Published In
PLoS ONE
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
12-8-2017
Abstract
This study examines how the relationship between urbanization (measured as the percentage of total population living in urban areas) and the carbon intensity of well-being (CIWB) (measured as a ratio of carbon dioxide emissions and life expectancy) in most nations from 1960±2013 varies based on the economic context and whereabouts of a substantial portion of a nation's urban population. To accomplish this, we use the United Nations' (UN) definition of slum households to identify developing countries that have substantial slum populations, and estimate a Prais-Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE), allowing for disturbances that are heteroskedastic and contemporaneously correlated across panels. Our findings indicate that the rate of increase in CIWB for countries without substantial slum populations begins to slow down at higher levels of urbanization, however, the association between urbanization and CIWB is much smaller in countries with substantial slum populations. Overall, while urbanization is associated with increases in CIWB, the relationship between urban development and CIWB is vastly different in developed nations without slums than in under-developed nations with slums.
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0189024
Persistent Identifier
http://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/23336
Citation Details
McGee JA, Ergas C, Greiner PT, Clement MT (2017) How do slums change the relationship between urbanization and the carbon intensity of well-being? PLoS ONE 12(12): e0189024. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189024
Description
Copyright: © 2017 McGee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.