32:18,499 it can say the boundaries here, 794 00:32:18,499 --> 00:32:21,689 but it might not actually be there. 795 00:32:23,890 --> 00:32:27,080 Excellent. Okay. 796 00:32:27,080 --> 00:32:29,159 Any other questions for word? 797 00:32:31,540 --> 00:32:33,904 Well, when thank you. Once again, 798 00:32:33,904 --> 00:32:35,300 we really appreciate you doing 799 00:32:35,300 --> 00:32:37,249 the follow up presentation. 800 00:32:37,249 --> 00:32:38,629 And so that will 801 00:32:38,629 --> 00:32:40,189 be recorded and I think it'll get 802 00:32:40,189 --> 00:32:44,450 posted on metros on 803 00:32:44,450 --> 00:32:46,489 our websites. You'd me by metro. 804 00:32:46,489 --> 00:32:48,080 And real quick, I just wanted 805 00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:49,880 to mention that you 806 00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:51,830 may have seen now 807 00:32:51,830 --> 00:32:53,090 I'm looking for the right email. 808 00:32:53,090 --> 00:32:55,790 Our next talk is 809 00:32:55,790 --> 00:32:57,380 it was rescheduled from 810 00:32:57,380 --> 00:32:59,359 July 29th to August 5th. 811 00:32:59,359 --> 00:33:00,830 It'll be in the field. 812 00:33:00,830 --> 00:33:01,969 In the field. In the field. 813 00:33:01,969 --> 00:33:03,740 So I want to make sure people aren't 814 00:33:03,740 --> 00:33:05,989 looking for it on Zoom come August 5th, 815 00:33:05,989 --> 00:33:08,029 but it should be a really good talk 816 00:33:08,029 --> 00:33:10,400 up at the Whitaker ponds wetlands. 817 00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:12,305 Bye. A good role. 818 00:33:12,305 --> 00:33:14,344 So thank you, everybody. 819 00:33:14,344 --> 00:33:17,610 Thanks so much. And take care. 820 00:33:17,890 --> 00:33:21,539 Thanks. Bye.