Published In
Actuators
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
5-26-2026
Subjects
BPA, biomimetic --function fit, PAM, artificial muscle, isometric force
Abstract
Artificial muscles such as braided pneumatic actuators (BPAs) offer many advantages for robotic systems, including high durability and strength-to-weight ratios. However, their use in robotic systems is still extremely limited, in part due to their poor force, length, and pressure characterization. In this work, a test setup is created to compare force produced by Festo fluidic BPAs with leading models. Our analysis of the data has resulted in (1) the development of new equations to calculate force as functions of pressure and contraction for Festo BPAs with uninflated diameters of 10 mm and 20 mm, and (2) a novel equation for the maximum force in 10 mm and 20 mm diameter Festo BPAs as a function of their resting length. This will lead to faster design processes and the development of new systems such as biomimetic robots that are able to more accurately reproduce the range of motion and isometric torque profiles that exist in the animals they are mimicking.
Rights
Copyright (c) 2026 The Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
DOI
10.3390/act15050230
Persistent Identifier
https://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/44727
Publisher
MDPI AG
Citation Details
Bolen, B., Elzein, M., Pang, L., & Hunt, A. (2026). Isometric Force Characterization of Braided Pneumatic Actuators. Actuators, 15(5), 230.