Sponsor
West Bengal Public Health and Engineering Department and DelAgua Health Limited.
Published In
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
4-2017
Subjects
Environmental Monitoring, Drinking water -- Safety measures, Water supply, Contamination of drinking water
Abstract
The use of sanitary inspections combined with periodic water quality testing has been recommended in some cases as screening tools for fecal contamination. We conducted sanitary inspections and tested for thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs), a fecal indicator bacteria, among 7,317 unique water sources in West Bengal, India. Our results indicate that the sanitary inspection score has poor ability to identify TTC-contaminated sources. Among deep and shallow hand pumps, the area under curve (AUC) for prediction of TTC > 0 was 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.53–0.61) and 0.58 (95% CI = 0.54–0.62), respectively, indicating that the sanitary inspection score was only marginally better than chance in discriminating between contaminated and uncontaminated sources of this type. A slightly higher AUC value of 0.64 (95% CI=0.57–0.71) was observed when the sanitary inspection score was used for prediction of TTC > 0 among the gravity-fed piped sources. Among unprotected springs (AUC = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.38–0.55) and unprotected dug wells (AUC = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.20–0.66), the sanitary inspection score performed more poorly than chance in discriminating between sites with TTC < 1 and TTC > 0. Aggregating over all source types, the sensitivity (true positive rate) of a high/very high sanitary inspection score for TTC contamination (TTC > 1 CFU/100 mL) was 29.4% and the specificity (true negative rate) was 77.9%, resulting in substantial misclassification of the sites when using the established risk categories. These findings suggest that sanitary surveys are inappropriate screening tools for identifying TTC contamination at water points.
DOI
10.4269/ajtmh.16-0322
Persistent Identifier
http://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/19762
Citation Details
Snoad, C., Nagel, C., Bhattacharya, A., & Thomas, E. (2017). The Effectiveness of Sanitary Inspections as a Risk Assessment Tool for Thermotolerant Coliform Bacteria Contamination of Rural Drinking Water: A Review of Data from West Bengal, India. The American Journal Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0322
Description
© 2017 The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Archived with permissions.