Sponsor
This work was funded by the US Geological Survey via the Western Mountain Initiative.
Document Type
Post-Print
Publication Date
4-7-2021
Subjects
Glaciers -- Environmental aspects, Glaciers -- Washington (State) -- Olympic National Park, Glaciers -- Effect of climatic changes on, Blue Glacier (Jefferson County, Wash.) -- Measurement, Mass budget (Geophysics)
Abstract
In 2015, the Olympic Mountains contain 255 glaciers and perennial snowfields totaling 25.34 ± 0.27 km2, half of the area in 1900, and about 0.75 ± 0.19 km3 of ice. Since 1980, glaciers shrank at a rate of -0.59 km2 yr-1 during which 35 glaciers and 16 perennial snowfields disappeared. Area changes of Blue Glacier, the largest glacier in the study region, was a good proxy for glacier change of the entire region. A simple mass balance model of the glacier, based on monthly air temperature and precipitation, correlates with glacier area change. The mass balance is highly sensitive to changes in air temperature rather than precipitation, typical of maritime glaciers. In addition to increasing summer melt, warmer winter temperatures changed the phase of precipitation from snow to rain, reducing snow accumulation. Changes in glacier mass balance are highly correlated with the Pacific North American index, a proxy for atmospheric circulation patterns and controls air temperatures along the Pacific Coast of North America. Regime shifts of sea surface temperatures in the North Pacific, reflected in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), trigger shifts in the trend of glacier mass balance. Negative (‘cool’) phases of the PDO are associated with glacier stability or slight mass gain whereas positive (‘warm’) phases are associated with mass loss and glacier retreat. Over the past century the overall retreat is due to warming air temperatures, almost +1oC in winter and +0.3oC in summer. The glaciers in the Olympic Mountains are expected to largely disappear by 2070.
Rights
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Locate the Document
DOI
10.1002/essoar.10506698.1
Persistent Identifier
https://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/35203
Citation Details
Published as: Fountain, A. G., Gray, C., Glenn, B., Menounos, B., Pflug, J., & Riedel, J. L. (2022). Glaciers of the Olympic Mountains, Washington—The past and future 100 years. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 127, e2022JF006670. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JF006670
Description
This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 127, DOI: 10.1029/2022JF006670
Dataset
Data From: Glaciers of the Olympic Mountains, Washington – The Past and Future 100 Years. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.15760/geology-data.02