Submissions from 2016
Peering Below the Diffraction Limit: Robust and Specific Sorting of Viruses with Flow Cytometry, Shea T. Lance, David J. Sukovich, Kenneth M. Stedman, and Adam R. Abate
Life on the Edge—the Biology of Organisms Inhabiting Extreme Environments: An Introduction to the Symposium, Annie R. Lindgren, Bradley A. Buckley, Sarah M. Eppley, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Kenneth M. Stedman, and Josiah T. Wagner
Rapid Purging of Genetic Load in a Metapopulation and Consequences for Range Expansion in an Invasive Plant, Gina L. Marchini, Nena Cole Sherlock, Alisa P. Ramakrishnan, David M. Rosenthal, and Mitchell B. Cruzan
Reproducibility and Rigor In REE's Portfolio of Research, Mark McLellan, Patsy Brannon, Adriana Campa, Steven Daley-Laursen, Govind Kannan, Neil Olson, Robert Taylor, and Dawn Thilmany
B-17 Flying Fortress Pilot’s Words for Today’s Graduates ---, Mark R. McLellan
Cho Endonuclease Functions During DNA Interstrand Crosslink Repair in Escherichia coli, Anthonige Vidya Perera, James Brian Mendenhall, Charmain T. Courcelle, and Justin Courcelle
Hypoxia and Anoxia Tolerance in the Annual Killifish Austrofundulus Limnaeus, Jason E. Podrabsky and Natalie E. Wilson
Frequency of Extra-Pair Paternity in Scissor-Tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus forficatus) and Other Suboscines: Are Oscines and Suboscines Different?, Diane V. Roeder, Michael S. Husak, and Michael T. Murphy
Paternal Mitochondrial Transmission in Intra-Species Caenorhabditis briggsae Hybrids, Joseph A. Ross, Dana K. Howe, Anna Luella Coleman-Hulbert, Dee R. Denver, and Suzanne Estes
How to Assess Your CURE: A Practical Guide for Instructors of Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences, Erin Shortlidge and Sara Brownell
Faculty Perspectives on Developing and Teaching Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences, Erin E. Shortlidge, Gita Bangera, and Sara Brownell
Moss Antheridia Are Desiccation Tolerant: Rehydration Dynamics Influence Sperm Release in Bryum Argenteum, Lloyd R. Stark, D. Nicholas McLetchie, Joshua L. Greenwood, and Sarah M. Eppley
Mitochondrial DNA Sequence and Lack of Response to Anoxia in the Annual Killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus, Josiah T. Wagner, Florisela H. Chavez, and Jason E. Podrabsky
A Phage Display-Selected Peptide Inhibitor o fAgrobacterium Vitis Polygalacturonase, Jeremy G. Warren, George W. Kasun, Takara Leonard, and Bruce C. Kirkpatrick
The Intervening Sequence of Coxiella burnetii: Characterization and Evolution, Indu Warrier, Mathias C. Walter, Dimitrios Frangoulidis, Rahul Raghavan, Linda D. Hicks, and Michael F. Minnick
Paths of Heritable Mitochondrial DNA Mutation and Heteroplasmy in Reference and Gas-1 Strains of Caenorhabditis Elegans, Riana I. Wernick, Suzanne Estes, Dana K. Howe, and Dee R. Denver
Biological Rhythms: Melatonin Shapes the Space-Time Continuum of Social Communication, Walter Wilczynski and Deborah I. Lutterschmidt
Common Mycelial Networks Impact Competition in an Invasive Grass, Rachael Workman and Mitchell Cruzan
Genomics-Informed Isolation and Characterization of a Symbiotic Nanoarchaeota System from a Terrestrial Geothermal Environment, Louie Wurch, Richard J. Giannone, Bernard S. Belisle, Carolyn Swift, Sagar Utturkar, Robert L. Hettich, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, and Mircea Podar
Submissions from 2015
Mission Possible: How FDA Can Move at the Speed of Science, Margaret Anderson, Gail H. Cassell, Maria C. Freire, Lynn Goldman, Peter K. Honig, Frederick Kushner, Mark McLellan, Barbara J. McNeil, Martin A. Philbert, Bruce M. Psaty, Alan J. Russell, and Ellen Sigal
RecBCD is required to Complete Chromosomal Replication: Implications for Double- Strand Break Frequencies and Repair Mechanisms, Justin Courcelle, Brian M. Wendel, Dena D. Livingstone, and Charmain T. Courcelle
Saccular Transcriptome Profiles of the Seasonal Breeding Plainfin Midshipman Fish (Porichthys notatus), a Teleost with Divergent Sexual Phenotypes, Joshua J. Faber-Hammond, Manoj P. Samanta, Elizabeth A. Whitchurch, Dustin Manning, Joseph A. Sisneros, and Allison B. Coffin
Isolation of Diverse Members of the Aquificales from Geothermal Springs in Tengchong, China, Brian P. Hedlund, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Liuquin Huang, John C. Ong, Zizhang Liu, Jeremy A. Dodsworth, Reham Ahmed, Amanda J. Williams, Brandon R. Briggs, Yitai Liu, Weiguo Hou, and Hailiang Dong
Metabolism at the Max: How Vertebrate Organisms Respond to Physical Activity, Michael S. Hedrick, Thomas V. Hancock, and Stanley S. Hillman
Increased Harbor Porpoise Mortality in the Pacific Northwest, USA: Understanding When Higher Levels May be Normal, Jessica L. Higgins, Stephen A. Raverty, Stephanie A. Norman, John Calambokidis, Joseph K. Gaydos, Deborah A. Duffield, Dyanna M. Lambourn, James M. Rice, Brad Hanson, Kristin Wilkinson, Steven J. Jeffries, Brent Norberg, and Lynne Barre
Desert Environments, Stanley D. Hillyard, Jason E. Podrabsky, and Frank van Breukelen
Free Mate Choice Enhances Conservation Breeding in the Endangered Giant Panda, Meghan S. Martin-Wintle, David J. Shepherdson, Guiquan Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Desheng Li, Xiaoping Zhou, Rengui Li, and Ronald R. Swaisgood
Rapid and Repeatable Shifts in Life-History Timing of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) Following Colonization of Novel Host Plants in the Pacific Northwestern United States, Monte Mattsson, Glen R. Hood, Jeffery L. Feder, and Luis A. Ruedas
Coxiella burnetii and Leishmania Mexicana Residing Within Similar Parasitophorous Vacuoles Elicit Disparate Host Responses, Jess A. Millar, Raquel Valdés, Fenil Kacharia, Scott M. Landfear, Eric D. Cambronne, Rahul Raghavan, Lynn Soong, and Emilio Luis Malchiodi
Selfish Mitochondrial DNA Proliferates and Diversifies in Small, but not Large, Experimental Populations of Caenorhabditis briggsae, Wendy S. Phillips, Anna Luella Coleman-Hulbert, Emily S. Weiss, Dana K. Howe, Sita Ping, Riana I. Wernick, Suzanne Estes, and Dee R. Denver
Physiological Strategies During Animal Diapause: Lessons from Brine Shrimp and Annual Killifish., Jason E. Podrabsky and Steven C. Hand
Tolerance of Environmental Stress, Jason E. Podrabsky, Claire L. Riggs, and Josiah Tad Wagner
Alternate Developmental Pathways, Jason E. Podrabsky, Amie L. Romney, and Kristin M. Culpepper
Temporary Environments, Matej Polacik and Jason E. Podrabsky
Reducing the Negative Human-Health Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Emissions through Region-Specific Crop Selection, William Christian Porter, Todd N. Rosenstiel, Alex Guenther, Jean-Francois Lamarque, and Kelley Barsanti
Ultrasonic Bone Assessment in Tursiops Truncatus: A Proposed Means for Monitoring Marine Ecosystem Health, James Powell, Gangming Luo, and Jonathan J. Kaufman
Genome Rearrangements Can Make and Break Small RNA Genes, Rahul Raghavan, Fenil R. Kacharia, Jess A. Millar, Christine Demko Sislak, and Howard Ochman
Effects of Sex and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Gas Exchange in the Dioecious Salt Marsh Grass Distichlis Spicata, Kassandra Reuss-Schmidt, Todd N. Rosenstiel, Sally R. Rogers, Allie G. Simpson, and Sarah M. Eppley
Moss in the Classroom: A Tiny but Mighty Tool for Teaching Biology, Erin E. Shortlidge and James R. Hashimoto
A Coxiella-Like Endosymbiont Is a Potential Vitamin Source for the Lone Star Tick, Todd A. Smith, Timothy Driscoll, Joseph J. Gillespie, and Rahul Raghavan
Extreme Tolerance and Developmental Buffering of UV-C Induced DNA Damage in Embryos of the Annual Killifish Austrofundulus Limnaeus, Josiah Tad Wagner and Jason E. Podrabsky
Gene Expression Patterns That Support Novel Developmental Stress Buffering in Embryos of the Annual Killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus, Josiah T. Wagner and Jason E. Podrabsky
Degradation by Cullin 3 and Effect on WNK Kinases Suggest a Role of KLHL2 in the Pathogenesis of Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension, Chong Zhang, Nicholas P. Meermeier, Andrew Terker, Katharina I. Blankenstein, Jeffrey D. Singer, Juliette Hadchouel, David Ellison, and Chao-Ling Yang
Submissions from 2014
Experimental Analysis of Nest-Site Choice and its Relationship to Nest Success in an Open-Cup–Nesting Passerine, Sarah Cancellieri and Michael T. Murphy
Novel Computational Approaches Characterizing Knee Physiotherapy, Wangdo Kim, Antonio P. Veloso, Duarte Araújo, and Sean S. Kohles
Report on the Workshop for Life Detection in Samples from Mars, Gerhard Kminek, Catherine Conley, Carlton C. Allen, Douglas H. Bartlett, David W. Beaty, Liane G. Benning, Rohit Bhatia, Penelope J. Boston, Caroline Duchaine, Jack D. Farmer, George J. Flynn, Daniel P. Glavin, Yuri Gorby, John E. Hallsworth, Rakesh Mogul, Duane Moser, P. Buford Price, Ruediger Pukall, David Fernandez-Remolar, Caroline L. Smith, Kenneth M. Stedman, Andrew Steele, Ramunas Stepanauskas, Henry Sun, Jorge L. Vago, Mary A. Voytek, Paul S. Weiss, and Frances Westfall
Biomechanical Analysis of Concealed Pack Load Influences on Terrorist Gait Signatures Derived from Gröbner Basis Theory, Sean S. Kohles, Anum Barki, Kimberly D. Kendricks, and Ronald F. Tuttle
The Influence of Vitamin D Metabolism on Gene Expression, Matrix Production and Mineralization During Osteoprecursor Cell-Based Bone Development, Shelley S. Mason, Sean S. Kohles, Shelley R. Winn, and Randy D. Zelick
Report and Recommendations of the Balance of Crop Research Working Group of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, Education and Economics (NAREEE) Advisory Board, Mark McLellan, Leo Holt, Twilya L'Ecuyer, Robert Taylor, Julia Sabin, Milo Shult, Anne Marie Thro, and Paul Heisey
Antibacterial Gene Transfer Across the Tree of Life, Jason A. Metcalf, Lisa J. Funkhouser-Jones, Kristen A. Brileya, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, and Seth R. Bordenstein
Water Cooling Method to Improve the Performance of Field-Mounted, Insulated, and Concentrating Photovoltaic Modules, Matthew K. Smith, Hanny Selbak, Carl C. Wamser, Nicholas U. Day, Matthew Krieske, David J. Sailor, and Todd Rosenstiel
Endogenous ROS Levels in C. Elegans Under Exogenous Stress Support Revision of Oxidative Stress Theory of Life-History Tradeoffs, Samson W. Smith, Leigh C. Latta IV, Dee R. Denver, and Suzanne Estes
Using Phylogenetically-Informed Annotation (PIA) to search for light-interacting Genes in Transcriptomes from Non-Model Organisms, Daniel L. Speiser, Molly S. Pankey, Alexander K. Zaharoff, Barbara A. Battelle, Heather D. Bracken-Grissom, Jesse W. Breinholt, Seth M. Bybee, Thomas W. Cronin, Anders Garm, Annie R. Lindgren, Nipam H. Patel, Megan L. Porter, Meredith E. Protas, Ajna S. Rivera, Jeanne M. Serb, Kirk S. Zigler, Keith A. Crandall, and Todd H. Oakley
Structural Insights into the Architecture of the Hyperthermophilic Fusellovirus SSV1, Kenneth M. Stedman, Melissa DeYoung, Mitul Saha, Michael B. Sherman, and Marc C. Morais
Variation in Sex Allocation and Floral Morphology in an Expanding Distylous Plant Hybrid Complex, Jennifer Rhode Ward, M. Leigh Cowart, Julie Clifford, Mieko Camp, and Mitchell B. Cruzan
Identification of Novel Small RNAs and Characterization of the 6S RNA of Coxiella burnetii, Indu Warrier, Linda D. Hicks, James M. Battisti, Rahul Raghavan, and Michael F. Minnick
Novel Cul3 Binding Proteins Function to Remodel E3 Ligase Complexes, Wananit Wimuttisuk, Mark West, Brittney Davidge, Kebing Yu, Arthur Salomon, and Jeffrey D. Singer
Submissions from 2013
Distance and Sex Determine Host Plant Choice by Herbivorous Beetles, Daniel J. Ballhorn, Stefanie Kautz, and Martin Heil
Effect of Mycorrhizal Colonization and Light Limitation on Growth and Reproduction of Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.), Daniel J. Ballhorn and Jess A. Millar
Taxis Toward Hydrogen Gas by Methanococcus Maripaludis, Kristen A. Brileya, James M. Connolly, Carey Downey, Robin Gerlach, and Matthew W. Fields
Can Long-Range PCR Be Used to Amplify Genetically Divergent Mitochondrial Genomes for Comparative Phylogenetics? A Case Study within Spiders (Arthropoda: Araneae), Andrew G. Briscoe, Sara Goodacre, Susan E. Masta, Martin I. Taylor, Miquel A. Arnedo, David Penny, John Kenny, and Simon Creer
Rapid Change in Shallow Water Fish Species Composition in an Historically Stable Antarctic Environment, Bradley A. Buckley
Field Evaluation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization in Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin-Expressing (Bt) and Non-Bt Maize, Tanya E. Cheeke, Mitchell B. Cruzan, and Todd N. Rosenstiel
Cross-Species Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Identifies Novel Oncogenic Events in Zebrafish and Human Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma, Eleanor Y. Chen, Kimberly P. Dobrinski, Kim H. Brown, Ryan Clagg, Elena Edelman, Myron S. Ignatius, Jin Yun Helen Chen, Jillian Brockmann, G. Petur Nielsen, Sridhar Ramaswamy, Charles Keller, Charles Lee, and David M. Langenau
Sequencing and De Novo Transcriptome Assembly of Brachypodium sylvaticum (Poaceae), Samuel E. Fox, Justin Preece, Jeffrey A. Kimbrel, Gina L. Marchini, Abigail Sage, Ken Youens-Clark, Mitchell B. Cruzan, and Pankaj Jaiswal
Migration Timing and Wintering Areas of Three Species of Flycatchers (Tyrannus) Breeding in the Great Plains of North America, Alex E. Jahn, Victor R. Cueto, James W. Fox, Michael S. Husak, Daniel H. Kim, Diane V. Landoll, Jesús Pinto Ledezma, Heather K. LePage, Douglas J. Levey, Michael T. Murphy, and Rosalind B. Renfrew
Evolution of a Higher Intracellular Oxidizing Environment in Caenorhabditis elegans under Relaxed Selection, Joanna Joyner-Matos, Kiley A. Hicks, Dustin Cousins, Michelle Keller, Dee R. Denver, Charles F. Baer, and Suzanne Estes
Reversible Inactivation and Desiccation Tolerance of Silicified Viruses, James R. Laidler, Jessica A. Shugart, Sherry L. Cady, Keith S. Bahjat, and Kenneth M. Stedman
Extrahepatic 25-Hydroxylation of Vitamin D3 in an Engineered Osteoblast Precursor Cell Line Exploring the Influence on Cellular Proliferation and Matrix Maturation during Bone Development, Shelley S. Mason, Sean S. Kohles, Shelley R. Winn, and Randy D. Zelick
Avoidance of Apoptosis in Embryonic Cells of the Annual Killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus Exposed to Anoxia, Camie Lynn Meller and Jason E. Podrabsky
Insights into Archaeal Evolution and Symbiosis from the Genomes of a Nanoarchaeon and its Inferred Crenarchaeal Host from Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park, Mircea Podar, Kira S. Makarova, David E. Graham, Yuri L. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, and Anna-Louise Reysenbach
Mesoaciditoga lauensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderate thermoacidophilic Thermotogales from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Yitai Liu, Annie R. Lindgren, Issac D. Wagner, Christine Demko Sislak, Anchelique Mets, and Stefan Schouten
Residential Edges as Ecological Traps: Postfledgling Survival of a Ground-Nesting Passerine in a Forested Urban Park, Amy A. Shipley, Michael T. Murphy, and Adam H. Elzinga
Microbial Biogeochemistry of Boiling Springs Lake: a Physically Dynamic, Oligotrophic, Low-p H Geothermal Ecosystem, Patricia Lynne Siering, Gordon V. Wolfe, Mark S. Wilson, A. N. Yip, Cynthia M. Carey, Colin D. Wardman, Russell Scott Shapiro, Kenneth M. Stedman, Jennifer E. Kyle, Tong Yuan, Joy D. Van Nostrand, Zhili He, and Jizhong Zhou
Effects of Natural and Manual Cleaning on Photovoltaic Output, Matthew K. Smith, Carl C. Wamser, Keith E. James, Seth Sinclair Moody, David J. Sailor, and Todd Rosenstiel
Consequences of Mycorrhizal Colonization for Piriqueta Morphotypes under Drought Stress, Paul Sochacki, Jennifer Rhode Ward, and Mitchell B. Cruzan
Metagenome Sequence Analysis of Filamentous Microbial Communities Obtained from Geochemically Distinct Geothermal Channels Reveals Specialization of Three Aquificales Lineages, Cristina Takacs-Vesbach, William P. Inskeep, Zackary J. Jay, Markus J. Herrgard, Douglas B. Rusch, Susannah G. Tringe, Mark A. Kozubal, Natsuko Hamamura, Richard E. Macur, Bruce W. Fouke, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Timothy R. McDermott, Ryan deM. Jennings, Nicolas W. Hengartner, and Gary Xie
Asian Primate Species Richness Correlates with Rainfall, Yi-Chen Wang, Amrita Srivathsan, Chen-Chieh Feng, Agus Salim, and Myron Shekelle
Submissions from 2012
Cephalopod Genomics: A Plan of Strategies and Organization, Caroline B. Albertin, Laure Bonnaud, C. Titus Brown, Wendy J. Crookes-Goodson, Rute R. da Fonseca, Carlo Di Cristo, Brian P. Dilkes, Eric Edsinger-Gonzales, Robert M. Freeman Jr., Roger T. Hanlon, Kristen M. Koenig, Annie R. Lindgren, Mark Q. Martindale, Patrick Minx, Leonid L. Moroz, Marie-Therese Nödl, Spencer V. Nyholm, Atsushi Ogura, Judit R. Pungor, Joshua J. C. Rosenthal, Erich M. Schwarz, Shuichi Shigeno, Jan M. Strugnell, Tim Wollesen, Guojie Zhang, and Clifton W. Ragsdale
Differential Virus Host-Ranges of the Fuselloviridae of Hyperthermophilic Archaea: Implications for Evolution in Extreme Environments, Ruben M. Ceballos, Caleb D. Marceau, Joshua O. Marceau, Steven Morris, Adam J. Clore, and Kenneth M. Stedman
Evidence of reduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization in multiple lines of Bt maize, Tanya E. Cheeke, Todd N. Rosenstiel, and Mitchell B. Cruzan
Selfish Little Circles: Transmission Bias and Evolution of Large Deletion-Bearing Mitochondrial DNA in Caenorhabditis briggsae Nematodes, Katie A. Clark, Dana K. Howe, Kristin Gafner, Danika Kusuma, Sita Ping, and Suzanne Estes
The Breeding Biology of the Northern Pygmy Owl: Do the Smallest of the Small Have an Advantage?, John F. Deshler and Michael T. Murphy
Sub-Antarctic and High Antarctic Notothenioid Fishes: Ecology and Adaptational Biology Revealed by the ICEFISH 2004 Cruise of RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, H. William Detrich III, Bradley A. Buckley, Daniel F. Doolittle, Christopher D. Jones, and Susanne J. Lockhart
A Novel Virus Genome Discovered in an Extreme Environment Suggests Recombination Between Unrelated Groups of RNA and DNA Viruses, Geoffrey S. Diemer and Kenneth M. Stedman
Distribution, abundance, and diversity patterns of the thermoacidophilic “deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeota 2”, Gilberto Flores, Issac D. Wagner, Yitai Liu, and Anna-Louise Reysenbach
Genomic Amplification of an Endogenous Retrovirus in Zebrafish T-Cell Malignancies, J. Kimble Frazer, Lance A. Batchelor, Diana F. Bradley, Kim H. Brown, Kimberly P. Dobrinski, Charles Lee, and Nikolaus S. Trede
In Vivo Quantification Reveals Extensive Natural Variation in Mitochondrial Form and Function in Caenorhabditis briggsae, Kiley Ann Hicks, Dana K. Howe, Aubrey Leung, Dee R. Denver, and Suzanne Estes
A Genetic Study of SSV1, the Prototypical Fusellovirus, Eric Iverson and Kenneth M. Stedman
Inefficient Replication Reduces RecA-mediated Repair of UVdamaged Plasmids introduced into competent Escherichia coli, Harout Arthur Jeiranian, Charmain T. Courcelle, and Justin Courcelle
Host Plant Use by Competing Acacia-Ants: Mutualists Monopolize While Parasites Share Hosts, Stefanie Kautz, Daniel J. Ballhorn, Johannes Kroiss, Steffen U. Pauls, Corrie S. Moreau, Sascha Eilmus, Erhard Strohm, and Martin Heil
Cytoskeletal Strains in Modeled Optohydrodynamically Stressed Healthy and Diseased Biological Cells, Sean S. Kohles, Yu Liang, and Asit K. Saha
A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment, Annie R. Lindgren, Molly S. Pankey, Frederick G. Hochberg, and Todd H. Oakley
Cell Cycle Arrest Associated with Anoxia-Induced Quiescence, Anoxic Preconditioning, and Embryonic Diapause in Embryos of the Annual Killifish Austrofundulus Limnaeus, Camie Lynn Meller, Robert Meller, Roger P. Simon, Kristin M. Culpepper, and Jason E. Podrabsky
UvrD Participation in Nucleotide Excision Repair Is Required for the Recovery of DNA Synthesis following UV-Induced Damage in Escherichia coli, Kelley Nicole Newton, Charmain T. Courcelle, and Justin Courcelle
Phylotranscriptomics to Bring the Understudied into the Fold: Monophyletic Ostracoda, Fossil Placement, and Pancrustacean Phylogeny, Todd H. Oakley, Joanna M. Wolfe, Annie R. Lindgren, and Alexander K. Zaharoff
Pseudoscorpion mitochondria show rearranged genes and genome-wide reductions of RNA gene sizes and inferred structures, yet typical nucleotide composition bias, Sergey Ovchinnikov and Susan E. Masta
Anoxia Tolerance During Vertebrate Development - Insights from Studies on the Annual Killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus, Jason E. Podrabsky, Claire L. Riggs, and Jeffrey M. Duerr
Spatio-Temporal Differentiation and Sociality in Spiders, Jessica Purcell, João Vasconcellos-Neto, Jeffrey Alan Fletcher, Marcelo O. Gonzaga, and Leticia Avilés
A Selective Force Favoring Increased G+C Content in Bacterial Genes, Rahul Raghavan, Yogeshwar D. Kelkar, and Howard Ochman